Phyto-geomorphic classification of the landscape

The subdivision of landscape into phyto-geomorphic units forms a useful basis for land resource surveys and for providing a holistic approach to potential biological productivity. This paper explains the natural basis for such units, justifies their subdivision into a hierarchy and gives definitive criteria for each categoric level. The main levels are the land zone, land division, land province, land region, land system, land catena and land facet, of which the province, system and facet are the more important. Most bear some analogy with categories recognized in pedology and plant ecology. Vegetation varies in importance in relation to landforms in land unit definition both regionally and categorically, being most important in forested areas and for certain other land categories. Sample areas in the United Kingdom, Australia and Jordan illustrate complete hierarchies of land units for different climatic zones. A simple procedure based on critical path analysis and using remotely sensed imagery, maps and other data can give a landscape analysis suitable for planning at a variety of scales.     

Remote sensing in landscape diagnosis

In landscape diagnosis landscapes are evaluated on the basis of their natural and technological characteristics with regard to the possibilities and risks of intensive utilization. Land use is an essential criterion for the evaluation of the condition of landscapes. Remote sensing will allow for an analysis of large areas with regard to land use. Landscape diagnosis through satellite photographs will be illustrated in two examples. In the first one multitemporal evaluation of satellite photographs is discussed with particular reference to attempts made to characterize the utilization of landscape potentials. In the second example attempts have been made to classify medium-sized landscape units by satellite photographs, with additional characterization through thematic maps based on the Atlas GDR.     

基于遥感和景观分类的北京市裸露农田分析和治理对策

基于遥感影像的决策树分类,结合土地利用图,将北京市农业地表覆盖划分为春玉米、冬小麦、果园、林木苗圃、牧草地、设施农业和畜禽饲养地。考虑海拔、坡度和土壤质地三个因子将北京市分成10个景观区,在景观分区和不同农业用地基础上划分出39类农业景观单元。利用基于遥感影像计算的归一化差异植被指数,结合实地调查验证,分类出北京市冬春季裸露农田。结合景观分类,分析了不同景观单元冬春季地表裸露情况。结果表明：2007—2008年冬春季裸露农田共8.05×104 hm2,主要分布在延庆盆地、密云水库北岸和城区边缘的近郊农业区;海拔和土地利用方式对裸露情况影响较大,其中山区春玉米和平原果园裸露情况绝对面积较大,分别占到总裸露农田面积的40%和17%,牧草地、林木苗圃与设施农业地裸露程度较高。基于不同景观单元裸露程度,结合绿肥种植、保护性耕作、生草覆盖等裸露农田治理方法,探讨了北京市农业产业和景观一体化建设策略。     

肥城煤田白庄煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价方法探讨

土地复垦适宜性评价是土地复垦方案编制过程中至关重要的环节,该文以白庄煤矿为例,在分析土地复垦相关因素的前提下,遵循一定的评价原则,制定了土地复垦适宜性评价的方法和步骤,并最终确定了复垦区各单元的复垦方向,对同类地区土地复垦方案的编制具有一定的参考价值。     

生计资本对农户参与耕地保护意愿的影响——以成都市永安镇、金桥镇, 崇州市江源镇为例

耕地效益比较低下导致兼业农户数量增多, 生计资本发生转变. 农户作为耕地的直接使用者, 生计资本转变不仅带动农村社会经济的发展, 更影响农户参与耕地保护的意愿. 以最早实行耕地保护政策的四川省成都市永安镇、金桥镇和崇州市江源镇为例, 构建农户生计资本与耕地保护参与意愿的结构方程模型, 定量刻画生计资本对于农户参与耕地保护意愿的影响. 结果表明: 生计资本对于农户参与耕地保护的意愿具有显著影响, 其中, 自然资本对耕地保护意愿的正向影响最显著, 高于社会资本; 物质资本对耕地保护意愿的负向影响最显著, 高于金融资本和人力资本. 生计资本中自然资本和社会资本每增加一个单位, 农户耕地保护意愿将提高0.071和0.011个单位; 物质资本、金融资本和人力资本每增加一个单位, 农户耕地保护意愿对应减少1.231个单位、1.030个单位和0.232个单位. 所以, 生计资本差异会直接影响农户参与耕地保护的意愿. 政府应从不同生计资本农户的诉求出发, 寻找农户经济利益与参与耕地保护政策的切合点, 根据农户不同生计资本情况制定相应的补偿政策和扶持策略, 从根本上激发农户参与耕地保护的积极性, 确保耕地保护政策实施的持续性和有效性.     

Landscape diagnosis as a geographical contribution to landscape management

Geographical analysis, diagnosis and prognosis of landscape centre on regional questions. Within this framework landscape diagnosis helps to evaluate capabilities of or hazards to landscape elements or landscape units, starting from an analysis of the equipment of the landscape and of land use patterns, taking into account tendencies of their development. Landscape diagnosis is connected with landscape prognosis, which characterizes conditions and processes of changes in the landscape and contributes to decision making with regard to landscape development. Examples from the densely populated areas round Halle and Karl-Marx-Stadt and the fruit-growing Havel region around Potsdam will serve to show that small-scaled and medium-scaled landscape diagnoses can be developed as secondary diagnoses mainly on the basis of thematic maps, which can then be used in the offices for regional planning in the GDR. Large-scaled landscape diagnoses, however, will be shown as directly derived from field data and as immediately applicable (as a working basis) to landscape management. The synthetic aspect, which takes into consideration the present state and the development of landscape as a whole, will apply to all scales.     

Extracting the damaging effects of the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia

This research focuses on providing information related to the damaging effects of the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia. This information will be used to help emergency responders to assess losses more timely and efficiently, and to monitor the progress in emergency response and recovery. The objectives of this research are: (a) to generate a map of pyroclastic deposits based on activities pre- and post-volcano eruption of 2010 in the research area, (b) to investigate the impact of volcano eruption on the environment, and (c) to assess the impact of volcano eruption on landuse. ALOS PALSAR remote sensing data pre- and post-disaster were used in this research for mapping the volcano eruption. Topographic and geomorphological maps were analyzed for profiling and field orientation, which were used to investigate the impact of volcano eruption on the environment. SPOT 4 satellite images were used in this research for updating landuse information from the topographic map. The result of the landuse updated data was used for assessment of the volcano eruption’s impact on landuse with the GIS raster environment. The volcanic eruption that occurred in 2010 is estimated to have an impact of 133.31 ha for settlements, 92.32 ha for paddy fields, 235.60 ha for dry farming, 570.98 ha for plantations, 380.86 ha for bare land, and 0.12 ha for forest areas. An estimate of the number of buildings damaged due to the volcano eruption in 2010 was carried out by overlaying a map of pyroclastic deposits and the information point of the building sites from the topographic map. The total number of buildings damaged is estimated to be around 12,276 units.     

A discussion of terms for the description of the space-time of relief

The leading role of water and its interactions with other key environmental elements was well understood already in Antique time. Due to the later fragmentarization of science, this leading role seems to have become hidden, if not neglected. Today, both life-support systems and the productivity of land and water systems are increasingly threatened by human pressure, influencing water availability, water-related land productivity, water quality and productivity of aquatic ecosystems. The world may in fact be approaching or even overshooting its carrying capacity in certain regions, producing quite dangerous conditions. Basically, the anthropogenic influences from a rapidly growing world population with rising demands will produce a reshaped landscape with altered ways of functioning, and a growing water crowding.Paying due attention to water phenomena and functions, this modified landscape has to be analyzed to identify the new strategies by which life support can be managed in the future. A conceptual base is urgently needed, addressing both natural and anthropogenic conditions and phenomena. In follow up of Agenda 21, the paper focuses on landscape analysis for the integration of land and water. It analyzes the main natural components of landscape systems and the ways in which the determinants are being influenced by human activities. A multitude of different interactions between land characteristics and water phenomena are identified. Due to the integrity of the water cycle, these interactions will have to be synthesized and integrated. When the natural funtions of a particular landscape are known, together with the anthropogenic pressure and the various influences from which it is composed, the landscape analysis in this paper may be useful in support of planning, projection and conceptualization of landscape management and spatial organization of land.     

典型岩溶湖泊湿地流域景观格局动态变化及趋势预测

岩溶湖泊湿地流域作为景观格局变化的热点研究区域,探讨景观格局动态变化及预测趋势,为岩溶流域生态安全研究提供科学依据。应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,结合普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地流域实际情况,分别对该地区1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015 年6 期遥感影像进行分类、解译,系统地获取地区景观格局状况,分析动态变化特征,并运用CA-Markov 模型对未来湿地景观格局进行模拟预测。结果表明:1990?2015年普者黑岩溶湿地流域景观格局随时间变化显著,景观破碎化程度总体呈现增加趋势,斑块数（NP）从861增加到889,景观类型的优势斑块面积在逐渐增加,而多样性指数从1.064下降到0.966;2020?2030年普者黑岩溶湿地流域建筑用地、农地和湿地景观类型面积在增加,农地和林地在减少,其中,较为突出的是建筑用地占有率由2.79%上升到2.97%,农地占有率60.12%增加到60.74%,湿地占有率6.67%上升7.02%,而林地占有率由26.70%下降到26.40%。景观格局进行预测可以发现湿地面积、建筑用地面积和农地变化幅度最大,本文相关研究和预测结果可为普者黑流域生态保护提供一定的建议和参考。      

中国东北地区20世纪末土地利用变化的土壤碳源汇效应

土地利用变化是土壤有机碳库变化的重要原因之一。文中选择中国东北地区,利用多目标区域地球化学调查数据,结合20世纪80年代和2000年土地利用数据,分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度分布特征,以及由于土地利用方式变化形成的土壤碳源汇效应。结果发现：（1）不同土地利用下土壤表层有机碳密度（SOCD）差异较大,沼泽地、有...     

长江三角洲地区土地利用变化及对策研究

长江三角洲地区土地利用历史悠久,是我国传统的人口密集区和土地高度集约化利用区。早在7～6kaB.P.就产生了马家浜文化,明清时期已成为中国人口最密集的地区。随着经济的发展,土地集约化经营水平不断提高,土地利用类型越来越复杂。然而,由于人口增长,人均耕地面积越来越少,由200年前的0.09hm²人均耕地面积减至2000年仅为0.048hm²,而且长江三角洲地区土地利用中多种问题并存:一方面是耕地数量不断减少,质量下降;另一方面是建设用地利用效率低下,大量土地闲置。因此,有必要进行综合治理,加以控制和调整。文章建议可采用的土地利用对策有:加大科技投入,转变增长方式;集约利用城镇及农村居民点用地;加快农业产业化步伐,调整农业结构;控制环境污染,改善土地质量;注意土地利用规划的实施,实现土地资源优化配置。     

贵州荔波县地质景观旅游资源分析与评价

荔波地层岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,且降雨量丰富,具有形成地质旅游资源优越的地理、地质及外部条件。荔波喀斯特地貌极其发育,地质景观旅游资源单体特别丰富。通过贵州省荔波县旅游资源大普查,对荔波县下属8乡镇旅游资源单体进行了全方面、全领域调查和研究,共新发现单体1 106个,其中入级单体856个,涵盖除康体养生旅游类的11个主类。优良级(三级及以上)资源单体共132个,占入级单体总量的15. 42%,主要为地文景观、建筑设施、水域风光、乡村旅游及生物景观等大类。其中地文景观及水域风光入级资源单体共计381个,占入级单体总量的44. 51%;优良级资源单体79个,占优良级单体总量的59. 85%。本文以大普查成果为基础,重点对荔波县地质景观资源单体进行综合分析和评价,为后期旅游资源开发提供实事材料和理论基础。     

长江三角洲地区土地利用变化及对策研究

长江三角洲地区土地利用历史悠久,是我国传统的人口密集区和土地高度集约化利用区。早在7～6kaB.P.就产生了马家浜文化,明清时期已成为中国人口最密集的地区。随着经济的发展,土地集约化经营水平不断提高,土地利用类型越来越复杂。然而,由于人口增长,人均耕地面积越来越少,由200年前的0.09hm²人均耕地面积减至2000年仅为0.048hm²,而且长江三角洲地区土地利用中多种问题并存:一方面是耕地数量不断减少,质量下降;另一方面是建设用地利用效率低下,大量土地闲置。因此,有必要进行综合治理,加以控制和调整。文章建议可采用的土地利用对策有:加大科技投入,转变增长方式;集约利用城镇及农村居民点用地;加快农业产业化步伐,调整农业结构;控制环境污染,改善土地质量;注意土地利用规划的实施,实现土地资源优化配置。     

我国矿区棕地综合治理及再利用

矿区土地治理与再利用是一项紧迫的任务,由于多年的矿产开采,导致矿区的大面积土地破坏和废弃,土壤及地下水污染,从而形成了矿区棕地并造成大量的土地价值损失,加剧了矿区的人地矛盾。因此,研究棕地这一类特殊土地的再利用对于矿区的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。通过分析国内外矿区棕地研究相关理论与方法,结合我国矿区棕地的现状,探讨了矿区棕地综合治理的方案和措施。建议我国矿区棕地治理和再利用方案框架可划分为调查评价、生态修复和土地复垦与景观再造3个阶段:调查评价阶段主要包括棕地土壤环境质量评价与可持续利用评价;生态修复阶段可选择适宜的技术方法进行污染土壤和地下水修复;土地复垦与景观再造阶段是根据矿区棕地类型及分布特点,因地制宜,进行棕地复垦和综合治理利用。同时讨论了每个阶段的主要工作内容和措施,比较了不同修复技术方法的优劣,给出了我国矿区棕地复垦和综合利用的模式建议。      

基于多源数据融合方法的中国1 km土地覆盖分类制图

精确的全球及区域土地覆盖数据是陆地表层过程研究的重要基础。在集成研究兴起和多种数据并存的背景下,利用多源信息融合技术进行大尺度土地覆盖制图具有重要的现实意义。证据理论清楚地表达了由于不确定和不完全信息所带来的对命题认识的“无知”,能够确定相应的假设在目前的认知与知识状态下的确定、不确定和“无知”程度,是多源数据决策融合的重要方法。基于证据理论,将2000年中国1∶10万土地利用数据、中国植被图集（1∶100万）的植被型分类、中国1∶10万冰川图、中国1∶[KG-*2]100万沼泽湿地图和MODIS 2001年土地覆盖产品（MOD12Q1）进行了融合,最终基于最大信任度原则进行决策,产生了新的、IGBP分类系统的2000年中国土地覆盖数据。新的土地覆盖数据在保持了中国土地利用数据的总体精度的同时,补充了中国植被图中对植被类型及植被季相的信息,更新了中国湿地图,增加了中国冰川图最新信息,使分类系统更加通用。     

我国西南岩溶石漠化土地生态建设分区治理思路与途径探讨

论述了实施岩溶石漠化分区治理的必要性;根据岩溶石漠化土地分布特点及区域自然地理、社会经济、生物资源等差异性,将我国西南岩溶区分为中高山、岩溶断陷盆地、岩溶高原、岩溶峡谷、峰丛洼地、岩溶槽谷、峰林平原及溶丘洼地（槽谷）8个岩溶石漠化综合治理区,其建设重点与主要措施分别是:中高山区重点实施封山育林育草与营造生态防护林与薪炭林,利用自然景观和原生态文化,发展生态旅游业;岩溶断陷盆地区对盆地周边山地实施封山育林育草,盆地内修缮水利设施,建设高效经果林或中草药基地;岩溶高原区保护好现有林草植被,积极发展水源涵养林与经济林,完善生态体系结构,培育生态经济型产业,合理开展生态移民;岩溶峡谷区通过封造、乔灌治理相结合,提高岩溶植被的生态功能,积极发展生态旅游业与特色农林牧业;峰丛洼地区开展封山育林育草,发展南亚热带特色林业,适度进行生态移民;岩溶槽谷区加强对石漠化区域的生态建设,提高非石漠化土地的开发利用力度;峰林平原区合理开发利用地表和地下水资源,实施封山育林和人工造林,提高森林生态功能与景观价值;溶丘洼地（槽谷）区则围绕洞庭湖流域、岩溶景观区开展封山育林育草、人工造林,加强薪炭林与沼气池建设。      

PSR框架下的黑龙江省海伦市耕地质量评价

为科学评价现有耕地质量水平,利用环境卫星、Landsat8遥感影像以及地球化学调查等数据,提取了土壤肥力、水分、重金属污染等多种指标信息,采用与土壤水含量相关性更强的TVDI代替传统的DVI方法,建立了基于压力-状态-响应模型（PSR）的土壤质量评价方法.运用层次分析法（AHP）为各评价指标赋予权重,结合专家评分与线性内插法实现评价因子的定量评价,最终将各评价因子进行空间权重叠加获得地块评价单元.评价结果表明：海伦市一级耕地占28.75%,二级耕地占71.17%,三级及以下耕地占0.08%,耕地质量总体较高.通过对不同等级耕地空间分布的结果分析,提出了针对性的耕地改良建议.     

Comprehensive evaluation and indicator system of land desertification in the Heihe River Basin

Two landscape evaluation approaches, an integrated model and an ecological analysis method, based on landscape elements and environmental quality, respectively, were used to describe land desertification in the Heihe River Basin of northwestern China, by evaluating the current state of the local ecosystems and environment. Based on national water-quality criteria and fuzzy cluster analysis methods, surface water quality was divided into 5 grades with corresponding evaluation scores (evaluation rating threshold of water pollution), while groundwater quality was divided into 5 grades based on salinity and solute chemistry. For grassland ecosystems, grass yield (biomass) and types were the main indicators used. The soil component was described according to factors including its nutrient content, thickness, texture and degree of desertification, for a total of 11 evaluation indicators. Total vegetation cover is one of the 5 indicators chosen to describe the plant ecosystem. Based on conditions currently prevailing in the study region, evaluation factors such as total output value of agricultural, industrial, forestry and animal husbandry activities, the ratio of irrigation area to farmland area, the mean output return per unit area farmland, the level of education and per capital income were selected among others to characterize the social and economic situation. In total, 32 typical environment evaluation factors were selected, classifying land desertification in the region into four zones.     

基于RS、GIS的人口空间分布研究

人口的空间分布问题涉及人口学、经济学、地理学等多个学科,统计型人口数据的空间化是"数字地球"的重要研究内容。阐述了人口地域分布的基本理论,回顾了人口空间分布的研究进展,结合研究实践,提出了在遥感、GIS技术支持下,统计型人口数据空间化的研究思路和技术流程,并对该方法的特点和应用前景做了展望。