北疆春季降水相态转换判识和成因分析

2014年4月13-15日北疆出现了大范围雨转雪天气和强降雪过程,给当地工农牧业及人民生活造成严重影响。对这次过程,利用天气学诊断方法,分析了其发生发展过程,并得到此次灾害性天气过程中雨雪相态转换和降水强度的预报指标。结果显示:(1)此次天气过程是在中亚低涡两次生成、发展和减弱过程中出现的。(2)中低层温度变化是预报北疆春季降水相态转换的关键因子和指标,中层温度可区分雪和雨夹雪,T_(500)-25℃、T_(700)-12℃可判定为雨夹雪转雪;低层温度可区分雨和雨夹雪,T_(850)-2℃和T_(925)2℃时雨转雨夹雪,T_(850)-4.5℃用来判别雨夹雪转雪。(3)春季北疆沿天山一带和天山山区的降水中水汽凝结起主要作用,中低层水汽冷凝结是影响降水强度的重要因子,水汽条件越好、冷空气越强、凝结厚度越厚、持续时间越长,则降水强度越强,水汽冷凝结强度决定了降水强度的大小。     

2008年宁夏久旱转雨天气过程诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对2008年7月中旬宁夏久旱转雨过程的环流演变及各种物理量场特征进行诊断分析。结果表明:干旱期宁夏上空长期维持稳定的"西高东低"环流型;大尺度环流形势的调整,特别是中纬度环流形势向"东高西低"转变,是久旱转雨的必要条件。进一步分析发现,这次过程是典型的西太平洋副热带高压(副高)北抬西伸型,副高584 dagpm外围的"SW"气流增强,也与高空冷槽、低空急流、低涡切变和不稳定层结(能量)的发展等有关;久旱转雨时水汽、热力、动力等物理量场的变化也较明显,降水产生在低层高能舌、水汽辐合带及低层辐合、高层辐散的上升气流区内。在此基础上,提出了宁夏夏季久旱转雨预报概念模型及预报着眼点。     

山东冬半年回流降雪形势特征及相关降水相态

利用2000-2013年冬季回流形势36次降水个例的高空、地面观测资料及济南、青岛的降水资料,研究了山东回流形势的环流特征,并按中间暖层和低层冷层的厚度进行了分型。在分型的基础上,探讨了不同形势下温度、厚度的垂直变化特征,获得了不同降水相态下的温度和厚度预报指标。结果表明:(1)回流形势可分为3种,即:回流Ⅰ型、回流Ⅱ型和浅回流型,其中浅回流型又可分为冷层薄浅回流与暖层薄浅回流。(2)直接降雪时,内陆地区各层的温度阈值为T_(850)≤-4℃,T_(925)≤-2℃,T_(1000)≤0℃或T地面≤1℃;但是沿海地区更要确保地面温度0℃。(3)无论内陆还是沿海,当T_(850)≤-3℃,T_(925)≤-1℃,T_(1000)≤0℃或T地面≤1℃时,要考虑降水相态由雨转为雨夹雪或雪;(4)直接降雪的厚度指标:回流Ⅰ型与回流Ⅱ型,冷层H_(850-1000)为127~130 dagpm,暖层H_(500-700)为252~256 dagpm;冷层薄浅回流,冷层H_(925-1000)为61~64 dagpm,暖层H_(500-850)为403~413 dagpm;暖层薄浅回流,冷层H_(700-1000)为279~284 dagpm,暖层H_(500-700)为250~260 dagpm。雨转雪时,回流Ⅰ型与回流Ⅱ型,冷层H_(850-1000)为127~130 dagpm,暖层H_(500-700)为255~264 dagpm,浅回流型雨转雪过程个例太少,厚度指标有待以后关注。     

一次历史罕见的雨转暴雪天气过程分析

受强冷空气和低空切变共同影响,2009年2月12日17时至13日08时,集安市出现了历史同期最强的冬季大到暴雨天气,其它市县出现了历史同期最强的雨转暴雪天气过程,本文以常规气象资料及数值预报资料为基础,从大尺度环流特征、影响天气系统、雨转暴雪的前期气温分析、温度场结构特征、各气压层大气温度结构特征,动力条件及高低空急流配置、水汽条件、卫星云图等方面对此次天气过程进行分析。结果表明：本次强降水是产生在欧亚中高纬度呈-槽-脊经向环流形势下,500hPa北涡南槽、地面江淮气旋、850hPa切变线是主要影响天气系统：地面江淮气旋东移加强北上对雨转暴雪天气的形成和维持起到重要作用,2月12日最高气温上升到6～8℃,如此高温为通化地区降水积累了强大动力和能量来源,也是本次降水开始是雨原因。降水开始时我省的东南部受暖锋控制,降水以雨的性质为主,随着冷锋东移南下,我区自北到向南依次转为降雪。高低空急流的动力耦合作用、低空的西南急流水汽输送带从孟加拉湾、南海、东海、黄海带来异常充沛的水汽和强烈的辐合所产生的垂直上升运动是本次强降水的重要原因;低层北方冷空气与南方暖湿气流交汇使低层形成强锋区,为雨转暴雪的产生提供了动力。     

秋季渤海海效应降雨的统计特征及形成机理

利用综合观测资料统计分析了1999—2020年秋季31次渤海海效应降雨过程的基本特征,通过典型个例分析揭示了海效应降雨的形成机理,并与渤海海效应降雪进行了比较。结果表明:(1)秋季渤海海效应降雨发生在10月中旬至11月,以11月中上旬发生频率最高;10月为纯雨,11月可产生纯雨,也有雨转雨夹雪(雪)或雨雪共存的天气过程;海效应降雨分布在山东半岛北部沿海地区,过程降雨量均为小雨,持续时间不超过1 d。(2)海效应降雨发生时的冷空气强度比海效应降雪弱,降雨时山东半岛850 hPa的温度10月在-1 ℃左右,11月在-6 ℃左右;11月发生雨转雨夹雪或雪时,850 hPa的温度一般为-9~-8 ℃,地面气温集中在2~4 ℃之间。(3)典型较明显的渤海海效应降雨过程环流形势表现为500 hPa冷涡、850 hPa西北冷平流和地面冷高压,强冷空气入侵渤海和山东半岛,790 hPa以下北部沿海地区产生浅层对流不稳定,风向风速辐合触发不稳定能量而产生海效应降雨;强海效应降雨时段北部沿海地区对流层低层存在偏东北风与西北风之间的切变线及明显的风速辐合,最大雷达反射率因子为45~50 dBZ。(4)渤海海效应降雨的环流形势、水汽来源、热力、动力及雷达径向速度特征与海效应降雪基本相同,主要差异在于海面温度和冷空气强度。渤海海效应降雨的预报关键期为10月下旬至11月。     

2005年3月云南倒春寒天气的成因分析

利用2005年3月3—6日的MICAPS常规资料，对天气形势和物理量场进行了详细分析，结果表明：在这次强倒春寒天气过程中，由于孟加拉湾到中南半岛一直维持强的高压环流，高压中心在高、中、低层都达到相当的强度，致使冷空气由北向南侵入滇中后受南部高压脊阻挡未能南下，而是向西侵入滇西、滇西北。这次倒春寒天气过程虽然没有南支槽配合，但高原南侧的低槽为这次降雪降雨提供了充足的水汽；500hPa上的西北气流，为这次倒春寒带来了强的冷平流；700hPa维持在丽江、昆明、蒙自的切变线是雪雨天气持续的主要动力因子。这些工作为今后此类特殊的倒春寒天气的预报提供参考依据。     

河南中东部强降雪物理量特征统计分析

利用高空、地面资料以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料，对2010—2019年河南中东部强降雪个例的热力、水汽、动力等物理量特征进行统计分析。结果表明：强降雪前0—6h，对流层中下层的暖湿气流越厚，对应降雪量越大，且低层需要一定强度的冷空气。大气可降水量（TPW）对于预报降雪量的大小有较好的指示意义，大雪、暴雪和大暴雪的必要水汽条件分别是TPW不小于10mm、10.5mm、16mm。400hPa以下最大垂直上升速度的均值和降雪量级呈近似线性关系，最大垂直上升速度越强，对应降雪量越大。雨转雪时，对流层中下层温度层结可分为常规型、低层强冷型和低层直温型。     

北京2016年“11·20”初雪预报偏差分析

通过分析2016年11月19—21日的EC再分析数据、风廓线雷达数据等多种资料,发现北京2016年11·20初雪天气预报偏差的原因包括以下几个方面：①回流“冷垫”缺失、850 hPa切变线偏南、整层可降水量不足等是造成这次雨雪天气过程总降水量偏少的主要原因。②北京平原地区水汽通量辐合相对较弱、雨转雪的时间较预报晚3 h左右、-18～-9℃层饱和程度不足、雨转雪后影响系统也已过境北京等是造成北京平原地区,尤其是北京城区降雪量不足的原因。③“回流”冷垫未形成、低层暖平流强盛是造成0℃层高度下降缓慢的主要原因。本文并通过相似天气个例对比发现：此类北京地区高空水汽饱和程度不足的雨转雪天气,雨转雪的时间点预报尤其需关注0℃层高度变化,当0℃层高度下降至100 m以下时,才可能出现雨转雨夹雪或雪的天气。     

西藏中东部一次强雷暴天气过程的云图特征分析

利用FY-2C红外卫星云图图像和TBB资料,结合地面常规气象观测资料、地面和高空天气图及物理量资料等,运用天气分析诊断方法,对2008年6月28日—7月3日发生在西藏中东部地区的一次强降水雷暴过程的发生、发展和演变的环流特征、卫星云图特征和物理量场特征进行分析,并试图建立预报标准,形成预报思路和预报概念模型。结果表明：本次过程在FY-2C卫星云图、大尺度环流形势场和物理量场上都有明显的特征。TBB低值区、水汽条件、垂直散度场配置、高温高湿、层结不稳定是预报强雷暴天气的着眼点。TBB低值带与强降水雷暴的落区有很好的对应关系。暴雨的发生区往往是TBB的相对低值中心,雨带摆动及强度与TBB低值带的摆动和强度相一致。TBB≤-33℃,应注意强降水的预报。TBB≤-50℃,可能有暴雨出现。TBB≤-60℃,可能出现大暴雨并伴有雷暴天气。TBB≤-33℃的范围越大、强度越强,降水持续的时间越长、降水强度越强。     

2016年广东一次罕见寒潮雨雪冰冻天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2016年1月下旬广东罕见大范围雨雪冰冻天气过程的大尺度环流和冷空气活动特征、动力和水汽条件,采用湿球温度讨论了降水相态和大气温度垂直结构特征。结果表明：此次寒潮过程环流形势为横槽转竖型,横槽下摆引导强冷空气向南迅猛爆发,以及伴随着异常强的冷高压、锋区、冷温度中心和冷温度平流的冷空气主力南侵,是本次寒潮过程粤北和广东中南部温度陡降的主要原因;700 hPa冷暖空气的辐合,以及700 hPa西南气流从孟加拉湾输送水汽经中南半岛北部到北部湾至华南地区加强并辐合,是造成雨雪冰冻天气产生的重要动力和水汽条件;在有利的大尺度环流、动力和水汽条件配合下,降水相态的变化与暖层强度及湿球温度密切相关,暖层的明显减弱及暖层下方湿球温度低于0 ℃冷冻层的强度增强,导致降水相态由雨向雪、雨夹雪、霰等固态降水转变;在发生固态降水的平均时段内,粤北地区中低层湿球温度均低于0 ℃,无明显融化作用,产生纯雪或雨夹雪的可能性大;而位置偏南的珠江三角洲地区仍存在浅薄的暖层,因此主要出现雨夹雪或霰。当寒潮入侵涉及华南降水相态预报时,需要注重实况探空和模式预报探空的大气温湿垂直结构的分析,更应重视湿球温度的研究和应用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted