青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带新生代构造演化

海原断裂带作为青藏高原东北缘构造变形最显著断裂带之一,记录了青藏高原向北东扩展的构造信息。在详细的构造测量基础上,初步提出海原断裂带新生代以来的古构造应力场序列,反演了其新生代构造演化历史。详细构造解析表明,海原断裂带新生代以来主要经历了5个构造演化历史阶段,即始新世-中新世NWSE向构造伸展与沉积盆地发育、中新世晚期-上新世NNESSW向构造挤压与海原断裂带右行走滑活动、上新世末-早更新世NESW向构造挤压与强烈褶皱逆冲活动、晚更新世晚期以来ENEWSW向构造伸展与断陷盆地发育、全新世以来NESW向构造挤压作用与断裂带强烈左行走滑活动。变形分析表明海原断裂带现今地貌格局主要缘于上新世末-早更新世NESW向强烈逆冲活动,后期ENEWSW向构造挤压作用导致断裂走滑活动,并改造了局部地貌,主要表现为沿断裂带发育一系列第四纪小型拉分盆地。该带新生代构造演化研究,为探讨青藏高原东北缘新构造演化提供了具体构造证据。     

天水盆地晚新生代构造演化——对青藏高原北东向扩展的指示意义

天水盆地是一个位于青藏高原东北缘的晚新生代盆地,西秦岭北缘断裂穿盆而过。盆地内充填了较为完整的晚新生代地层,记录了该区晚新生代以来的构造变形历史,对研究青藏高原北东向扩展的构造响应具有重要意义。本文基于详细的野外构造变形分析与测量,结合已有的年代学与沉积学研究,初步提出天水盆地晚新生代以来构造变形序列与构造应力场,重建其晚新生代构造演化历史。详细研究表明,天水盆地晚新生代以来主要经历了3期构造演化:即中新世早-晚期NW-SE向构造伸展,沉积盆地发育,并伴随碱性超基性火山岩喷发和金刚石矿床形成;中新世晚期-早、中更新世NE-SW向挤压,盆地发生构造反转,其动力学背景可能源于晚新生代青藏高原的北东向扩展,指示高原物质扩散开始显著影响到西秦岭地区;晚更新世以来受近N-S向伸展作用控制,盆地发生向东有限挤出并伴随顺时针旋转,主要由于青藏高原向北东扩展过程中,区域构造挤压应力方向发生顺时针偏转所致。     

青藏高原东北缘牛首山-罗山断裂带新生代构造变形与演化

牛首山-罗山断裂带分隔了青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯地块两大构造单元,是青藏高原东北缘最外缘的一条断裂带。通过断裂带内详细的构造变形测量,结合区域构造分析与筛分,获得新生代4期构造应力场。通过年代学的初步研究,提出牛首山-罗山断裂带新生代构造演化序列,即：始新世末-渐新世近N S向挤压逆冲变形、中新世晚期-上新世NWSE向挤压与左行走滑活动、上新世末-中更新世NNESSW向挤压与右行走滑活动、晚更新世以来近E W向挤压与伸展构造。其中强烈的构造变形起始于中新世晚期,表明青藏高原东北缘的边界扩展在中新世晚期已经到达该断裂带。研究结果表明,牛首山-罗山断裂带在不同阶段的构造演化过程与印度欧亚大陆碰撞及青藏高原隆升过程密切相关,同时记录了青藏高原东北缘向外侧扩展和鄂尔多斯地块新生代构造转换的构造过程。     

银川盆地构造反转及其演化与叠合关系分析

以银川盆地构造反转为研究对象,从构造反转证据、反转时期以及反转强度等方面进行了分析,以此为基础,探讨 了银川盆地中生代以来构造演化。研究表明:负反转构造的发育、新生界与中-古生界地层展布特征的差异性以及伸展构 造样式与挤压构造样式并存等方面证明银川盆地发生负反转;构造反转的挤压隆升时期为晚侏罗世,伸展沉降期为渐新世 至新近纪;银川盆地北部构造反转强度大于南部,西部反转强度大东部;银川盆地自中生代以来经历了三叠纪至早-中侏 罗世时期的整体沉降、晚侏罗世的挤压隆升与差异剥蚀、早白垩世的再次沉降、白垩纪末期至新生代早期的整体隆升剥 蚀、渐新世至新近纪的快速断陷以及第四纪的整体拗陷六个演化叠合阶段。     

江汉盆地西北部断陷带构造变形分析与古应力场演化序列

江汉盆地内部发育多个断陷带,其形成与演化对盆地油气聚集至关重要。本文以远安和南漳断陷带为重点,基于详细的野外观察和断裂变形测量,分析了江汉盆地西北部断陷带的构造变形特征,建立了盆地古构造应力场演化序列。结合区域构造分析与变形叠加特征研究,将断陷带白垩纪以来的构造演化历史划分为4个阶段:①晚白垩世—古近纪,受NEE—SWW向引张作用,江汉盆地内部发生断陷;②古近纪末期,断陷盆地遭受近E—W向挤压作用而发生构造反转;③新近纪,先后受NE—SW向引张和NW—SE向引张作用,断陷带再次伸展沉降;④新近纪末期,在NE—SW向构造挤压作用下,断陷带发生右旋走滑活动。江汉盆地晚白垩世以来构造变形序列的建立,为探讨江汉盆地后期构造演化及油气成藏改造提供了构造地质学证据。     

柴达木盆地中、新生代构造演化及其对油气的控制

柴达木盆地中、新生代沉积构造演化经历了5个阶段:早、中侏罗世伸展断陷阶段,晚侏罗世—白垩纪挤压反转阶段,古近纪弱断陷阶段,新近纪的中新世—上新世早期坳陷阶段和上新世晚期—全新世挤压反转阶段。沉积构造演化控制盆地烃源岩的展布,盆地演化过程中的两次挤压反转期是圈闭构造的主要形成期,控制盆地油气分布。     

郯庐断裂带(安徽段)及邻区的动力学分析与区域构造演化

依据区域构造层次划分,采用构造筛分法,层层深入,层层筛分,确定发生于各个不同时代地层/岩层内的断裂活动的同期及叠加的应力场特征。综合所有的同期应力场特征及辅以叠加的应力场特征来验证,从而确定了一个连续的、完整的断裂活动的应力场演化序列;结合区域构造变形特征分析,阐明郯庐断裂带(安徽段)的构造演化。应力场分析显示:晚三叠-早侏罗世应力场为北北西—南南东或近南北向挤压,属古特提斯构造域,断裂发生同造山走滑;早白垩世早期,应力场为北西—南东向挤压,断裂发生左行走滑运动,中国东部处于西环太平洋构造域;早白垩世晚期—古新世(始新世),区域发生北西—南东向伸展作用,断裂处于伸展断陷作用阶段;新生代,受区域上近东西向的挤压作用影响,断裂发生挤压逆冲兼右行走滑作用。     

秦岭构造带徽成盆地白垩纪-新生代构造应力场演化历史

沿凤-太断裂带发育的徽成盆地斜切秦岭构造带,成为东、西秦岭构造地貌的分界带。该盆地由上部成县群和下部东河群2套地层序列组成,之间为角度不整合接触。基于沉积地层序列、野外断层滑动矢量运动学分析和古构造应力场反演,结合上部成县群磁性地层学的研究结果和基性岩脉的年代测试结果,确定了该盆地2期伸展断陷成盆阶段和3期构造挤压改造的交替演化历史。认为下部盆地形成于早白垩世时期(107Ma之前),成盆应力场为NWW- SEE引张,与东西向勉略断裂带左旋走滑拉分作用有关,其中加积了一套河湖相砂砾岩沉积。该走滑盆地在沉积晚期遭受NW- SE向挤压应力作用,控盆边界断层发生反转,地层发生宽缓的褶皱变形,基性岩脉侵位其中(107Ma)。上部新生的断陷盆地很可能形成于早白垩世晚期-晚白垩世(自107Ma以来),受NW- SE引张作用,沿凤-太断裂带发生复活,其中堆积了一套河流相红色砂泥岩和砂砾岩沉积地层。该断陷盆地遭受2次挤压应力场的改造:早期NNW- SSE向挤压、晚期NNE- SSW向挤压,这两期挤压作用使控盆边界断裂(凤太断裂、勉略断裂)发生构造反转,地层陡倾,但盆地内部变形较弱。与区域构造演化历史对比,认为这两期挤压应力作用分别发生在白垩纪晚期与古近纪。     

罗布泊盆地新构造变形数值模拟分析

综合罗布泊盆地新构造研究相关成果, 运用数值模拟实验方法, 采用两种模型, 对罗布泊盆地新构造活动进行数值模拟研究, 直观展示盆地的应力状态与位移特征, 再现罗布泊盆地新构造变形序列, 查明运动学特征。数值模拟结果一方面展示出晚新生代以来罗布泊盆地先后主要经历了渐新世末期—早更新世晚期近南北向构造挤压作用控制下的盆地近东西向伸展断陷与早更新世晚期以来北东—南西向构造挤压作用导致的盆地剪切变形两大阶段; 另一方面实验结果也显示, 在两种边界条件的控制下, 研究区地质单元的应力状态主要受地层岩性和断裂共同控制, 盆地内部呈现低应力状态, 在与最大主压应力相垂直的方向上产生伸展变形。盆地南边的两条主干断裂内部具有较高的剪应力, 而罗布泊盆地及其以东地区剪应力最小。位移大小明显受断裂控制, 从南西向北东位移逐渐减小, 指示孔隙流体从南西向北东运移。      

西秦岭北缘漳县新生代伸展断陷盆地确定及其地质意义

西秦岭北缘断裂带新生代以来挤压逆冲变形起始于何时?挤压逆冲变形之前是否经历过伸展拉张过程?北缘断裂带北侧的新生代红层盆地到底是类前陆压陷挠曲盆地还是拉张断陷盆地?上述问题对西秦岭新生代盆-山构造格局重建和印度-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的远程构造响应的时间与方式等科学问题的认识具有重要的地质约束。本文通过对西秦岭北缘构造带内漳县渐新世—中新世含盐红层盆地沉积序列和沉积旋回特征以及盆地边界断裂之间的几何学-运动学关系分析,认为西秦岭北缘构造带内漳县含盐红层盆地具有拉张伸展动力学背景下形成的断陷盆地的地质特征。西秦岭北缘构造带内渐新世—中新世断陷盆地的确定,指示了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚而导致的青藏高原构造挤压缩短作用至少在盆地沉积充填阶段尚未扩展到西秦岭北缘及以北地区。而漳县含盐红层盆地沉积地层褶皱缩短变形以及之后角度不整合在漳县含盐红层盆地之的上新统韩家沟粗砾岩,可能记录了西秦岭北缘由伸展边界向挤压缩短逆冲边界的转换过程。因此,青藏高原东北缘真正成为青藏高原体系组成部分是在上新世的漳县含盐红层盆地封闭-构造反转之后。这一认识对地学界长期以来认为印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚而导致的高原隆升和构造挤压早在渐新世就已经波及西秦岭北缘的观点提出了挑战。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.