A CONCEPT FOR THE MAPPING OF MULTI-STATE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The paper investigates the use of maps in obtaining, based on the cartometric and geographic analysis of form, information about the content of multi-state social and economic systems. Examples of specially compiled maps of multi-state systems are described and various considerations in map design and compilation are discussed: scale selection, identification of typologies and design of map legends, principles for the location of geographic features on the map, and stages in cartographic research and mapping of multi-state systems. Translated by H. L. Haslett, Leamington Spa, UK from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1990, No. 3, pp. 98–103.     

Searching for the ‘Right’ Legend: The Impact of Legend Position on Legend Decoding in a Cartographic Memory Task

ABSTRACT

Map legends are key elements of thematic maps and cartographic communication. The question of how to style map legends is a topic which has often been addressed by cartographic academics and practitioners. Nevertheless, the question of where to position a map legend has only hardly been discussed. Principles of cognitive sciences allow the assumption that a legend positioned to the right of a map field can be read and decoded faster than a legend on the left side. This study investigates the impact of legend positioning on legend decoding. It involves an experiment based on a recognition memory paradigm and the registration of eye-movements. The results show that, in less time, a legend positioned to the right of the map field (compared to a left legend) can be decoded faster. The same accuracy of a cognitive representation of geographic space can be achieved in spatial memory.     

应急场景快速制图及地图信息传输

当前,应急响应范式已经由“预测-应对”转变为“情景-应对”,应急地图作为应急测绘地理信息保障服务的重要内容,其制图方式也应该有所改变。本文介绍了突发事件情景及地理场景的定义,指出地理场景是各情景要素存在或发生的物理空间,同时也是应急地图表达的对象;论述了应急场景快速制图的基本原理及该制图模式具有的4个主要特点;将传统的地图信息传输理论与新应急响应范式相结合,提出了应急场景快速制图模式下的地图信息传输模型,详细论述了模型中空间信息的传输过程,并分析了该过程中影响信息传输效率的地图发送端和接收端的空间认知。     

Map Libraries

Colour distortion, which is caused by the unavoidable mismatch between a map’s gamut and a device’s gamut, negatively affects the semiotic quality of maps. Cartographic communication often suffers from undesirable colour inconsistency. This method models cartographic colour reproduction as a constrained transform problem, namely, adapting a map’s gamut to fit a device’s gamut while preserving the semiotic quality. First, the characteristics of the map’s gamut are investigated by considering cartographic principles, and the fundamental concerns of preserving semiotic quality are proposed. Then, the self-organizing map method is introduced to iteratively optimize the cartographic colour reproduction. We implement this method and evaluate it based on a series of thematic maps. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm offers better results than two alternatives in terms of facilitating cartographic colour reproduction.     

Spacing and alignment rules for effective legend design

Legends are important for understanding maps. Legend design is a part of map design and forms an important topic of cartographic research. Most research on legend design concentrates on the development of techniques rather than the development of basic principles. This study is devoted to the latter topic. Particularly, attention is paid to the development of spacing and alignment rules for effective design of legends shown on screens (computer monitors and tablet screens). Based upon Gestalt laws and Bumstead’s rules, a set of spacing and alignment rules is developed. Experimental evaluations are conducted, and the results indicate that a legend designed with proper consideration of the spacing and alignment rules is much more effective and efficient than ordinary legends.     

基于EPS平台的地形图缩编方法研究

结合生产实际,提出了1∶500-1∶2 000地形图缩编处理方法.在清华山维EPS 2008地理信息工作站上定制开发了1∶500-1∶2000地形图缩编平台,对现有1∶500 EDB数据源进行图元对照转换和制图综合完成复杂的地形图的编辑工作,其中制图综合采用全自动批处理、人机交互式,以及手工编辑相结合的处理模式.     

Generating and mapping population density surfaces within a geographical information system

Abstract

The spatially discontinuous choropleth map is a poor representation of the underlying continuous distribution of population density. A possible alternative is to derive dasymetric maps at a fine spatial resolution by making use of satellite imagery in a geographical information system. However, there are cartographic problems when these maps are displayed and further processing is needed in order to obtain approximations to a continuous density surface. Isarithmic maps of these density surfaces retain a high degree of spatial accuracy while providing pleasing and highly adaptable presentations.

The methods used to generate dasymetric and isarithmic maps are readily implemented in most raster based geographical information systems. For example, the classification of remotely sensed imagery, the subsequent processing and integration of data, and most of the cartographic display, were all undertaken in this work using the low cost IDRISI GIS that operates on standard IBM PC compatible hardware.     

A framework for teaching the timeless way of mapmaking

There are now many opportunities to learn how to make maps through technical training with mapmaking tools, including geographic information systems and web-based mapping services. In cartographic education, two challenges with teaching through practice stem from the disruptive nature of mapmaking tools and the tradition of teaching cartographic principles by rule or convention. This article outlines a framework for a pattern language to organize and share practical information about principles for making maps. The article provides an example pattern for mapmaking and discusses how this framework addresses recurring problems with teaching through practice.     

南海北部海域1∶100万灾害地质因素分布图编制

以灾害地质出现的空间为主线,将海洋灾害地质因素分为海岸带灾害地质因素、海底表层灾害地质因素、浅层灾害地质因素以及构造灾害地质因素4大类型。利用数字化编图技术对新旧资料进行处理,运用多种技术手段确保编图质量;各灾害因素在MapGIS基础平台上以点、线、面3种图元表示,根据其类型进行分层设计并统一成图;并简要分析了区域海洋灾害地质因素的分布特征及范围,以期为我国海底勘测、科学研究及防灾减灾等工作提供基础资料。     

Improving settlement selection for small-scale maps using data enrichment and machine learning

Acquiring and formalizing cartographic knowledge still is a challenge, especially when the generalization process concerns small-scale maps. We concentrate on the settlement selection process for small-scale maps, with the aim of rendering it more holistic, and making methodological contributions in four areas. First, we show how written specifications and rules can be validated against the actual published map products, thus pointing to gaps and potential improvements. Second, we use data enrichment based on supplementing information extracted from point-of-interest data in order to assign functional importance to particular settlements. Third, we use machine learning (ML) algorithms to infer additional rules from existing maps, thus making explicit the deep knowledge of cartographers and allowing to extend the cartographic rule set. And fourth, we show how the results of ML can be transformed into human-readable form for potential use in the guidelines of national mapping agencies. We use the case of settlement selection in the small-scale maps published by the Polish national mapping agency (GUGiK). However, we believe that the methods and findings of this paper can be adapted to other environments with minor modifications.     

心象地图在制图传输中的作用

制图传输是制图学的重要研究领域。本文从认知制图的角度,探讨了心象地图在制图传输中的作用;着重分析了心象地图和地图之间的内在联系,指出了人的认知制图能力的客观存在是制图传输得以进行的真正原因;在此基础上,提出了制图传输的扩展模式,增加了从读图者到次读图者之间的传输过程,并从内容和形式等方面分析了它的特殊性,以期完善制图传输模式。     

Cartographic Design Matters – A Comparison of Thematic Polygon Design

The number of web services providing cartographic data is increasing. A main challenge is to enable a user to combine these services, not only from a technical perspective, but also from a cartographic one. One common use case for these services is to create mashups based on thematic polygons on top of background maps. In this study we compare four cartographic designs of thematic polygons: only boundaries, transparencies, hatches and icons. The aim of the comparison is to investigate whether the designs are good for identifying the extent of the polygons and if the design disturbs the reading of the background map. The comparison is based on an eye-tracking study, where 24 participants performed polygon identification tasks as well as background search tasks. The study revealed that hatches were more efficient than the other designs for polygon identification. Hatches had significantly shorter total fixation times as well as scanpath lengths, possibly since the participants were able to identify the extent of the polygon solely based on the interior (i.e. the hatches), while for the other designs the participants were extensively reliant on the boundaries. However, the results also indicate that the hatches design disturbs the reading of the background map more than the other designs; hatches also appear visually unpleasant for many users. Since each design had its strengths and weaknesses, we recommend producers of services for thematic data to provide several designs so users can select an appropriate design for their own use cases.     

Web2.O环境下基于布鲁克斯方程的地图信息传输模型

各向地图信息传输模型是传统地图信息传输理论在Web2.0时代的延伸与发展,对提升现代地图学的价值具有重要意义.本文通过分析Web2.0地图的特点和相关工作,研究地图制图模式及其相应的地图信息传输模型,引入信息生态学和布鲁克斯方程,重点探索了基于Web2.0地图的各向地图信息传输模型,利用信息学的布鲁克斯方程对Web2....     

模拟与虚拟地图符号及地理虚拟空间的数学定义

根据从制图区域到主体认知结构，从主体认知结构到二维平面之间存在映射的关系，给出了模拟地图符号和虚拟地图符号的定义，探讨了其演化规律，并给出了规划和预测地图的数学模型以及地理虚拟空间的数学定义。     

Narrative Cartography: From Mapping Stories to the Narrative of Maps and Mapping

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the multiple ways of envisioning the relationships between maps and narratives. This is approached from a map making perspective. Throughout the process of editing this special issue, we have identified two main types of relationships. Firstly, maps have been used to represent the spatio-temporal structures of stories and their relationships with places. Oral, written and audio-visual stories have been mapped extensively. They raise some common cartographic challenges, such as improving the spatial expression of time, emotions, ambiguity, connotation, as well as the mixing of personal and global scales, real and fictional places, dream and reality, joy and pain. Secondly, the potential of maps as narratives and the importance of connecting the map with the complete mapping process through narratives is addressed. Although the potential of maps to tell stories has already been widely acknowledged, we emphasize the increasing recognition of the importance of developing narratives that critically describe the cartographic process and context in which maps unfold - the core idea of post-representational cartography. Telling the story about how maps are created and how they come to life in a broad social context and in the hands of their users has become a new challenge for mapmakers.     

地图学技术发展中的几点理论思考

文中分析总结了地图表达形式、价值能力、评价标准、设计者和使用者相互关系以及符号认知规律等的历史演变,提出在当今的全球网络时代,地图学理论工作者和地图系统研发者有责任重新定义地图的范畴并采用可用性作为地图的评价标准。就地图科学的发展趋势而言,作者以为3维仿真虚拟地理环境的普及给地图学提供了新的生长点,而正在兴起的3维非仿真虚拟地理环境将进一步保持和发扬传统地图的科学价值并使可视化技术走向可视化学。     

Inset Mapper: A Software Tool In Island Cartography

Island cartography deals with special cartographic problems confronted in the portrayal of island regions and demands the use of specially developed software tools. One of the most commonly faced problems is the need of inset map creation for very small islands, and sometimes isolated ones, that must be displayed in the main map. This paper presents the methodology followed for the development of the Inset Mapper (IM) Software toolbox, describes the toolbox, and showcases its ability to create inset maps in Island regions. The IM software tool provides a useful cartographic tool for assisting the selection of the most appropriate position and scale of the inset map in an Island region.     

Analysing Product-Specific Behaviour to Support Process Dependent Updates in a Dynamic Spatial Updating Model

A scale‐independent database that allows derived maps to be dynamically updated from a centrally maintained data source is an appealing alternative to traditional map revision techniques, which by today's standards are costly and inefficient. This paper presents a dynamic spatial updating model that supports automated updating of non‐standard maps in a scale‐independent database‐centric map production environment. Maps derived from the database are not separate data sets, but rather active views of the database. Each derived map is displayed in a unique way by implementing cartographic operations at the map level. While the operations applied require user involvement for strategic cartographic decisions, and algorithmic initiation and control, the technique allows geographic data to be processed cartographically without affecting the geometric integrity of the database. Each time a derived map is opened it retrieves the spatial data (and updates) from the database and applies the unique cartographic representation methods that persist on the individual derived maps. Database updates are automatically triggered to cartographic products, as process dependent updates, according to their individual product‐specific behaviour. This paper investigates product‐specific behaviour (product multiplicities) and the cartographic processing requirements to support dynamic spatial updating techniques in an object‐oriented map publishing environment. These techniques are implemented in an off‐the‐shelf software environment using ArcGIS.     

地图空间认知的数学原理

根据非退化区间为等势集合的原理,论证了从制图区域到二维地图平面间的映射与复合映射是双一一函数;主体意图对制图物体性质的确定,使地图符号既满足视觉感受的要求又满足制图物体Ax与地图符号pgf(Ax)之间的双一一函数关系。根据集合的连续定理,证明了地图符号pgf(Ax)是制图物体Ax的同胚象,从而为地图的空间认知提供了数学基础和理论支持。     

From taxonomies to ontologies: formalizing generalization knowledge for on-demand mapping

Automation of the cartographic design process is central to the delivery of bespoke maps via the web. In this paper, ontological modeling is used to explicitly represent and articulate the knowledge used in this decision-making process. A use case focuses on the visualization of road traffic accident data as a way of illustrating how ontologies provide a framework by which salient and contextual information can be integrated in a meaningful manner. Such systems are in anticipation of web-based services in which the user knows what they need, but do not have the cartographic ability to get what they want.