末次间冰期多旋回气候波动记录:鄂尔多斯萨拉乌苏河流域典型地层剖面研究的新进展

鄂尔多斯高原萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期层系记录了8．5个风成的砂丘砂与河湖相和古土壤交替构成的沉积旋回。通过对该层系磁化率值和CaCO3含量分布规律以及该地生物化石指示的古生态综合分析,认为所述沉积旋回主要是由干湿寒暖气候旋回波动所致。研究表明,米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ层段的磁化率和CaCO3基本上显示峰态,在时间上可依次与氧同位素MIS5a、     

萨拉乌苏河流域MGS1层段微量元素记录的全新世千年尺度的气候变化

本文以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面MGS1层段为代表,试图通过对其的微量元素分析结果探讨该地全新世千年尺度的气候变化.在分析的14种微量元素中,除Cr和Zn以外的12种元素P、Pb、Rb、Nb、Zr、V、Sr、Cu、Ni、As、Ba、Co含量在MGS1剖面的垂直方向上具有这样的分布规律:元素含量值在沙丘砂...     

微量元素记录的毛乌素沙漠全新世气候波动--以萨拉乌苏流域DGS1层段为例

选取毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域具有代表性的滴哨沟湾剖面全新统(DGS1层段),结合微量元素与测年分析结果,探讨了该地全新世千年尺度的气候波动.结果表明,P、V、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ni、As、Cr、Pb属于易迁移-较稳定元素,其含量在沉积相中主要呈现为古土壤< 沙丘砂 <湖沼相,Co、Rb、Nb、Ba、Cl、Zr属于稳定-惰性元素,主要呈现为古土壤 >沙丘砂 >湖沼相,说明沙丘砂是冬季风主导下的沉积,古土壤和湖沼相是夏季风主导下的沉积.以Rb和Sr两种元素在垂向上峰谷交替的变化特征为依据,将DGS1记录的全新世气候分为升温期(11 000~10 130 a B.P.)、大暖期(10 130~6 590 a B.P.)、降温期(6 590~3 760 a B.P.)和寒冷期(3 760~0 a B.P.)四个阶段,这与国内外的相关研究结果一致,表明萨拉乌苏河流域全新世的气候变化是全球环境变化影响下的结果.     

萨拉乌苏河酒坊台剖面末次间冰阶以来的气候环境演化

酒坊台剖面位于萨拉乌苏河流域下游,其中末次间冰阶以来主要为风成砂沉积,间夹砂质古土壤和湖沼相粘土层等,对环境信息有良好的记录。OSL年龄结果表明该剖面顶部记录了末次冰期间冰阶(约52 ka B.P.)以来的气候演化历史。通过对剖面高精度的粒度和磁化率分析,结合Rb、Sr元素含量及其比值综合分析,表明末次冰期间冰阶以来该剖面自上而下可划分为3个主要层段,对应了深海氧同位素MIS 1~3。同时在MIS 3阶段呈现出明显的MIS 3a、3b、3c亚段,结合区域研究资料,表明萨拉乌苏河流域在中—长时间尺度上,对全球性和区域性气候事件有良好的沉积响应。     

浙江天目山千亩田泥炭晚全新世以来Rb/Sr记录的干湿变化

对天目山千亩田2个泥炭剖面的研究显示,样品中Rb和Sr含量变化呈现出较好的正相关性,Rb/Sr比值与总有机碳含量(TOC)、烧失量和腐殖化度等指标有很好的相关性。Rb/Sr比值和Rb、Sr含量对古降水有指示意义,三者结合可用来重建过去气候的干湿变化。千亩田泥炭剖面Rb/Sr比值和Rb、Sr含量详细记录了晚全新世以来的气候变化,表明其大体存在3个阶段:4.1~3.2cal.ka B.P.,季风降水出现大幅下降,气候向干旱演变;3.2~1.2cal.ka B.P.,气候干冷,且有频繁波动;1.2cal.ka B.P.以来,气候呈现出向湿润变化的趋势,但伴有大幅波动,其中包含了1.2~0.9cal.ka B.P.的中世纪暖期暖干气候以及0.6~0.3cal.ka B.P.的明清小冰期冷湿气候。千亩田泥炭Rb/Sr比值和Rb、Sr含量记录的气候变化与东亚季风区中其他地区的多种高分辨率气候记录具有一致性,表明其共同响应了东亚季风的变迁。     

陕西洛川黄土剖面的Rb/Sr值及其气候地层学意义

本文系统地测试了陕西洛川黄土-古土壤剖面中的Rb,Sr含量和磁化率。通过对比该剖面2．50MaB．P．以来Rb／Sr曲线和磁化率曲线,发现两者的形状和变化的相位十分相似,然而两者的相对振幅却有明显的差别。Rb／Sr曲线记录了0．80MaB．P．左右一次重要的气候转型界面,揭示了黄士和古土壤内部次一级的气候波动旋回,反映了早更新世黄土高原较温暖潮湿的特点以及更新世以来气候由湿向干的变化趋势。研究表明,Rb／Sr值可以作为衡量东亚夏季风环流强度变化的较为敏感的替代性指标。     

南京老虎山黄土剖面中铷锶地球化学和磁化率与古气候变化的关系

宁镇地区的下蜀黄土记录了古气候变化的丰富信息，作为中国北方风尘堆积的南部边缘相，下蜀黄土在全球环境变化研究中占有重要的地位。本文以10cm间距系统分析了老虎山剖面的Rb、Sr含量和频率磁化率。结果显示，磁化率和Rb含量可以较好地指示东亚冬季风强度变化；Rb/Sr比可以作为下蜀黄土化学风化强度的替代性指标；剖面的Rb/Sr比由下至上升高是南京地区12万年以来化学风化作用增强的结果。     

南京林峰桥剖面记录的22600—18550aBP的环境演变信息

通过对林峰桥剖面的磁化率值,Rb、Sr含量和14C年代等的测定,发现在21070aBP前后,磁化率值异常增高,Rb/Sr比值降低,揭示出南京江北地区在这一时段,风化淋溶作用不强,可能经历了一次突然的气候冷干事件,与北半球广泛记录的Heinrich事件的H2同时期,可能是Heinrich事件在东亚季风区的又一响应。     

贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地剖面中Rb、Sr分布及环境信息

岩溶盆地的演化清晰地记录了流域侵蚀和化学风化等重要过程,Rb/Sr是有效获取地表过程中环境信息的重要手段之一。本文基于14C定年方法,结合研究剖面中K、Ca等元素的组成特征,对贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地中4个沉积剖面的Rb、Sr分布和地球化学行为进行了分析,并讨论了Rb/Sr指示的环境意义和盆地的演化历程。结果表明,剖面中Rb元素含量普遍高于Sr元素且波动幅度较Sr元素大。此外,Rb与K,Sr与Ca之间均有较好的正相关关系,即在流域物质的侵蚀、搬运和盆地沉积物的形成演化过程中,Sr的活动性明显高于Rb。各剖面Rb、Sr垂直分异程度相似,呈大—小—大交替演变,Rb/Sr以大—小—大规律变化,且剖面间具有较好的一致性,与野外特征相吻合,尤其是剖面颜色变化,均体现盆地沉积环境的多旋回特征。Rb/Sr具有重要的环境意义,能够指示研究区古气候变化,Rb/Sr高时(主要受Rb控制),盆地处于干涸或低水位状态,指示降水量较少的干旱气候;Rb/Sr低时(主要受Sr控制),盆地处于富水的高水位环境,指示降水量较多的湿润气候。在距今40ka时间内,岩溶盆地内至少出现312次干—湿环境的旋回演变,其是恢复喀斯特地区古气候的良好载体。     

陕西岐山黄土剖面Rb、Sr组成与高分辨率气候变化

陕西岐山五里铺全新世黄土剖面层次结构清晰完整。通过对该剖面Rb,Sr含量和磁化率系统测定表明，黄土中Rb,Sr含量和Rb/Sr值明显不同于古土壤，它们作为气候替代指标比磁化率更灵敏，分辨率更高。Rb,Sr高含量及低Rb/Sr值指示冬季风占优势的干旱期，相对低的Rb,Sr含量及高的Rb/Sr值指示夏季风占优势的湿润时期。揭示在大约6000－5000aBP曾出现一次以干旱为特征的明显气候恶化期，使全新世“大暖期”分裂形成两个主要的土壤期。黄土高原南部自全新世以来，经历了黄土沉积→土壤发育→黄土覆盖→土壤再度发育→黄土堆积及现代表土的发展演化阶段。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.