关于流水动力地貌及其实验模拟问题

流水动力地貌是地表水流运动过程与地球表层物质相互作用的产物，具有显著的环境效应。流水动力地貌学是界于流水动力学、泥沙力学及流水地貌学之间的新兴的富有生命力的边缘科学。运用基于牛顿力学相似论及系统论异构同功原理的物理模型可以有效地研究流水动力地貌特征、成因机制及作用过程。数学模拟与物理模型相互印证，开辟了一条富有发展前景的流水动力地貌研究途径。     

试论地理信息系统与地球系统科学的关系

本文对地球系统科学的概念及其发展和学科特点进行了阐述,在此基础上探讨了地理信息系统在地球系统科学中的地位与影响,并对其发展方向进行初步评述。     

生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学 中的作用

地球系统科学是以地球系统为研究对象, 重点研究各圈层、各要素以及自然和人为现象 之间相互作用关系的科学, 是在科学技术自身发展和社会需求共同推动下发展起来的新兴学科。 地球系统科学概念的提出是为了解决全球性的资源和环境问题的需要, 是地球科学向综合集成 方向转变的重要阶段。目前在地球系统科学思想的指导下, 在全球规模上已经组织了一系列重要 国际联合研究计划, 企图组织全球的科学家协作推动地球科学的发展。地球系统科学发展离不开 对地球系统要素和圈层的物理、化学和生物过程的综合观测工作的支持。自20 世纪80 年代以 来, 一些国家、国际组织和国际合作项目都纷纷建立了国家、区域甚至全球尺度的观测、监测和信 息共享网络。国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER) 自20 世纪80 年代开始建设, 其目的是对生态过程 进行长期的监测, 研究各种生态因子的相互作用及生态过程, 从而揭示出生态系统和环境的长期 变化, 为生态系统评价及管理提供科学依据。 中国生态系统研究网络(CERN) 始建于1988 年, 在中国生态系统动态观测、科学研究和试验 示范方面发挥了重要作用, 2005 年在CERN 的基础上, 由国家科技部组织开始建立中国国家生 态系统观测研究网络(CNEN) , 目前已经遴选出了53 个台站, 开始对农田、森林、草地( 含荒漠) 和 水体( 湖泊和海湾) 的动态进行观测研究, 该网络必将成为全球地球观测系统(GEOSS) 的重要组 成部分, 在我国地球系统科学发展的历程中发挥重要作用。本文主要从发展地球系统科学角度, 讨论生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学中的作用。     

The value of teaching about geomorphology in non-traditional settings

Academics usually teach about geomorphology in the classroom, where the audience is enthusiastic, but generally small. Less traditional settings offer opportunities to reach a wider audience, one that is equally enthusiastic, given its love of geomorphic features in the National Parks, but one which has little knowledge of the science behind what they are seeing. I have “taught” geomorphology in four non-traditional settings: at a summer camp, a state wildlife refuge, on community field trips, and at meetings for clubs and government boards. This paper discusses my experiences and offers suggestions to others who may wish to follow this less-traveled educational path.As Head of Nature Programs at Camp Pemigewassett in New Hampshire, I have worked, over the last 33 years, with thousands of campers ranging from 8 to 15 years old. Our setting, in a glaciated valley on a small lake, exhibits a wide range of geomorphic features and offers many opportunities for direct learning through field investigations. I have found that even 8-year olds can do real science, if we avoid the jargon. Once “taught” they carry their knowledge about landforms and processes with them and eagerly share it with their friends and family on outings and trips, thus reaching an even wider public.Parks, wildlife refuges, nature preserves, and other similar areas generally have nature trails, often with educational information about the environment. Generally, interpretive signs are prepared by biologists and the content ignores the site's physical features, as well as the connections between ecological communities and the underlying geology and geomorphology. My students and I have addressed this situation at two places in Connecticut, one a state wildlife management area, also used for training teachers to teach Environmental Education, and the other, a town recreation area. We catalogued the geomorphic features, looked at relationships of the community level ecology to those features, and prepared interpretive signs that added this perspective to the trails. The public response has been extremely favorable.Geomorphology can also be taught by leading field trips for community organizations. I have done this twice, once for the Manchester (NH) Historical Society and once for a small watershed association. The attendance and interest surprised me. We finally had to limit the Manchester trip to one full busload (45) and the watershed trip, which was part of a “trails day,” drew over 90 people.Finally, I have found that organizations such as Sierra Club chapters and town conservation boards are frequently looking for speakers for their periodic meetings. Why not a geomorphologist? After all, much of what conservationists do is related to what geomorphologists do. I have given several of these presentations and the receptions have always been enthusiastic.While the work involved in preparing to teach in one of these non-traditional settings is frequently substantial, the rewards are equally large. It is a way to reach masses of people who know little about the science of geomorphology and to demonstrate its importance to them. Taking our message directly to the public in these settings is an effective way to put geomorphology in the public eye.     

人工地貌学学科体系框架构建初探

工业革命以来人类活动对地表利用改造的加剧,使得人工地貌研究逐渐受到科学界的重视。加强人工地貌学学科体系研究,服务社会经济建设实践亟需提上议事日程。在分析人工地貌学学科框架构建基点基础上,就人工地貌学的研究对象、任务与内容、研究方法与手段、内涵（学科属性）及外延（分支学科、学科关联）等方面探讨了人工地貌学学科体系框架构建问题,并指出人工地貌学是传统地貌学在社会经济建设过程中逐渐形成的多学科交叉综合的应用性地貌学科,如何从理论、技术及应用等层面进一步完善学科体系构建及探讨发展趋势是未来研究的重点。     

地貌学的基本范式及其在教学科研中的作用

自吉尔伯特和戴维斯的时代开始,地貌学的研究即已遵从理论优先的观察背负模式。从以描述为主的侵蚀循环学说、强调定量分析的地表过程、水力几何学到目前系统地貌学的研究,此中充盈着大量的范式、原理和基本概念,它们是地貌学作为一门科学存在和发展的理论基础。在课堂教学与课程发展层面上,从地貌学史的角度注重对基本范式的归纳和讲授,是培养与激发学生学习兴趣和专业素养的主要途径。通过对经典文献的研读,学生可以从中直接学习到详尽地描述和思辨方法,同时还会意识到对地貌学思想的传承和理论的接受应该批判地进行。在学科建设和科学研究方面,基于范式研究是利用共同的学术语言融入国际地貌学界的前提,凝练学科整体关心的科学问题,开展有组织持续有效的基础理论研究,是复兴国内地貌学的最佳途径。     

Geomorphology in the system of Earth sciences

We examine the question of determining the place of geomorphology in the system of Earth sciences. The study revealed that, in spite of the differences in understanding the subject matter of science, there are at least seven integrating and generally accepted techniques of geomorphological investigations themselves: orographic analysis, cartometry, remote analysis of hidden landforms, morphometry, geomorphological mapping, modeling of geomorphological systems and conceptual development of the methodology. Emphasis is placed on the important role of geomorphological mapping in understanding all processes on land cover and the history of its development, assessing the natural resources and natural hazards, and in forecasting the evolution of the landscape. The technique of representing results from geomorphological investigations as a geomorphological map requires developing a classification of topographic features and landforms, and publications of A. N. Lastochkin and his followers are specifically focused on this issue. The integrating role of N. A. Florensov’s ideas of concepts concerning the continental orogenesis and geomorphological formations is pointed out. The autonomy of geomorphology in the system of Earth sciences is demonstrated but it is emphasized that it is not possible to further develop geomorphological knowledge outside the province of related Earth sciences, primarily geology and physical geography. A substantiation is given to the exclusiveness of the object of study (topography of land cover) and the subject (main topographic properties: morphology, genesis, age, and morphogenesis processes) which can be analyzed solely by geomorphological research techniques and development models.     

Morphological systematics of the relief and its implications for geography and geoecology

We examine the issue concerning the determination of the line of demarcation between geomorphology and the related Earth sciences which is associated with elementarization of continual topographic surface of the planet’s relief. We present our view of the progression along this direction that relies on the theory of the system-morphological foundation of Earth sciences. We established the existence of the synenergy effect in the use of the system-morphological approach in all particular geographical sciences: in microclimatology, it provides a means of referencing microclimates and “local climates” to topographic features; in soil science, it revitalizes the notion of an elementary soil area thus simplifying the process of soil mapping. In geobotany and biogeocenology, this approach helps to make results from studying phytocenose productivity and from dendroindication investigations more representative. We determined a direct practical importance of landscape geophysics and assessments of the significance of geotopes on land surface as well as on the bottom of the World Ocean and beneath mainland glaciers. It is suggested that the system-morphological approach be used in the interests of a further development not only of traditional analytical geomorphology but also its new, synthetic direction that relates geomorphology with social sciences. It is established that in such a case the symmetry tools can be sued to define the relief as the set of locations with anthropogenic objects, processes and phenomena.     

分形理论及其在地貌学中的应用──分形地貌学研究综述及展望

本文简介了分形的有关基本概念,回顾了分形理论在海岸、流水、喀斯特地貌等多种地貌类型和流域地貌发育的形态研究中,以及在地貌过程研究中的应用的新近成果,并提出了今后分形地貌学研究的五个主要方面.     

试论国外河流地貌学的进展

本文分四个阶段论述国外河流地貌学研究的发展,阐述了现代河流地貌学在一些领域中取得的成就,以及研究方法和技术的进展。     

现代人地关系与人地系统科学

人地关系地域系统理论系统提出30 a来，对促进地理学综合研究、学科建设和服务国家重大战略决策发挥了重要的科学支撑与导向作用。深入解析了人地关系地域系统理论的科学内涵及时代价值，诠释了现代人地系统的类型与环境，提出了“人地圈”与人地系统科学研究的主要内容和前沿领域。初步研究表明：① 现代人地系统具有复杂性、地域性和动态性特征，人?地交互作用过程、格局及其综合效应正在发生深刻变化，地球表层人地系统成为现代地学综合研究的核心内容和重要主题。② 科学认知和有效协调人地关系，亟需深入探究人地系统耦合格局与机理，探明人地关系地域系统类型、结构及其动力机制。依据城乡关系将人地关系地域类型划分为城市地域系统、城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统。乡村地域系统可细分为农业系统、村庄系统、乡域系统、城镇系统等子系统，分别对应于作土关系、人居关系、居业关系、产城关系。③ 现代人类活动强烈地作用于地球表层人地系统，形成了人地系统耦合与交互作用的地表圈层——“人地圈”，其实质是现代人类活动与地表环境相互联系、耦合渗透而形成的自然–经济–技术综合体或人地协同体。④ 人地系统科学或人地科学是研究人地系统耦合机理、演变过程及其复杂交互效应的新型交叉学科。它是现代地理科学与地球系统科学的深度交叉和聚焦，以现代人地圈系统为对象，致力于探究人类活动改造和影响地表环境系统的状态，以及人地系统交互作用与耦合规律、人地协同体形成机理与演化过程。人地系统耦合与可持续发展是人地系统科学的研究核心。传承创新人地关系地域系统理论和发展人地系统科学，更能凸显地球表层人类的主体性、人地协同的过程性和可持续发展的战略性，为人地系统协调与可持续发展决策提供科学指导。     

最新的地球圈层──人类圈*

把人类作为最新地球圈层来研究是地球科学中一个重大理论问题。文中从人类圈的内涵、功能和结构、演化的主要阶段以及提出人类圈的主要依据等方面论证了人类已成为地球的最新圈层。接着论述确认最新地球圈层的重大意义:拓宽对地球系统的认识,将地球系统科学从纯自然科学推进到跨自然科学和社会科学两大领域的现代地球系统科学阶段,以便从现代地球系统结构演变的角度来讨论全球环境恶化的根源及可持续发展的基本条件等问题。     

Landscape development, collective amnesia and the need for integration in geomorphological research

Studies of long–term landscape change have been central to the development of ideas in geomorphology. This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by 'paradigm shifts' and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.     

In the Critical Zone: Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey

Geography is again becoming an integral part of the premier natural‐science agency of the federal government. Geographic research emphasizes the surface of the earth, a portion of the earth system that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) defines as the “critical zone.” Although geography was part of the USGS from the creation of the agency, in recent years geography in the agency has largely been limited to topographic mapping. Recently, the USGS and an advisory committee of the National Research Council (NRC) reviewed the role of geography at the Survey. The committee's report, along with ongoing decision‐making in the federal government, is likely to reshape geography in the USGS. The newly defined USGS has a regional structure and four disciplines: geology, hydrology, biology, and geography. The NRC report emphasizes the need for the creation of a spatial database called the National Map to replace the existing series of paper topographic maps. The report also outlines the need for geographic research in geographic information science (GIScience), nature‐society connections, and bridging of science to decision‐making. The NRC report has been briefed throughout the USGS, in the federal executive branch, and in Congress. The changing role for geography in the USGS requires change in the agency culture, revised budgetary decisions, and the establishment of a long‐term core agenda for research. Academic geographers will need to prepare a new generation of geographers for participation in the USGS and similar agencies.     

70年来中国风沙地貌学的发展

风是除流水之外塑造地球景观的第二大流体,以其为外营力形成的风沙地貌在全球干旱区广泛分布,超过40%的全球陆地面积受风沙地貌过程的影响,与人类生存环境存在着密切的关系,19世纪末以来受到国际学术界的持续关注。中国干旱半干旱地区广泛发育风沙地貌,但风沙地貌研究比国际研究晚半个多世纪,始于20世纪50年代后期。本文总结了新中国成立70年来中国风沙地貌学发展的3个阶段：初创阶段（1949—1977年）、充实发展阶段（1978—1999年）和国际化研究阶段（2000年至今）。现在中国风沙地貌研究的水平整体与国际并行,部分领先。中国具有重要国际影响力的风沙地貌研究工作包括沙丘移动规律、风沙地貌区域综合研究、中国独特风沙地貌发育演变过程、戈壁地貌学研究、沙丘二次流以及地外星球的探索研究。中国风沙地貌学研究有在未来领跑国际研究的潜势,但风沙地貌学家必需有4个方面的战略思考,即综合集成、地球系统科学引领、全球视野和深空时代的发展。     

论地理信息科学的发展

该文阐述 1995年以来 ,中国地理学界关于 3S(RemoteSensing ,GlobalPositioningSystemandGeographicalIn formationSystem)的研究与应用 ;1998年以来 ,对数字地球有所介绍与了解 ;2 0 0 0年以来 ,对对地观测系统给予充分的关注。国外有“地理信息科学”的杂志 ,国外也有将 3S称为空间信息技术 (SpatialInformationTechnique )的。该文作者长期以来研究并讲授地理信息科学、地理信息系统、地理信息系统工程、全球定位系统等课程 ,提出航天信息与地理信息一体化网络系统 ,是一个开放的、复杂的信息巨系统 ,进而提出了新一代的地理信息系统 ;以天地信息一体化网络系统为基础 ,提出了天地人机关系 ,发展了地理学中的人地关系 ;并且论述了地理信息科学是可持续发展信息社会的重要支柱 ;指出地理信息科学研究的方向与前景。     

基于空天地一体化的黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络构建

立足自然资源管理的新要求,全国自然资源要素综合观测网络工程已于2020年全面启动和建设。黑河流域作为西北地区第二大内陆河流域,且处于丝绸之路经济带的核心地段,迫切需要在黑河流域开展试点研究。依托黑河流域现有观测研究基础,采用融合共建、改建升级和空白添建3种方式,分流域、分级别布设观测台站13个,基本覆盖了黑河流域草原、森林、河流、湖泊、荒漠、湿地、农田等主要地表资源类型。结合遥感观测和人工样地调查,初步构建起黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络。通过建立统一的运行维护和质量管理体系,确保观测数据的真实性和可靠性。从应用效果来看,黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络已基本形成了局部控制的立体化观测能力,可有效获取资源间耦合作用过程、变化趋势和速度等关键数据,对提高黑河流域自然资源认知能力、科学管理和战略决策具有十分重要的意义,对其他流域开展自然资源观测研究也具有重要的借鉴和示范意义。     

Lithologic, structural, and geomorphic controls on ribbon forest patterns in a glaciated mountain environment

So-called “ribbon forests” have been attributed to snowdrift patterns and fire history without reference to geomorphology [Vegetatio 19 (1969) 192.]. This paper illustrates how site conditions of geomorphology and geology explain the origin of ribbon forests. In Glacier National Park, MT (USA), regional tectonic uplift associated with the Laramide Orogeny produced structural features that amplify lithologic differences. Pleistocene glaciation scoured deeply along the strike of bedding planes, highlighting this pattern and in some cases producing fine-scale parallel finger lakes between forested ribbon strips.Twelve ribbon forest sites on both sides of the Continental Divide were closely studied on stereoscopic aerial photographs, and several of these sites were examined in the field or from helicopter overflights. In all cases, geologic and geomorphic conditions explain the location and distribution of the ribbon forests. Change-detection of the distribution of trees versus nontree-covered surfaces in an area of ribbon forest on Flattop Mountain, a complex uplifted synclinal structure, was undertaken using panchromatic, low-altitude aerial photographs from 1966 to 1991. Areas changed from forest to meadow and from meadow to forest in roughly equal amounts in a generally random spatial pattern. No evidence was seen to suggest that the creation of one ribbon eventually created another downwind, as suggested by Billings. Aerial photograph interpretation, field examination and soils analyses of forest ribbons and adjacent unforested meadows clearly illustrated that trees occupy higher, parallel to subparallel, well-drained sites where the spatial pattern is in turn a distinct reflection of the spatial pattern of structure and stratigraphy. Meadows occupy topographically lower positions between ridges where erosion along bedding plane strike was concentrated. Topography sets conditions that allow tree growth in certain locations while precluding it in immediately adjacent areas. Ribbon forests there are thus a spatial manifestation of the interaction between structure, lithology, and topography.     

台维斯学术思想的继承与突破

本文回顾了百年来地貌学思想的发展历史,论述了台维斯理论体系对地貌学的贡献及其现实意义,分析了本世纪四十至六十年代地貌学取得突破性进展的原因、特点和标志。     

Cellular automata as analysis and synthesis engines at the geomorphology–ecology interface

The linkages between ecology and geomorphology can be difficult to identify because of physical complexity and the limitations of the current theoretical representations in these two fields of study. Deep divisions between these disciplines are manifest in the methods used to simulate process, such as rigidly physical-deterministic methods for many aspects of geomorphology compared with purely stochastic simulations in many models of change in landcover. Practical and theoretical research into ecology–geomorphology linkages cannot wait for a single simulation schema which may never come; as a result, studies of these linkages often appear disjointed and inconsistent.The grid-based simulation framework for cellular automata (CA) allows simultaneous use of competing schemas. CA use in general geographic studies has been primarily limited to urban simulations models of change for land cover, both highly stochastic and/or expert rule-based. In the last decade, however, methods for describing physically deterministic systems in the CA framework have become much more accurate. The possibility now exists to merge separate CA simulations of different environmental systems into unified “multiautomata” models. Because CAs allow transition rules that are deterministic, probabilistic, or expert rule-based, they can immediately incorporate the existing knowledge rules in ecology and geomorphology. The explicitly spatial nature of CA provides a map-like framework that should allow a simple and deeply rooted connection with the mapping traditions of the geosciences and ecological sciences.