斜压大气中台风涡旋自组织的研究

文中利用MM5(V3),实施了8个数值试验,对斜压大气中台风涡旋自组织的问题进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)在试验1中,没有引进一个半径为80 km的小涡旋,两个初始分离的半径为500 km的轴对称涡旋,一边互旋,一边相互排斥,两个涡旋中心之间的距离不断加大,致使双涡最终分离.(2)在试验2中引进了一个半径为80 km的小涡旋,其他条件同试验1,两个初始分离的轴对称涡旋一边互旋,一边相互逼近,经自组织形成了一个由内区和螺旋带组成的类似于台风环流的较大尺度的涡旋.这个结果支持周秀骥在十多年前提出的重要观点,也支持以往在正压框架内的同类研究结果.(3)试验3-8为在前两个试验的基础上取不同初始涡旋参数的敏感性试验,其中,试验3和4为引入小涡旋不同初始位置对台风涡旋自组织的影响,试验5和6为不同初始轴对称双涡间距对台风涡旋自组织的影响,试验7和8反映了不同初始轴对称双涡强度对台风涡旋自组织的作用.它表明对涡旋自组织过程影响最大的涡旋初始参数是涡旋之间的距离,其与正压模式中的结果是类似的.     

斜压涡度的变化与台风暴雨的关系研究

台风暴雨作为台风引起的最主要灾害之一,一直被人们关注。台风常被认为是对称结构,但从实际状况来看台风的非对称性非常明显,所以有必要研究斜压性涡度在台风中的表现。在高分辨率数值模拟的基础上,通过引入斜压涡度的概念,分析和总结了斜压涡度在2009年台风“莫拉克”暴雨过程中的表现。通过模拟与分析得到如下的结果:斜压涡度和MPV对比,可以看出在登陆前和登陆后,明显低层斜压涡度有更强的异常信号,围绕台风内核呈现正负正的位相特点;从沿着台风中心时间剖面可以看出,登陆前斜压涡度低层多为负正负的位相,并且随着时间的推移,斜压涡度有从大气的高层向台风的移动中心传递的趋势,即在台风即将到达时原先的正涡度被替换为负涡度,所以对其移动有一定指示意义;在台风“莫拉克”过台湾岛时,其斜压涡度表现为负涡度消失,在山地附近有正涡度生成,完成过岛,台风中心被替换;斜压涡度的异常值主要位于大气的低层时,一般会产生较强的降水。      

多尺度系统中台风自组织的研究

在一个4种尺度(副热带高压、台风、β中尺度涡群和γ中涡尺度)共存的系统中,用正压原始方程模式数值地研究台风自组织及其强度变化问题。结果指出:(1)由于多尺度的相互作用,在初始台风衰减的过程中,在该台风的西南方经自组织形成了一个新的台风,其尺度、强度与初始台风相同。在初始台风衰减消失后,新的台风维持一定的强度继续向偏西北方向移动。(2)初始γ中涡的个数和位置对自组织起来的台风的强度有显著影响。其影响机制是非线性相互作用的结果在不同尺度层次的传递。γ中尺度层次或γ中—β中层次的相互作用直接影响到β中层次涡作用的结果,或者使双β中涡合并,或者使双β中涡分离。β中涡层次的相互作用直接影响到台风层次———新台风自组织的过程。这种影响最后反映到自组织起来的台风的强度和路径变化的宏观行为。     

高空槽对两类热带气旋变性阶段强度变化影响的数值模拟研究

选取9711号台风"Winnie"和0713号台风"Wipha"分别作为变性加强和变性减弱类台风个例进行数值模拟,而后利用模式结果对大尺度场及涡度收支场进行诊断分析。结果表明:台风"Winnie"变性过程中,其西北侧高空槽呈西北—东南走向,南亚高压强度弱,对高空槽东移阻塞作用小。变性前期阶段主要是锋面系统和斜压性起关键作用,变性完成后,"Winnie"在斜压、高层辐散及涡度平流的共同作用下再次加强。台风"Wipha"变性过程受强大的南亚高压和副高影响,其西北侧高空槽稳定少动且呈东北—西南走向,冷空气入侵不明显,斜压区面积和强度都受到了限制。另外高层辐散场和涡度平流场均未能为"Wipha"提供有利的环境使其再加强。     

不同发展阶段台风大气边界层暖区变化特征

采用NCEP/NCAR全球对流层1°×1°再分析格点资料,选取6个登陆台风个例,分析了不同发展阶段台风大气边界层暖区变化的特征及其与强度变化的关系.结果表明:在台风的不同发展阶段,其大气边界层相对涡度场和温度场的结构有着明显的不同特征,暖中心与正涡中心的距离与台风强度为反相关关系,暖中心与正涡中心的距离越小,台风强度越强.     

台风倒槽导致河南不同强度降水的对比分析

登陆后减弱的台风系统(低压、倒槽)经常为内陆省份河南带来不同强度的降水。为了更好地预判台风倒槽降水的强度,寻找台风倒槽暴雨预报关注点,对1980-2017年间河南省台风倒槽降水样本进行分析,发现区域暴雨出现的概率达78%,冷空气影响与否和动力条件强弱是决定台风倒槽降水强度的关键因素。选择登陆点相似、陆上移动路径相似但降水强度差异较大的1312号台风"潭美"(区域暴雨)和0604号台风"碧利斯"(一般性降水)作为两类降水的典型个例,进行对比分析。结果表明:"碧利斯"倒槽降水产生在暖区,无冷空气参与。而"潭美"倒槽降水,850 hPa以下有冷空气影响,湿位涡斜压项对降水的贡献大于正压项的。"潭美"过程的水汽、垂直上升速度、斜压性远比"碧利斯"的强。低层冷空气入侵为"潭美"降水增强起到以下几个作用:1)加强了大气的斜压性,使台风低压系统通过获取斜压能量得以维持并发展;2)加强了低层风场的辐合;3)南下冷空气与台风系统相遇(冷暖交汇)导致锋生,伴随锋生出现的次级环流上升支进一步促进了垂直上升运动;4)冷暖空气对峙形成近于垂直地面的θ_(se)陡立锋区,引起倾斜涡度发展,进一步加强低层辐合和上升运动,将水汽源源不断送往高层,使降水增强。因此,冷空气对台风倒槽暴雨的形成至关重要。在有较强水汽输送的前提下,中高纬有无冷空气南下与台风低压系统共同作用,是判断能否形成区域性暴雨较为关键的因素。而冷空气作用导致的斜压性增强及动力条件改善,是河南台风倒槽暴雨形成的重要机制。     

京津冀地区与海风锋相互作用的对流系统的发展预判分析

运用WRF模式,对京津冀地形触发对流系统与海风锋相互作用的两个个例开展了数值模拟,通过对两个个例模拟的广义湿位涡异常和雷达回波分布的对比分析,对广义湿位涡异常预判该类天气过程中对流系统发展的潜力进行了检验。分析结果显示,广义湿位涡异常较雷达回波提前0.5至1 h示踪到山地背风坡和海风锋处的对流系统的发展。斜压与水汽梯度相互作用和非绝热加热对广义湿位涡异常提前示踪山地背风坡和海风锋处对流系统发展有重要的贡献。过山气流的显著扰动和午后相对于陆地大气较为冷湿的海风辐合上升是分别造成山地背风坡和海风锋出现明显的斜压与水汽梯度相互作用的主要原因。     

一个双台风降水的数值模拟及其分析

运用WRF模式对2012年双台风个例-1209号台风“苏拉”和1210号台风“达维”进行数值模拟,成功地模拟出了这次双台风的路径和中心强度变化,同时也模拟出这次双台风降水空间分布以及这次过程的强降水中心.WRF模式模拟的位势涡度场与NCEP再分析资料的位势涡度场极其相似.通过700hPa水汽通量与风矢量场对这次双台风降水过程的水汽条件进行分析,并结合这次双台风路径和台风中心强度对这次双台风相互作用进行初步探讨.     

斜压大气亚临界不稳定的数值试验

利用一个由表面摩擦和辐射线弛强迫驱动的斜压准地转两层模式作数值试验，来研究斜压大气中的亚临界不稳定现象。试验结果表明，当无量纲量β≥0.25时，斜压两层大气中能够发生亚临界不稳定现象。亚临界不稳定现象的发生与初始扰动的选择有关。科氏参数的经向梯度的大小又是影响斜压稳定性强度的一个重要因素，其值越大，斜压稳定性强度越小。     

一个β中涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程

利用高分辨率f平面正压拟谱模式,分析一个β中尺度涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程。结果表明：β中涡的存在可以使原本排斥的两个DeMaria型台风涡旋合并;β中涡改变双台风相互作用终态的物理机制是：初始时段处于某一台风涡旋正影响区内的β中涡,构成了非对称涡度场,进而在该台风涡旋内部产生指向另一个台风涡旋的气流。该气流如果足够强,则会使两个台风的中心距离在短时间内下降到合并临界距离之内,触发双涡合并过程的发生。     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOUBLE VORTICES SELF-ORGANIZATION AND TYPHOON FORMATION IN BAROCLINIC ENVIRONMENT

The relationship between the self-organization of double vortices (SODVs) and the formation of typhoons was discussed based on six numerical experiments with the Fifth-Generation National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) and further discussion was made with a real typhoon case. The results showed that there is a critical distance dc for SODVs in baroclinic atmosphere. When the distance between separated vortices is smaller than or equal to dc, the double vortices self-organize into a typhoon-like vortex with two spiral bands. But the double vortices cannot have such organization if the distance between them is larger than dc. The value of dc is about 380 km in the context of ideal conditions in this paper, larger than that achieved in a barotropic model. A typical typhoon case in 2005 (Haitang) was selected to verify the above-mentioned conclusions. It was found that the SODV is one of the important and typical ways for the formation of typhoons.     

Predictability of tropical cyclone events on intraseasonal timescales with the ECMWF monthly forecast model

The objective of this study is to provide evidence of predictability on intraseasonal time scales (10–30 days) for western North Pacific tropical cyclone formation and subsequent tracks using the 51-member ECMWF 32-day forecasts made once a week from 5 June through 25 December 2008. Ensemble storms are defined by grouping ensemble member vortices whose positions are within a specified separation distance that is equal to 180 n mi at the initial forecast time t and increases linearly to 420 n mi at Day 14 and then is constant. The 12-h track segments are calculated with a Weighted-Mean Vector Motion technique in which the weighting factor is inversely proportional to the distance from the endpoint of the previous 12-h motion vector. Seventy-six percent of the ensemble storms had five or fewer member vortices. On average, the ensemble storms begin 2.5 days before the first entry of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best-track file, tend to translate too slowly in the deep tropics, and persist for longer periods over land. A strict objective matching technique with the JTWC storms is combined with a second subjective procedure that is then applied to identify nearby ensemble storms that would indicate a greater likelihood of a tropical cyclone developing in that region with that track orientation. The ensemble storms identified in the ECMWF 32-day forecasts provided guidance on intraseasonal timescales of the formations and tracks of the three strongest typhoons and two other typhoons, but not for two early season typhoons and the late season Dolphin. Four strong tropical storms were predicted consistently over Week-1 through Week-4, as was one weak tropical storm. Two other weak tropical storms, three tropical cyclones that developed from precursor baroclinic systems, and three other tropical depressions were not predicted on intraseasonal timescales. At least for the strongest tropical cyclones during the peak season, the ECMWF 32-day ensemble provides guidance of formation and tracks on 10–30 day timescales.     

A Preliminarily Statistic and Synoptic Study about the Basic Currents over Southeastern Asia and the Initiation of Typhoons

The relation between the basic currents of the low latitudes and the initiation of typhoons is investigated statistically and synoptically by means of recent aerological data. It is shown that about 80% of typhoons developed in the eastern part of the equatorial convergence zone between the equatorial westerlies and trade wind of West Pacific Ocean. The equatorial westerly is a large scale and quasi-steady phenomenon; therefore, it is probably reasonable to be called “basic current” and typhoons are considered as vortices of smaller scale. There is a quite definite relationship between the time, position, frequency of the initiation of typhoons and the position, strength of the basic currents in the low latitudes. There is a quasi-periodical variation of the strength and position of the basic currents with a period longer than one month. This fact may be helpful for the extended forecast the initiation and development of typhoons.     

Tropical cyclone structure in the South China Sea based on high-resolution reanalysis data and comparison with that of ‘bogus’ vortices

Based on high-resolution reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, several samples of tropical cyclones (TCs), including tropical storms, severe tropical storms, and typhoons, in the South China Sea (SCS), were selected for composite analysis. The structures of these three types of vortices and their differences with ‘bogus’ vortices were investigated. Results showed that TCs in the SCS have characteristics that are distinctly different from vortices formed by the bogussing scheme used at Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, such as no anticyclone in higher layers, strong convergence concentrated at the bottom of the troposphere, and strong divergence happening in higher layers instead of at 400 hPa. These differences provide clues for constructing a more realistic structure for TCs in the SCS. It was also found that the three types of vortices have some structural features in common. The area with high wind speed is fan-shaped in the north around the TC center, the maximum vorticity appears at 925 hPa, the strongest convergence appears at 1000 hPa, and strong divergence is located from 150 to 100 hPa. On the contrary, significant differences between them were revealed. The warm cores in tropical storms, severe tropical storms, and typhoons are located at 600–400 hPa, 400−300 hPa, and 400−250 hPa, respectively. Among the three types of TCs, the bogus vortex of tropical storms has the largest errors in structure and suffers the largest errors in track forecasts. However, typhoons have the largest errors in the forecast of intensity. This may be related to the great impacts of ocean on TC intensity.     

Effect of the Interaction of Different Scale Vortices on the Structure and Motion of Typhoons

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Typhoon Vortex Self-Organization in a Baroclinic Environment

Self-organization of typhoon vortex in a baroclinic environment is studied based on eight numerical experiments with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5）. The results show that, when there are only two 400-km-away mesoscale axisymmetric vortices with a radius of 500 km in the initial field, the two vortices move away from each other during co-rotating till the distance between them greater than a critical distance named co-rotating critical distance. Then, they stop co-rotating. The situation is changed when a small vortex with a radius of 80 kin is introduced in between the two vortices in the initial field, with the two initially separated vortices approaching each other during their co-rotation, and finally self-organizing into a typhoon-like vortex consisting of an inner core and spiral bands. This result supports both Zhou Xiuji＇s view in 1994 and the studies in the barotropic framework concerning the interactions between the same and different scales of vortices. Six other experiments are carried out to study the effects of the initial vortex parameters, including the initial position of the small-scale vortex, the distance and intensity of the initially axisymmetric binary mesoscale vortices. It is found that the distance between the initial axisymmetrie mesoscale vortices is the most important parameter that influences the self-organizing process of the final typhoon-like vortex. This conclusion is similar to that obtained from barotropical model experiments.     

斜压大气中涡旋运动方程及其在天气预报中的应用

本文根据流体力学的基本理论,得出了斜压大气中的涡旋运动方程。并讨论了决定涡旋运动的六个基本因子。对日常应用的高空引导观念给予比较明确的物理解释并加以修正。文中对这方程在预报台风移动的应用作了初步说明,也附带简单地谈到了中纬度系统的移动。在附录中还指出了关于系统内力作用的误解,并简单地讨论了台风运动的摆动周期和振幅。     

Study on the Interaction of Non-axisymmetric Binary Vortices

In the context of advection dynamics,19 experiments(Exps.)are performed using a quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model to explore the condition for the mergence of binary vortices and the self-organization of the larger scale vortex.Results show that the initial distance between the centers of binary vortices and the non-axisymmetric distributions of their initial vorticity are two factors affecting the mergence of binary vortices.There is a critical distance for the mergence of initial symmetric binary vortices, however,the mergence of initial non-axisymmetric binary vortices is also affected by the asymmetric structure of initial vortices.The self-organization processes in 19 experiments can be classified into two types:one is the merging of identical,axisymmetric binary vortices in which the interaction of the two vortices undergoes slowly change,rapid change,and the formation,stretching,and development of the filaments of vorticity, and the two vortices merge into a symmetric vortex,with its vorticity piled up in the inner region coming from the two initial vortices,and the vorticity of the spiral band in the outer region from the stretching of the filaments of the two initial vortices.And the other type is the merging of the two non-axisymmetric initial vortices of an elliptic vortex and an eccentric vortex in which the elliptic vortex,on the one hand, mutually rotates,and on the other hand moves towards the center of the computational domain,at the same time expands its vorticity area,and at last forms the inner core of resultant state vortex;and the eccentric vortex mutually rotates,meanwhile continuously stretches,and finally forms the spiral band of resultant state vortex.The interaction process is characteristic of the vorticity piled up in the inner core region of resultant state vortex originating from the elliptic vortex and the vorticity in spiral band mainly from the successive stretch and rupture of the eccentric vortex.     

环境流场对双涡相互作用的影响

本文在文献[1]的基础上,进一步应用正压无辐散模式就环境流场对双涡相互作用的影响进行了数值模拟研究。试验结果表明,环境流场对双涡的相互作用确有重要影响,它可以加剧双涡的气旋性互旋和促使其相互趋近.也可以抵销双涡间的互旋作用,并且还可使相距较近的两个涡旋重新分开。上述各种情况取决于双涡的相对位置及其与环境流场的不同配置。      

浙江沿海台风阵风系数的影响因子分析

利用2004—2015年影响浙江海岛的台风及沿海气象站资料,分析台风阵风系数与平均风速、台风强度、测站高度、岛屿位置、台风与测站之间距离、台风象限和月份等因子的关系。结果表明,当平均风速较小时阵风系数的均值和波动幅度较大。在相同风速情况下,台风中心强度较强时的阵风系数会大些且其变化幅度随高度增大;而台风强度较弱时的阵风系数随高度变化不明显。最大阵风系数一般出现在台风与测站距离为150~250 km的区域内。台风第一和第四象限不仅其影响风力明显比第二和第三象限的强,且阵风系数变化幅度也较大。近海岸岛屿测站的阵风系数比远海岸岛屿测站要大。9月阵风系数波动范围比7—8月的小。从台风的自身环流来看,中低层的高度场、垂直速度场和湿度场等因子与阵风系数相关密切。