一种知识约束下的多目标土壤空间抽样优化模型

土壤空间抽样优化需要综合考虑抽样精度、成本、代表性以及样点数量与空间布局等多目标,属于典型的NP-Hard空间优化决策问题。先验知识的应用以及多目标的博弈能够有效地提高抽样精度和效率。通过研究土壤空间抽样先验知识及其空间分层技术,以及土壤空间抽样方案与粒子群算法映射关系,建立了基于知识约束下多目标粒子群算法的土壤空间抽样优化模型。模型以最小克里金方差和最大熵为抽样目标,以分层最小样本量、空间阻隔和可达性为约束条件,结合目标规划法进行多目标帕累托优化方案求解,并以陕西省横山县为实验区验证了模型的有效性。实验结果表明,该模型相比传统方法具有较高的收敛效率和抽样精度,先验知识与目标规划法的应用显著提升了抽样方案代表性,能够为土壤空间抽样以及土壤质量监测网络构建提供新的技术支撑。     

利用克隆选择算法构建的土地用途分区模型

采用空间聚类的思想,构建了利用GIS与克隆选择算法的土地用途分区模型,针对模型实现的编码、抗体-抗原亲和度、抗体多样性等关键技术进行了改进。以海南省昌江县乌烈镇为例对模型进行了验证,结果表明,利用克隆选择算法构建的土地用途分区模型能够在多约束下进行土地用途分区,可以实现全局优化,具有稳定、结果可靠等优点。提供的土地用途分区方案科学合理,可以为土地利用规划和土地利用调控和管理提供支持。     

市县乡级土地利用总体规划中的土地利用分区应用研究

国土资源部51号文对新一轮市县乡级土地利用总体规划编制提出了具体意见,明确要求通过3条界线和4类分区实现对土地利用空间管制的目标。本文以51号文最新要求为依据,结合国发[2007]21号关于主体功能区规划的意见以及国土资源部2008年新“三定”方案中关于编制并组织实施国土规划的相关精神,以新一轮土地利用总体规划编制为核心,通过讨论土地分区相关理论,理清国土空间分区之间的关系,分析各类分区衔接应用的方法和措施,并依此在市县乡这一空间尺度内,对新一轮规划编制与实施中借助土地空间分区实现空间布局引导和结构指标控制的分区目的、强化土地用途管制制度提出了初步建议。     

多目标微粒群算法用于土地利用空间优化配置

针对已有空间配置方法在协调土地利用多目标方面的不足,探讨构建基于多目标微粒群算法的土地利用空间优化配置模型。建立了土地利用空间配置方案与单个微粒的映射关系,以经济、社会、生态和综合效益为优化目标,以土地利用优化结构、土地利用现状、地类转换规则为约束条件进行最优配置方案的自组织、智能化搜索,并选取湖北省嘉鱼县作为试验区验证了其有效性。     

生态文明建设背景下的大河流域国土空间用途规划

本文在分析中国大河流域水生态环境管理方法演变的基础上,结合当前生态文明建设的新背景和新需求,提出当前我国大河流域国土空间用途规划的建议方案。即设置水功能区、完善每个单元功能定位,并充分结合流域完整性。提出由国家、大河流域、功能分区、单个控制单元,并与行政区划相结合的流域国土空间用途分区方案;同时提出水环境、水资源及水生态的定量指标,明确流域国土管理方案和责任分配方法,为在生态文明建设背景下我国大河流域国土空间用途规划提供决策参考。     

顾及地理实体语义相似度的土地用途分区模型

结合土地用途分区工作的要求,提出了地理实体语义相似度测度模型;在对小图斑的模式进行划分的基础上,构建了顾及语义相似度的土地用途分区模型,并提出分区结果的面积平衡和最优化评价方法。以海南省昌江县海尾镇为例对模型进行验证,结果表明,该模型是一种科学、合理、高效的土地用途分区模型,该方法提供的土地用途分区方案不仅能够较好地反映认知特性,还能较好地概括土地利用的特征,可以为土地利用规划、土地利用调控和管理提供技术支持。     

MOTS算法在空间分区问题中的应用研究

空间分区问题是将基本的空间单元遵照多个规划准则组合成若干较大簇即空间区域的过程,保证区片的连续性是其空间硬约束条件。近年来,空间分区问题在政治选举区域划分,市政公共设施选址布局,社会紧急服务以及商业销售区域的划分等领域有着十分重要的应用。目前,空间分区问题的研究成果较为零散,缺乏较系统的归纳和总结,而且其应用也大多集中在传统领域。为此,本文对空间分区问题的通用模型进行了总结,并对多目标禁忌搜索算法解决此类问题的流程和核心问题作了详细阐述,最后本文将研究成果应用到江夏区高产农田整理区片自动划分中,并取得了较好的效果。     

基于空间分析和遗传算法的公共服务设施选址

本文主要从城市规划、土地利用规划的角度,对涉及公共服务设施选址的多个图层进行缓冲区分析、叠加分析、空间查询统计等,得到一系列符合规划的候选地址.引入遗传算法,在满足居民对公共服务设施的需求以及享受公共服务设施的总体成本最小的目标前提下,得到最佳的选址方案.以广西某规划新区小学用地选址为例验证了方法的有效性.     

武汉市旧城改造规划与管理信息系统的研究

本文介绍了基于微机和微机版ＧＩＳ软件及在此基础上进行二次开发的技术方法。以武汉市汉口老城区作为研究实验区，建立了包括人口、用地、建筑及道路等基础设施的数据库。开发了便于规划与管理人员使用的人口分析、规划指标统计、空间分析及图文查询等应用模块和系统界面。分析和研究了实验区旧城改造中存在的规划与管理问题。     

基于多目标优化模型的城镇污水处理厂选址分析

综合风向、安全防卫距离、地形、水文地质等因素,利用GIS空间分析技术分析城镇污水处理厂选址范围的空间适宜性,采用近似指标权重和多目标优化方法对汉江流域上游城镇污水处理厂进行选址的优化分析。结果表明,在满足选址原则和多目标优化模型约束条件下,汉江上游流域40座城镇污水处理厂选址基本适宜,适宜的污水处理厂数量为28座,占城镇污水处理厂总数的69.5%;未同时满足选址原则和目标函数约束条件的城镇污水处理厂为12座,主要表现在卫生防护距离和距离河道的安全距离不足300 m。此外,受处理工艺、污染物负荷、人口变化、居民感官等影响,其模型的优选方案与实际选址会存在一定偏差,但可为城市规划和流域治污减排提供技术支持。     

Geospatial scenario based modelling of urban and agricultural intrusions in Ramsar wetland Deepor Beel in Northeast India using a multi-layer perceptron neural network

In recent decades, the world has experienced unprecedented urban growth which endangers the green environment in and around urban areas. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) based model is developed to predict future impacts of urban and agricultural expansion on the uplands of Deepor Beel, a Ramsar wetland in the city area of Guwahati, Assam, India, by 2025 and 2035 respectively. Simulations were carried out for three different transition rates as determined from the changes during 2001–2011, namely simple extrapolation, Markov Chain (MC), and system dynamic (SD) modelling, using projected population growth, which were further investigated based on three different zoning policies. The first zoning policy employed no restriction while the second conversion restriction zoning policy restricted urban-agricultural expansion in the Guwahati Municipal Development Authority (GMDA) proposed green belt, extending to a third zoning policy providing wetland restoration in the proposed green belt. The prediction maps were found to be greatly influenced by the transition rates and the allowed transitions from one class to another within each sub-model. The model outputs were compared with GMDA land demand as proposed for 2025 whereby the land demand as produced by MC was found to best match the projected demand. Regarding the conservation of Deepor Beel, the Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) Index revealed that wetland restoration zoning policies may reduce the impact of urban growth on a local scale, but none of the zoning policies was found to minimize the impact on a broader base. The results from this study may assist the planning and reviewing of land use allocation within Guwahati city to secure ecological sustainability of the wetlands.     

基于DEM的桂西北土地利用与地形关系特征分析

以都安瑶族自治县为例,利用DEM数据、土地利用现状图,以及野外实际调查资料,通过建立基于高程的地貌分区、叠加分析,分析了研究区土地利用空间分布特征及与地形因子的关系.结果表明,土地利用类型空间分布具有强烈的区域差异性,各地貌分区区域的土地利用组合不同,同一土地利用类型在不同高程区域的分布存在差异;随海拔高程增加,居民地...     

Urban land use mapping and zoning of Bombay Metropolitan Region using remote sensing data

Bombay Metropolitan Region covering an area of about 4,360 sq. km. was selected for urban land use studies and for urban land use zoning. Urban land use mapping was carried out using SPOT multispectral linear array imagery on 1∶25,000 scale employing visual analysis tehcniques. Fifteen maps were prepared depicting the spatial distribution of various urban classes in the Greater Bombay and New Bombay regions. Sixteen urban land use maps were also prepared using Landsat TM data showing the distribution of land use pattern on 1∶50,000 scale for the entire metropolitan region. Urban land use zoning was carried out based upon suitability index on 1∶250,000 scale. This map provides information on the areas to be used for construction and areas to be kept under green belt in the metropolitan region. This study is a joint venture of Space Applications Centre with Bombay Metropolitan Development authority.     

Exploring land use policy scenarios with the use of a cellular automata-based model: urban sprawl containment and sustainable development in Thessaloniki

This study addresses the issue of urban sprawl through the application of a cellular automata (CA)-based model in the area of Thessaloniki, Greece. The model integrates a multiple regression model at the regional level with a CA model at the local level. New urban land is allocated in a disaggregated field of land units (cells) taking into account a wide range of data. Particular emphasis is placed on the way zoning regulations and land availability data are inserted into the model, so that alternative land use policy scenarios could be examined. Thessaloniki, a typical Mediterranean city, is used as a case study. The model is used to compare two scenarios of urban growth up to year 2030; the first one assuming a continuation of existing trends, whereas the second one assuming the enactment of various land use zoning regulations in order to contain urban sprawl.     

Analyzing Urban Sprawl in Rethymno,Greece

Analysis of urban sprawl is an issue that has been continuously attracting attention in the planning and research community. Τhis paper presents the results of an analysis of the growth of the city of Rethymno during the 1997–2010 time period. Rethymno is a city in the island of Crete in Greece with population of about 35,000 people, in which developed land has expanded at a rate that is double the growth of the population during the study period. A qualitative analysis was first performed to identify growth patterns in the different parts of the city, how these are related to planning regulations and the extent of cohesiveness of the development. A logistic regression model was estimated using various variables influencing the expansion of the built up area. Variables such as slope, distance from main roads, distance from the University, distance from coastline, as well as variables describing the proximity to other developed areas were used as independent variables in the logistic regressions. Planning constraints with respect zoning were also considered. The accuracy/goodness of fit of the simulation results were also tested using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results revealed high (performance) accuracy, which can support the applicability of the proposed method in urban sprawl modeling. Once the equations were estimated they were applied using data from 2010 to identify future trends of urbanization. The methodology adopted in this study can result in a tool that can be of use to urban planning authorities in identifying areas of future urban growth and therefore, adopt zoning policies encouraging or discouraging growth in these areas according to the sustainability objectives of the local community.     

郑州市地裂缝遥感识别与监测

根据坡度分析在灾害防治与水土保持工作上的应用,提出了以IPTA技术获取的地面沉降速率图为数据源,利用地面沉降坡度分析开展地裂缝遥感识别;以郑州市为研究区,根据地面沉降坡度分析识别出的目标区,在郑州市区首次发现因差异性地面沉降造成的地裂缝,实地调查发现该地裂缝东西长约2 000 m,已经造成附近10余处建筑物受损,监测结果表明该地裂缝存在明显的三维形变;实地调查和监测结果证明,地面沉降坡度分析不仅可以用于地裂缝的识别,也能用于地面沉降危险性分区,对地质灾害防治减灾有一定的指导意义。     

基于ArcGIS的土地用途分区研究

土地用途分区是土地利用总体规划的重要组成部分,是确定土地用途和采取具体土地利用措施的主要依据之一。GIS的空间分析功能可以辅助土地利用变化分析,完成土地适宜性评价以及土地利用结构和布局调整等规划任务,并根据未来土地用途管制要求,划定和调整土地用途分区。文章以葫芦岛市龙港区土地资源作为研究对象,应用GIS的空间叠置统计分...     

基于千米格网的区域城市土地开发适宜性评价

本文选择黑龙江省哈大齐地区(哈尔滨-大庆-齐齐哈尔)为研究案例,在区域尺度上基于千米地理格网进行了城市土地开发适宜性的评价。在明确评价指标选取原则的基础上,结合研究区实际,从自然适宜性、生态重要性、开发潜力性和政策调控性4个方面建立了区域城市土地开发适宜性评价方法体系,并采用主成分分析法进行了适宜性评价。结果表明,哈尔滨、大庆和齐齐哈尔城市核心和周边地区为最适宜或适宜开发区,面积占4.67%,该结论可直接为区域规划和主体功能区规划提供空间决策参考。     

基于遥感和GIS的环境敏感性分区研究

文章在对邹城区域生态环境状况进行分析和判别的基础上,确定了邹城环境敏感性单因子及分级依据。利用SRTM3数据,提取了邹城区域高程分级和坡度数据;利用TM遥感影像,通过监督分类和和人机交互解译方法提取植被要素和土地利用/覆被数据。结合收集到的矿产资源、自然保护及风景区及采煤塌陷风险分布专题信息建立敏感性分析数据库,使用ARCGIS平台进行空间叠加分析,得到邹城区域环境敏感性分区图。发现邹城区域重度敏感区主要分布在坡度较大、易发生水土流失地区以及山地;中度敏感区主要包括地下水源地、贡献较大的水体、自然保护区和部分塌陷风险较大的区域;轻度敏感区多为天然及人工林地。对于不同敏感级别的地区应有针对性地采取保护性开发,并在土地利用中尽量避免对重度及中度敏感区的干预。最后指出了应用RS和GIS空间信息技术进行敏感性分区的作用和意义。