巴楚-伽师6.8级地震地质灾害及未来地震地质灾害

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师交界地区发生了MS6.8地震。地震的发生除了对建筑物及构筑物与水利、交通、电力、电信设施造成了不同程度的破坏外,在地震烈度Ⅶ度以上(包括Ⅶ度)地区产生了不同程度的地震地质灾害。地震地质灾害主要为场地砂土液化、地裂缝与河流陡岸滑塌等类型。随后在新疆巴楚—伽师6.8级地震灾区开展了地震小区划工作,对Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区进行了场地工程地质条件勘测与综合评价,判定该地区未来可能产生的主要地震地质灾害为场地砂土液化、河流陡岸滑塌。     

济南市主城区地震地质灾害研究

地震地质灾害研究是地震灾害研究中的一项重要内容。通过对济南市主城区地层年代、岩土体特征、地形地貌条件等分析,在地质钻探和粉土颗粒分析实验基础上,采用标准贯入试验方法对济南市主城区砂土液化进行了判别,结果表明Ⅶ度烈度下济南市主城区西北部部分地区轻微液化,局部中等液化。研究表明,Ⅶ度烈度下济南市主城区发生滑坡、软土震陷、黄土震陷等地震地质灾害可能性较小,但局部可能发生崩塌、塌陷、地裂缝等地震地质灾害。     

2003年5月4日新疆伽师-岳普湖5.8级地震烈度分布及建筑物结构破坏特点

新疆伽师-岳普湖5．8级地震宏观震中位于岳普湖县的铁热木乡和兵团农三师42团的北面，震中烈度为Ⅶ度。本次地震影响范围位于巴楚-伽师6．8级地震Ⅵ-Ⅶ度影响区域内，累计破坏效应造成了较为严重的房屋破坏。通过对大量震害资料和强震记录的分析，根据建筑物的破坏情况和场地峰值加速度衰减特征，在尽可能排除累计破坏效应的基础上确定了地震烈度分布，分析了不同烈度区中的建筑物结构破坏特点及其与地震动影响场的关系。     

运城地裂缝

引言 1975年以来,在运城地区出现多处地裂缝,(图一),除①一⑤号发生在煤矿采空区,库岸、渠旁、河边外,绝大多数发生在地貌为陡坎的断裂构造附近。运城县上王—半坡—五曹地裂缝(以下简称半坡地裂缝)和83年7月发生在万荣县王亚公社薛店村的地裂缝(以下简称薛店地裂缝),规模较大,其破坏程度相当于Ⅶ度地震。这两起地裂缝,在成因上有不同的看法。本文就这两起地裂缝的成因谈一些看法。 一、地裂缝分布区的地质构造背景 运城地区位于祁吕贺“山”字型构造东翼转折部位,是一系列“多”字型展布的新生代断陷盆地与隆起相间展布地带,     

邢台地震房屋破坏率的正态性x^2检验

对１９６６年３月８日和３月２２日邢台地震中的房屋破坏情况进行统计，计算了地震区主要房屋土坯墙房在Ⅶ－Ⅸ度中的毁坏率、严重破坏率和中等破坏率。通过ｘ＾２检验得出，Ⅶ度和Ⅷ度区房屋毁坏率、严重破坏率和中等破坏率的分布均服从正态分布。     

2012年新疆新源—和静M_S6.6地震极震区地质灾害特征研究

通过叙述2012年6月30日新源—和静MS6.6地震极震区内地震崩塌、滑坡、地裂缝和碎石流4种地震地质灾害规模、分布特征,结合震前极震区内地质灾害分布类型和特征,将震前与震后的地质灾害特征进行对比分析,认为虽然此次地震极震区烈度仅为Ⅷ度,但发生的地震裂缝与地震崩塌等地震地质灾害具有独特性,应与该地区的地貌、地层岩性有关。     

1996年宜宾永兴5.4级地震烈度分布及其震灾评估

１９９６年２月２８日宜宾５．４级地震的宏观震中位于永兴镇，震中烈度达Ⅶ度，地震等烈度线呈长轴为北东向的椭圆状分布，震区总面积约１５０平方公里，这次地震共造成１人死亡，地震总经济损失为５２６１万元。     

河北省地震灾害分布特征

基于ArcGIS软件对河北省地震灾害分布特征进行分析,以期为河北省地震灾害评估、应急救援工作提供科学依据。研究表明:河北省内历史上发生破坏性地震(MS≥4 34)193次,地震灾害在空间上遍布河北省11个地市(除承德市),主要集中在唐山、张家口、邢台3个地区,占河北省内地震灾害的58.09%;从统计结果来看,河北省各市区地震分布具有明显的差异性,同时具有丛集性的特点,地震地质灾害主要分布在河北唐山冲积平原和滨海平原区、邢台和邯郸的山前冲积平原烈度为Ⅶ度及以上地区,喷砂冒水与地裂缝具有共生现象,以河流两侧地区最为发育;从地震烈度角度分析,河北省所受的最大地震影响烈度为Ⅺ,全省168个县区有165个遭受过Ⅵ以上破坏,约占98%。     

1996年12月21日四川白玉,巴塘间5.5级地震烈度考察

经现场考察，１９９６年１２月２１日１６时３９分在四川白玉、巴塘间发生的５．５级地震的宏观震中位于白玉县的沙巴乡至巴塘县的茶洛乡之间的高山无人区。极震区烈度为Ⅶ度，Ⅶ度区面积和Ⅵ度区面积各为３３０和２１００平方公里，等烈度线分布本呈长轴为北西北椭圆形。震区内建筑物破坏严重，地面破坏现象较为普遍，电站与式矿企业也遭受损失。     

1765年沈阳M51/2地震的再研究

根据历史文献记载 ,我国历次正式出版的地震目录 ,皆将此次地震审定为M5 ,宏观震中为41 8°N ,1 2 3 4°E ,震中烈度为Ⅶ度。为进一步核实此次地震的参数 ,笔者查阅了已发表的有关资料 ,调阅了辽宁省档案馆 3 0卷历史档案 ,以确定文献中提供的破坏点的具体位置 ,统计了近、现代中强地震的烈度分布和人员伤亡情况 ,咨询了有关专家。经进一步研究认为 ,历次出版物对这次地震宏观震中位置和震中烈度的认定是合适的 ,但Ⅶ度区范围较笼统。我们依据历史地震烈度评定原则 ,确定了各破坏点的烈度 ,圈定了Ⅶ度区的范围 ,宏观震中在Ⅶ度区内 ,地震发生在当时的沈阳市区 ;根据极震区建筑物破坏程度和极震区长轴尺度、现代中强地震的震中烈度和人员伤亡情况 ,并考虑到确定历史地震的误差 ,震级取M5 较为合理。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.