砂土中吸力式导管架基础沉贯试验研究

吸力式导管架基础具备高承载力、高施工效率、高环境友好度、低造价等特点,使用其作为海上风电底部支撑结构有利于产业的规模化发展,实现上述愿景的前提在于使筒型基础顺利安装以满足设计要求。基于此,在不同初始施加泵压下,对吸力式导管架的沉贯效率特征值、基础内外围渗流变化、筒裙端部土压力特点进行探究。通过抱桩器使吸力式导管架在吸力安装过程中仅具备竖向自由度,从而进行纯沉贯试验。结果表明：初始泵压2 kPa时沉贯效率特征值最高;沉贯过程中基础外围渗流水压小于基础内围渗流水压;筒裙外侧所受土压要大于筒壁内侧所受土压力。     

微分有限元海缆磁异常探测方法研究

海缆在长久的电力信息输送过程中,损坏故障等突发事故经常发生,研究海缆在地磁背景下环境周围产生磁异常扰动信号,确定海底海缆轨迹和埋设深度,能够在突发状况之后迅速针对该区域内的海缆进行定位,及时对海缆进行维修。基于微元磁偶极子有限元仿真建立海缆磁场模型,探究了检测距离（D_CPA）、海缆长度（L）、背景磁场对海缆磁异常特性的影响规律。通过研究可知：D_CPA<L 时衰减指数约为–2,3L>D_CPA>L 时衰减指数约为–2.8,D_CPA>3L 时衰减指数约为–3;D_CPA 固定时,海缆磁异常随长度明显增加到一定程度会趋向稳定,信号发生畸变;背景磁场分量改变不仅可能改变海缆磁异常信号的强度,还可能改变其信号波形特征。     

海上风电吸力基础在分层土中的沉贯特性研究综述

吸力基础与海洋工程大直径钢桩相比,具有成本低、安装周期短、对环境影响小、不受海况影响及可回收再利用等优点,近年来在海上风电工程中得到推广应用。吸力基础沉贯至海床预定位置,是其发挥承载力和确保服役稳定性的前提。海床地基土体常以分层土形式分布,且各层土体强度、压缩性和渗透性等存在显著差别,导致吸力基础吸力沉贯机理非常复杂。明确吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性,有助于指导吸力基础在海上风电工程中的推广应用。对目前吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性研究进行综述和总结,归纳了其沉贯机理研究进展,并对影响吸力基础在分层土中沉贯因素进行了分析;提出了分层土中吸力基础沉贯的研究方向和改进的沉贯方法。     

砂土地基中箱筒型防波堤基础稳定性试验研究与机理分析

箱筒型防波堤基础是一种能够适应复杂海况的新型基础形式。利用室内模型试验对箱筒型防波堤基础在水平静载荷及水平循环荷载作用下的稳定特性进行了研究。结果表明：砂性土地基中箱筒型防波堤基础破坏可分为准弹性、塑性及破坏三个阶段,以荷载位移曲线出现明显拐点判断箱筒型防波堤基础极限承载力约为0.08 kN。以循环过程中施加荷载与静载荷水平极限承载力比值定义荷载循环比ζ_b,当ζ_b=0.5、ζ_b=1.0时,防波堤基础前10次累计位移最为明显,分别占总循环累计位移的96.70%、91.88%,这主要是由于砂土发生剪胀,土颗粒重新排列所致;而后40次循环累计位移不明显,分别占总循环累计位移的3.30%、8.12%,此时土体发生剪缩,土颗粒之间致密化。当ζ_b=0.5时,循环结束后防波堤基础抗滑移系数K₁、抗倾覆系数K₂分别为1.619、3.372;当ζ_b=1.0时,抗滑移系数K₁、抗倾覆系数K₂分别为0.839、-18.063,说明ζ_b=0.5循环荷载作用下砂性土地基防波堤基础稳定性良好,但ζ_b=1.0循环加载时,基础首先发生滑移破坏进而发生严重的倾覆破坏。     

V⁃H荷载作用下海洋平台吸力式桩桶桩土承载特性研究

用于海洋平台的吸力式桩桶基础作为一种新型平台基础正逐渐成为人们研究的重点。为研究吸力式桩桶单桩基础的受力特性,对V-H（竖向—水平）联合荷载作用下的吸力式单桩基础桩土的承载特性进行了数值模拟,并将数值模拟的有限元解通过与API规范中对p-y曲线的计算方法进行对比来验证有限元模型的可行性,最后采用分级作用力的加载方式对其破坏包络曲线进行绘制,并推导出相应的函数表达式。研究表明,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对吸力式桩桶进行数值模拟是可行的,随着对吸力式桩桶所施加V-H联合荷载的不断增大,吸力式桩桶所能体现的应力和弯矩极限值也在随之增大,其位移变化主要在施加荷载的区域附近,最后在联合荷载作用下所体现的极限承载状态,即包络曲线大致呈四分之一的椭圆形状。     

Wave Interactions with Multiple Semi-Immersed Jarlan-Type Perforated Breakwaters

This study examines wave interactions with multiple semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwaters. A numerical model based on linear wave theory and an eigenfunction expansion method has been developed to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of breakwaters. The numerical results show a good agreement with previous analytical results and experimental data for limiting cases of double partially immersed impermeable walls and double and triple Jarlan-type breakwaters. The wave transmission coefficient C_T; reflection coefficient C_R, and energy dissipation coefficient C_E coefficients and the horizontal wave force exerted on the front and rear walls are examined. The results show that C_R reaches the maximum value when B/L = 0.46n while it is smallest when B/L=0.46n+0.24 (n=0, 1, 2,...). An economical triple semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwater can be designed with B/L = 0.25 and C_R and C_T ranging from 0.25 to 0.32 by choosing a relative draft d/h of 0.35 and a permeability parameter of the perforated front walls being 0.5 for an incident wave number kh nearly equal to 2.0. The triple semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwaters with significantly reduced C_R, will enhance the structure’s wave absorption ability, and lead to smaller wave forces compared with the double one. The proposed model may be used to predict the response of a structure in the preliminary design stage for practical engineering.     

开孔双壁圆形钢吊箱围堰消波效果影响因素分析

跨海大桥桥墩基础施工若采用双壁钢围堰,则在其外壁进行开孔可有效减小波浪力,有利于降低钢围堰的制作造价和提高基础施工的安全性。以某跨海大桥基础施工采用的双壁圆形钢吊箱围堰为研究对象,引入波浪力折减系数K_d对消波效果进行评价,采用数值方法着重分析波浪参数和围堰自身结构设计参数对消波效果的影响规律。结果表明:K_d随波陡增大呈先快后缓的增大趋势,波陡超过0.032后,消波效果基本不再变化;随着相对水深的增大,K_d呈先减小后增大并趋缓的规律,在相对水深d/L约为0.455时取得最小值;K_d随开孔率的增大呈线性减小,开孔率越大,消波效果越好。随着双壁间距s的增大,K_d总体上呈减小趋势,且减小速率先快后慢;双壁间距较小时,开孔的消波作用较弱。开孔率和双壁间距两种因素间存在耦合作用,两者越大,其耦合作用也越强。围堰设计中可适当增大开孔率并选取合适的双壁间距以得到最佳消波效果。     

基于泥沙流变特性的吸力式沉箱减阻技术

针对吸力式沉箱在黏性底床中沉贯安装的减阻问题,基于黏性泥沙的流变特性,开展了一系列不同振动荷载作用下的室内沉贯模型试验,分析了振动荷载对吸力式沉箱沉贯过程的影响和沉贯减阻效果。试验结果表明：在压力沉贯阶段或吸力沉贯阶段施加高频振动荷载,均能促使吸力式沉箱侧壁周围的土体发生流化,有效降低沉箱的沉贯阻力;减阻效果与振动频率和沉箱的长径比有关,与振动频率成正比,与沉箱的长径比成反比;存在一个临界频率,当振动频率大于该频率后,沉贯阻力随频率的减小不明显;施加高频振动荷载有助于减小吸力沉贯阶段沉箱内的土塞高度,促进沉箱沉贯到位。研究成果可为黏性泥沙流变减阻技术在吸力式沉箱中的应用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

海床表层软土对宽浅式筒型基础承载特性影响研究

近海海床表层多为软黏土或淤泥质土,为探究海床表层软土对海上风电宽浅式筒型基础承载特性的影响,以中国广东某海域风电场为背景,通过有限元分析的方法,研究竖向、水平、弯矩荷载作用下软土层厚度和土体强度对基础极限承载力、破坏模式以及筒基土压力分布的影响。研究结果表明:当软土层厚度小于H/2(H为筒裙高度)时,单向荷载作用下宽浅式筒型基础极限承载力随软土层厚度的增加呈线性减小的趋势;当软土层厚度大于H/2后,承载力降低速率逐渐增大。表层软土的存在,使得塑性区范围缩小,软土层内土体塑性破坏更加明显。竖向荷载作用下,随软土层厚度的增大,筒顶承载先减小后增大,筒内侧摩阻力先增大后减小;水平荷载和弯矩作用下,筒侧被动土压力的降低是引起软土覆盖地基中基础承载能力降低的主要因素。     

海上工程吸力筒导管架基础沉贯理论与实证分析研究

为了验证美国石油学会(American Petroleum Institute, API)规范的理论计算分析结果同现场实证试验数据的一致性以及调平新技术的有效性,以大唐大连市庄河海上风电场址Ⅰ(100 MW)海上风电项目吸力式三筒导管架基础为研究对象,运用API规范的静力平衡法、屈曲分析、土塞理论,以及SACS与ANSYS有限元分析软件进行吸力筒导管架沉贯的土塞、沉贯可行性、贯入屈曲、竖向承载力及吊装适应能力的一系列力学分析,通过将吸力式三筒导管架沉贯过程实际监测的土塞高度、负压、承载力、屈曲变形数据同理论计算结果进行比对分析,验证了API规范的理论计算分析结果与现场实证试验数据之间具有良好的拟合度。而“水上星站差分定位+姿态监测及定向的测量+无线网桥通讯组合”和“吸力筒吸力贯入装备一体化系统智能控制系统”两种新技术的应用,成功达成了吸力筒导管架基础功能性的实现。本研究证明了API规范理论分析的准确性和新调平技术的有效性,同时本研究的创新吸力筒式基础可以大幅节约钢材,能显著降低海上风电项目投资成本,经济价值高,有望成为未来海上风电项目的主要基础型式之一。     

Sensitivity analysis of a coastal marine ecosystem

An ecosystem with four compartments, i.e. PO₄-P, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus, in a coastal region was considered. Sensitivity analysis of a phosphorus flow model in well-mixed water without currents concludes that (1) the maximal photosynthetic rate,V _m , in Michaelis-Menten relation plays an important role in the distribution of biomass among compartments but the half saturation constant,K _s , is not so important, (2) the natural death rate of phytoplankton is important for the ecosystem, (3) the natural death rate of zooplankton is also effective on the ecosystem.A numerical experiment was also performed on the ecosystem with four compartments are also studied using a dynamical barotropic model of tidal currents of Mikawa Bay (Japan). Diffusion coefficient in diffusion equation plays the role of a linear smoothing parameter in the horizontal distribution of compartment. On the other hand, perturbations of biological parameters cause nonlinear variations in the horizontal distribution of compartment.     

Centrifuge evaluation of the influential factors in the uplift capacity of suction foundations in clay

The passive suction of suction foundations plays a significant role in pull-out resistance. The factors influencing the uplift capacity include stress state, embedment ratio, and loading rate. This article investigates the effect of embedment ratio and loading rate on the bearing behavior of suction foundations using centrifuge testing. A series of uplift tests on a suction foundation in clay were performed using a beam centrifuge. During the tests, uplift displacement, suction, and loading rate were monitored. The suction was obtained by measurement of water pressure. To compare the influence of different factors on uplift capacity due to passive suction, two types of uplift tests were conducted; the first was on the closed caisson and the second was on the vented caisson. The results show that the pull-out resistance increased with an increase of the uplift loading rate, which was induced by the suction. The maximum resistance occurred when the upward displacements reached 14%D under a ratio of skirt length (L) to diameter (D) (L/D) of 0.5 and 17%D under an L/D ratio of 2. These findings provide a way for suction caissons to resist pull-out load or for structures to be removed from the seabed.     

Characteristic Test Study on Bearing Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundation Under Vertical Load

Suction caisson foundations are often subjected to vertical uplift loads, but there are still no wide and spread engineering specifications on design and calculation method for uplift bearing capacity of suction caisson foundation.So it is important to establish an uplift failure criterion. In order to study the uplift bearing mechanism and failure mode of suction caisson foundation, a series of model tests were carried out considering the effects of aspect ratio,soil permeability and loading mode. Test results indicate that the residual negative pressure at the top of caisson is beneficial to enhance uplift bearing capacity. The smaller the permeability coefficient is, the higher the residual negative pressure will be. And the residual negative pressure is approximately equal to the water head that causes seepage in the caisson. When the load reaches the ultimate bearing capacity, both the top and bottom negative pressures are smaller than Su and both the top and bottom reverse bearing capacity factors are smaller than 1.0 in soft clay. Combined the uplift bearing characteristics of caisson in sandy soil and soft clay, the bearing capacity composition and the calculation method are proposed. It can provide a reference for the engineering design of suction caisson foundation under vertical load.     

Model tests on open-ended concrete pipe piles jacked in sand

Abstract

An experimental study of the performance of concrete pipe piles during installation under different penetration speeds and static load tests on the piles in sand is presented. The applied jacking force, the amount of pile penetration, length of soil plug formed and ultimate bearing capacity were measured during the model tests. The results showed that the concrete pipe piles were partially plugged and the behavior of the soil plug was significantly affected by the penetration speed. The lower the penetration speed, the larger the soil plug formed which in turn leads to a greater ultimate bearing capacity. The size of soil plug can be evaluated by the m value defined as the ratio of the volume of the soil plug to that of the penetrated pile wall. The relationship between the m value and the penetration speeds can be used to estimate the amount of soil plug and the depth of penetration for an open-ended concrete pipe pile jacked into sand.     

Failure mechanisms of steep-faced geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls subjected to toe scouring

Waterfront structures such as seawalls, dikes, and levees are frequently subjected to scouring at the toe of the slope, leading to deteriorated performance and increased failure potential. To this end, some model reinforced steep-faced slopes consisting of a two-dimensional backfill were brought to failure to explore the failure mechanisms of some geosynthetic-reinforced slopes subjected to simulated toe scouring. Results of model tests indicate that in the case of shallow scouring, a reinforcement length (L) increase from 0.4 to 1.0 H_t (H_t, total height of reinforced walls) significantly increases the tolerance against toe scouring-induced failures. In this case, a local bearing capacity failure of facing is the dominant failure mode. In the case of deep scouring, an increase in L beyond 0.7 H_t provides no additional tolerance against toe scouring because the ultimate state is always associated with a global circular sliding in the unreinforced zone. Experimental values of the lateral pressure coefficient (K_t) converted from the measured reinforcement forces indicate that reinforcement forces consistently increase in response to toe scouring up to the final collapsing state and that the reinforcement forces for L?=?1.0 H_t mobilize more effectively than those for L?=?0.7 H_t.     

Model tests on performance of offshore wind turbine with suction caisson foundation in sand

Abstract

The performance of steel caisson during and after installation with different penetration velocities in medium dense sand is presented. The applied jacking forces, the amount of formed soil heave and bearing capacity were measured in the model tests. The influence of penetration velocities on jacking forces, soil heave and bearing capacity were also discussed in detail. The results indicated that the jacking forces for caisson in medium dense sands were significantly affected by the penetration velocity. The larger the penetration velocity, the more soil flowed into the caisson cavity during installation. This will lead to larger inner shaft resistance and in turn more jacking forces required for the same penetration depth. The height of soil heave during installation increases with penetration velocity. The m value calculated by the ratio of the volumes of the soil heave to that of the penetrated caisson wall can be used to evaluate the soil heave. The larger the applied velocity, the larger the m value and larger bearing capacity of caisson after installation. The relationship between the m value and penetration velocity can be used to control the soil heave for a steel caisson with a wall thickness to external diameter ratio of 4.2% in medium dense sand by jacking method.     

Lateral Bearing Capacity of Modified Suction Caissons Determined by Using the Limit Equilibrium Method

The modified suction caisson (MSC) adds a short-skirted structure around the regular suction caissons to increase the lateral bearing capacity and limit the deflection. The MSC is suitable for acting as the offshore wind turbine foundation subjected to larger lateral loads compared with the imposed vertical loads. Determination of the lateral bearing capacity is a key issue for the MSC design. The formula estimating the lateral bearing capacity of the MSC was proposed in terms of the limit equilibrium method and was verified by the test results. Parametric studies on the lateral bearing capacity were also carried out. It was found that the lateral bearing capacity of the MSC increases with the increasing length and radius of the external skirt, and the lateral bearing capacity increases linearly with the increasing coefficient of subgrade reaction. The maximum lateral bearing capacity of the MSC is attained when the ratio of the radii of the internal compartment to the external skirt equals 0.82 and the ratio of the lengths of the external skirt to the internal compartment equals 0.48, provided that the steel usage of the MSC is kept constant.     

Wave-current force on horizontal cylinder

For the calculation of wave-current force on horizontal cylinder a modified Morison's equation is used. A redefined Keulegan- Carpenter number KC2 is determined for the horizontal cylinder in wave-current co-existing field. The force coefficients are well related to the redefined KC2 number. As to the comparison with the force on vertical cylinder, the characteristics of force on horizontal cylinder are quite similar to those on vertical cylinder, but the force coefficients for horizontal cylinder are larger than those for vertical cylinder. It is proved by the authors' calculation that the results of monochromatic wave can be used directly for the determination of irregular wave-current force on horizontal cylinder in time domain.     

Inertial wave loads on horizontal cylinders: A field experiment

A long submerged horizontal circular cylinder of .90 m diameter was assembled off the beach at Reggio Calabria where the wind waves typically have significant height ranging within 0.20 and 0.40 m and dominant period within 1.8 and 2.6 s. Three ultrasonic probes recorded the waves, and two sets of pressure transducers, the first one at the cylinder and the second one in the undisturbed wave field, enabled to compare the force amplitude on the cylinder to the force amplitude on an equivalent mass of water in the undisturbed wave field (Froude-Krylov F-K force). After ten days of measurements, the experiment was repeated with a cylinder of .45 m diameter. The Keulegan-Carpenter number was within 2.5, and the wave forces proved to be inertial. The following general features emerged: (i) the force spectrum is usually very narrow even if the wave spectrum is broad; (ii) the vertical diffraction coefficient is somewhat smaller than the horizontal diffraction coefficient; (iii) the positive extremes of F_z (vertical force referred to the buoyancy force) markedly exceed the negative extremes; (iv) the pressure fluctuations induced by the highest waves at the cylinder are very similar to the measured pressure-surface displacement covariances. In each of the 580 records obtained in the course of the experiment it was found that the propagation speed reduces to about a half at the cylinder, and the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations increases of 10–15% at the upper half of the cylinder and decreases of about the same percentage at the lower half. These phenomena fully explain why the force amplitude on the cylinder is larger than the F-K force amplitude.