坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究进展

基于土壤侵蚀发生方式,重点评述了坡面雨滴溅蚀、薄层水流侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和浅沟侵蚀的研究进展,指出了各自研究中存在的问题,并提出坡面侵蚀过程中亟待加强的研究领域。     

西藏自治区土壤侵蚀类型研究

西藏自治区地域辽阔,地势高亢,土壤侵蚀类型复杂多样。根据调查和研究,在论述了西藏自治区土壤侵蚀环境背景以及土壤侵蚀营力作用的基础上,归纳总结了西藏土壤侵蚀类型的特征,重点论述了冻融侵蚀类型分布范围、强度,评价指标体系及分布规律,为西藏水土保持生态建设提供一定的科学依据。     

黄土高原侵蚀期研究

黄土高原在沉积的同时也存在着侵蚀,主要是流水、重力等因素造成的。这种侵蚀会受到气候、构造运动以及人类活动控制。资料显示,黄土高原存在3种基本的侵蚀期,一是气候侵蚀期,二是构造侵蚀期,三是人为因素侵蚀期。此外还有气候与构造共同作用产生的侵蚀期和构造与人类共同作用产生的侵蚀期。温湿期风尘堆积少,降水量增多,流水动力增强,是黄土高原理论上的侵蚀期。构造抬升引起侵蚀基准面下降,进而导致黄土高原加快侵蚀,出现构造侵蚀期。人类活动破坏了黄土高原的植被和土层结构,导致黄土高原侵蚀加剧,从而出现了人类因素引起的现代侵蚀加速期。在黄土发育的冷干期,由于植被稀疏,侵蚀量大于温湿期,但堆积量远大于侵蚀量。要改变现代侵蚀状况,就应当加强黄土高原生态环境治理。     

土壤水蚀预报模型研究进展

对土壤侵蚀进行准确预报,是指导水土保持措施优化配置、水土资源保护与持续利用的有效工具,对于退化生态系统的重建具有重要的意义。在对国外土壤侵蚀模型发展过程进行简单回顾的基础上,重点对我国土壤水蚀预报模型的研究进展做了详尽的分析,并从研究方法和研究内容两个方面,论述了今后我国土壤侵蚀模型研究中亟待解决问题     

土壤风力侵蚀研究现状与进展

土壤风蚀实质上是土壤颗粒在风力作用下发生位移的自然过程,它包含了土壤夹带起沙、空间输移及沉降淀积等三个阶段。风蚀研究的根本任务是对土壤风蚀的范围、强度及数量进行监测、评价以及预测预报。为此,科学家在断面尺度、地块(图斑)尺度以及区域尺度上,以年、月、日、小时等时间尺度展开了研究。当前的风蚀研究主要有以下四个方向:实验室和野外风洞实验研究、野外观测与网络监测、风蚀评价以及风蚀估算与过程模拟研究等。实验室和野外风洞实验有助于人们深入理解风蚀的基本过程;而网络监测数据对于实现风蚀研究从局部到整体的尺度转换具有重要意义;在风蚀评价方面,对风蚀发源地的风蚀评价研究卓有成效,但针对风蚀物运移过程及沉降过程的研究成果还不多见;在风蚀估算和过程模拟方面,一些模型或应用系统已经在不同的区域以不同的时空尺度取得良好的效果,但是要将这些模型和系统在不同的时空尺度上做进一步推广还有许多工作要做。遥感和GIS等现代地理信息技术在区域尺度的风蚀研究中有着显著的优势,并贯穿了风蚀研究的全过程。     

发生沟蚀(切沟)的地貌临界研究综述

沟蚀研究是土壤侵蚀研究的主要内容之一,地貌临界理论作为地貌学中的重要理论在沟蚀研究中得到了广泛的应用。主要从临界理论在沟蚀研究中的发展过程人手,介绍了国外现有沟蚀临界理论模型研究的主要成果,并指出现有模型的不足,在总结前人工作的基础上,指出了现有临界模型今后的发展方向。     

试论土地侵蚀

建议用“土地侵蚀”一词取代“水土流失”这个术语．土地侵蚀是地球陆地表面的固体组成物质（岩土体）在内外营力和人为作用下，发生的风化、运移和堆积过程．按土地利用实情，土地侵蚀分为土壤侵蚀、矿山侵蚀、道路侵蚀、城镇侵蚀、岸坡侵蚀和本利用地侵蚀等．     

风力侵蚀对无定河流域产沙作用定量分析

本文利用无定河的水文泥沙观测日值资料和该流域内及周围气象站气象观测月值资料,通过流域的水沙关系与各年风蚀气候因子,估计了风力作用对无定河流域产沙的贡献量。结果揭示出:在风沙区,由于水力的搬运作用仍然决定了流域输沙量的大小,所以风力作用产生的输沙模数很小,在总输沙量中只占约1/4;风力作用增加输沙量比例最大的地区是穿过风沙区和丘陵沟壑区交界区,既有活跃的风沙活动又有强烈的黄土水蚀,风力和水力形成强耦合侵蚀搬运作用的干流上游,占输沙量的1/3以上;位于靠近风沙区并有片沙分布的黄土丘陵沟壑区的流域,风蚀产沙占流域输沙量的比例约为1/10;在黄土丘陵沟壑区,相对强烈的水力侵蚀,风力作用对产沙影响较小。整个无定河流域风力作用产生的输沙量包括入河风沙、降尘以及风力与水力的耦合侵蚀搬运作用可能增加的泥沙,接近流域总输沙量的1/6。     

Eolian Dust Erosion from an Agricultural Field on the North Carolina Coastal Plain

Eolian erosion typically has not been considered a significant process on the humid southeastern coastal plain of the United States. A preliminary study of eolian erosion from an agricultural field was undertaken during the late winter of 2002 and early spring of 1999. During those times local agricultural practices leave fields bare while frontal systems produce frequent high wind events. Dust emissions were measured with two samplers; modified Wilson and Cooke passive dust traps and high-volume air samplers. Results of the study indicate that wind erosion is a significant process on agricultural fields of the North Carolina Coastal plain. Dust flux off of the field during the largest of five measured events was estimated as high as 126 kg/m with total losses of 3070 kg/ha. Atmospheric concentrations of suspended material were measured at 58,815 μgm^-3. Sediment erosion was not evenly distributed across the field. Erosion was focused over soils that are better drained. Low levels of soil moisture did not eliminate erosion but instead produced pulses of sediment emission as sustained wind continually dried then activated sequential layers of the field surface. Soil moisture and topography appear to be the primary controls on spatial erosion differences and soil characteristics likely play a secondary role.     

Measuring erosion rates on exposed limestone residuum using erosion pins: a 10-year record

Abstract

Erosion rates in residual limestone soils in a humid climate were measured for 10 years at one site, and for 4 years at another site, using erosion pins. Erosion pins were placed in gully floors and on convex divides between adjacent gullies, on abandoned land where vegetation had been removed. We measured an average erosion rate of 20 mm yr^?1 over 10 years at one site and only 5 mm yr^?1 over 4 years at another site where chert gravel was common on the surface. The 10-year average erosion rate of divides (26 mm yr^?1) was significantly greater than the average erosion rate of gullies (14 mm yr^?1), suggesting control by different processes, some of which may be seasonal. In winter, it was observed that frost action produced a thin layer of loose soil on the surface of divides. In summer, a hardpan developed on divides, as the soil loosened by winter frosts was transported to gullies, likely by rainsplash or dry ravel. The diffusive processes of frost action, rainsplash, and dry ravel appear to shape the convex divides in this study. Down-cutting of gullies requires channelized flow produced by intense rainfall, which is more common in summer for this location.     

Development stage threshold of watershed landforms in Loess Plateau and separation of erosion mechanism

Threshold is a limit and marginal point when a qualitative change takes place. Since threshold principle was firstly used in landform research by S.A.Schumm in the 1970s, the quantitative research on watershed landform development stage has come true. Davis proposed a three-stage model on landform evolution: young, mature and old stages. Thereafter Strahler quantified this model by hypsometric analysis method. The authors thought that the material movement stage cannot be expressed by hypsometric method in watershed landform at development stage, because of the uncertainty on stage delimitation. To meet this shortcoming, this paper presents an integral erosion value method. A clear delimitation on landform development stage in the Loess Plateau region has been tested by this method. The result shows that gullied loessial hilly area is at the mature stage, and gullied loessial tableland area is at the young stage. It is estimated that from the point of erosion related sediment yield, natural erosion accounts for 70% of the total erosion amount, and artificial accelerating erosion is 30%. Therefore soil and water conservation is very crucial for the Loess Plateau.     

Developmetn stage threshold of watershed Landforms in Loess Plateau and separation of erosion mechanism

Threshold is a limit and marginal point when a qualitative change takes place.Since threshold principle was firstly used in landform research by S.A.Schumm in the 1970s,the quantitative research on watershed landform development stage has come true.Davis proposed a three-stage model on landform evolution:young ,mature and old stages.Thereafter Stahler quantified this model by hypsometric analysis method.The authors thought that the material movement stage cannot be expressed by hypsometric method in watershed landform at development stage,because of the uncertainty on stage delimitaion.To meet this shortcoming,this paper presents an integral erosion value method.A clear delimitation on landform development stage in the Loess Plateau region has been tested by this method.The result shows that gullied loessial hilly area is at the mature stage,and gullied loessial tableland area is at the young stage.It is estimated that from the point of erosion related sediment yield,natural erosion accounts for 70% of the total erosion amount,and artificial accelerating erosion is 30%.Therefore soil and water conservation is very crucial for the Loess Plateau.     

澜沧江典型对比流域水力侵蚀快速调查与评价

根据水力侵蚀面蚀和沟蚀两种不同侵蚀形态发生过程尺度空间大小不一的侵蚀特点,确定了研究区面蚀和沟蚀的不同调查评价方法.面蚀的发生过程空间尺度小,选用小区调查方法进行,而沟蚀的发生过程尺度空间大,在典型调查小流域尺度进行全面调查.然后在两种尺度下,分析形成沟蚀和面蚀的影响因素,进行沟蚀程度和面蚀强度分级,并把研究成果展延到澜沧江凤庆河流域和晓街河流域.最后,以在典型调查小流域的研究结果为对照判别依据,判断风庆河和晓街河流域的土壤侵蚀状况.结果显示,澜沧江典型流域的面蚀强度差异不大,沟蚀是造成不同流域土壤侵蚀和沟道输沙差异的主要水力侵蚀形式.     

末次间冰期以来黄河中游黄土高原沟谷侵蚀-堆积过程初探

以陕西洛川北汉寨小流域为基础，建立末次间冰期以来黄河中游黄土高原的沟谷侵蚀－堆积模式，并定量计算流域不同时期侵蚀模数或堆积速率，初步恢复了末次间冰期以来黄土高原中部地区的沟谷侵蚀－堆积过程。计算结果表明，末次间冰期公来，黄土高原中部地区的自然侵蚀作用可能在逐渐加剧。侵蚀－堆积是黄土区沟谷发育的基本过程，并与气候变化密切相关。侵蚀期相当于湿润期，也就是降雨量大的时期；沉积黄土层的时期沟谷发育大大减缓甚至停止，并且在原来的谷底、谷坡上还可堆积黄土。     

坡面径流冲刷及泥沙输移特征的试验研究

通过室内放水冲刷试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生的临界条件、细沟发展过程中的侵蚀产沙特征、以及影响细沟侵蚀产沙的因素进行了分析研究,得出了试验土条件下产生细沟的临界流量与坡面坡度的关系式.在分析产沙变化的基础上,探讨了细沟侵蚀量随径流量和坡面倾斜度的变化规律.     

Factors underlying piping in the Basilicata region, southern Italy

Piping/tunnelling erosion is a widely spread process in the Plio-Pleistocene marine clays of the Basilicata region in southern Italy. The pipes are often closely concentrated along the surface drainage networks at different depths with a tunnel (length) and a diameter varying from just a few centimetres to some metres. The formation and evolution of pipes in the badlands can be explained through: (1) geo-structural characteristics of the clay, (2) material properties such as a high exchangeable sodium percentage, (3) favourable climatic conditions, and (4) hydraulic gradient along the path controlled by the gully or ravine bottom that is acting as a local drain. The exposure and the extension of joints at the surface and in the bedrock along the slope are the main factors required for development of the pipes. The absence of the piping erosion on the slopes, where a reasonably thick layer of the soil material covers the open joints, shows that although certain material properties and climatic conditions play an important role, they are not sufficient to develop extensive piping erosion in the area.     

道路侵蚀研究进展

道路建设的加速会引发道路侵蚀的加剧, 继而对生态环境产生很大的压力, 为了减轻或控 制道路侵蚀, 必须了解道路侵蚀的特征, 找出有效的防治措施。道路建设是对当地地形的改造, 开 挖以及填埋等扰动活动, 会在原来地貌上形成不同的微地形, 它们各有特点, 形成不同的侵蚀特 征。不同的道路部位侵蚀机理和侵蚀过程差别很大, 现有研究对各个部位的侵蚀强度进行了比 较, 但结果并不一致。与其他用地相比, 道路用地显著的改变了土壤的物理水文性质, 加速了产流 产沙过程。尤其对一个流域而言, 道路的线性特征使其成为汇流引流的重要途径, 直接影响着流 域的行洪泄洪, 而在这方面的研究较少。道路侵蚀预报仍然集中在经验统计模型的研究上, 由于 经验模型固有的弊端, 不能明确反映侵蚀的机理, 物理模型的研究更加迫切, 尤其结合已有的农 地侵蚀的过程模型更是加强的重点。道路侵蚀的防治措施主要包括工程措施, 生物措施以及两者 的组合, 其水保效益都比较明显, 但也往往受到当地自然环境和经济条件的限制。本文总结了国 内外道路侵蚀研究成果, 结合存在的问题指出了今后加强研究的重点, 对理解道路侵蚀机理, 开 展道路侵蚀防治具有一定的指导意义。     

基于地貌演进背景的流域自然与人为侵蚀定量评估--以鲁中南山地为例

在GIS软件的支持下,计算了鲁中南山地及其各流域的高程积分并判定了其地貌侵蚀阶段,对鲁中南山地第四纪平均侵蚀量作了初步估算.通过侵蚀指数、自然侵蚀指数、人为侵蚀指数等指标的构建,计算了鲁中南山地各流域水土流失的自然侵蚀背景,进而得出人为侵蚀强度的流域差异.研究表明,鲁中南山地整体的自然侵蚀速率约为0.17 mm/a,大致相当于实际侵蚀的1/4,人为侵蚀强度较大;自然侵蚀强烈的流域主要分布在研究区北部,而人为侵蚀严重的流域主要分布在研究区东南部.提出了地貌演进背景下水土流失自然（地貌）侵蚀与人为侵蚀定量评估的技术方案,对鲁中南山地水土保持工作的政策措施提出了建议.     

Techniques for simultaneous quantification of wind and water erosion in semi-arid regions

Wind and water erosion are usually studied as two separate processes. However, in semi-arid zones both processes contribute significantly to soil degradation. Whereas for water erosion the direction of sediment transport is controlled by topography, in wind erosion the direction of transport is controlled by the wind direction. Furthermore, the spatial pattern of erosion and deposition for wind erosion is determined by the spatial distribution of source material, soil erodibility factors and non-erodible roughness elements. Given this difference in dependence on topography, different approaches are needed to determine the mass balance for a given area. For water erosion, the research area has to be defined such that no input of sediment occurs, whereas in wind erosion the input and output fluxes of sediment should be measured, or a non-eroding boundary should be created.In semi-arid regions, wind erosion events are often followed immediately by heavy rain. As wind and water erosion occur almost simultaneously at the same site, the effect of wind and water erosion at a given site should be studied concurrently. To do so, a number of measurement techniques with different spatial and temporal scales are necessary. The research should be started at the scale of a Sahelian field. For a complete insight into the processes at a site, the research should include measurement techniques that quantify the impact of wind and water erosion separately and techniques that quantify their combined effect.