Benthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.     

楚科奇海与白令海表层沉积中的钙质和硅质微体化石研究

通过对北冰洋楚科奇海和令海41个表层沉积样品中的有孔虫、介形类等钙质微体化石和硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的定量分析，发现表层沉积中浮游有孔虫几乎缺失，这可能与该区表层生产力相对低、碳酸盐溶解作用较强有关，而底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石的丰度分布则明显受表层沉积物类型、表层初级生物生产力和碳酸盐溶解作用所控制。其中，北冰洋楚科奇海陆架区有孔虫丰度和分异度低，含少量浅水介形类，放射虫在陆架浅水区缺失，但含有较多硅藻和海绵骨针等其它硅质微体化石，反映该区由于海冰、表层海水温度较冷而导致表歧初级生产力相对低。白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫丰度比较科奇海高一个数量级，底栖有孔虫分异度也相对高，硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针等硅质微体化石的丰度与钙质化石一样，其丰度比楚科奇海明显高，反映表层初级生产力相对高。根据白令海陆坡区底栖有孔虫和硅质微体化石丰度、底栖有孔虫胶结质壳比值的水深变化，推测该区碳酸盐溶跃层和补偿深度（CCD）相对浅，分别位于水深2000m和3800m处。     

Foraminifera in surface sediments of the Bering and Chukchi Seas and their sedimentary environment

Based on a quantitative analysis of foraminifera in 39 surface samples of the Bering andChukchi Seas, the nearly absence of planktonic foraminifera in the surface sediments can be related to the low surface primary productivity and strong carbonate dissolution in the study area. It has been revealed that the surface primary productivity, and carbonate dissolution and properties of water masses related to the water depth mainly control the distribution of benthic foraminifera. The shelf of the Chukchi Sea is dominated by the Elphidium spp. assemblage and Nonionella robusta assemblage with low foraminiferal abundance and diversity, which is controlled by the coastal water mass of the Arctic Ocean. The slope of the Bering Sea is dominated by the Uvigerina peregrina - Globobulimina affinis assemblage with abundant N. robusta, and relatively high foraminiferal abundance and diversity, which is controlled by the intermediate and deep water masses of the Pacific Ocean. However, the Bering Sea has relatively sha     

白令海和楚科奇海表层沉积中的有孔虫及其沉积环境

通过对白令海和北冰洋楚科奇海39个表层沉积样品中有孔虫的定量分析,发现表层沉积中浮游有孔虫稀少可能与该区表层生产力低、碳酸盐溶解作用较强有关,而底栖有孔虫的分布则主要受表层初级生产力以及与水深相关的碳酸盐溶解作用和水团性质所控制,其中北冰洋楚科奇海陆架区有孔虫以Elphidium spp.组合和Nonionella robusta组合为主,丰度和分异度低,受北冰洋沿岸水团控制;白令海陆坡区有孔虫以Uvigerina peregrina-Globobulimina affinis组合为主,含N.robusta较多,丰度和分异度相对高,受太平洋中层和深层水团控制,但该区碳酸盐溶跃层和补偿深度(CCD)相对浅,约分别位于2000和3800m处.此外,白令海陆坡上部表层沉积中含有北冰洋陆坡区典型深水底栖有孔虫种Stetsonia arctica,说明白令海峡两侧的海区曾有深部水交流.     

南海东北部表层沉答中微体化石与碳酸盐溶跃面和补偿深度

通过对南海东北部(12°～22°N,116°～122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2600m上下,北部则在2200m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下。     

Microfossils, carbonate lysocline and compensation depth in surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea

INTRODUCTIONTwoimportantinterfacespunctuatingtheabyssalverticaltrans sectionarecarbonatelyso clineandcarbonatecompensationdepth (CCD) .Thecarbonatelysoclineislabeledbyabruptincrementofcarbonatedissolutiononcalcitemicrofossilssuchasplanktonicforaminifertests(Berger,1 96 8) ,ordecreasingapparentlyinpercentageofthecarbonateproportion (Panetal ,1 988) .ThoughtherearemanyachievementsonthecarbonatecycleandCCDresearches(Wangetal ,1 995;Rottman ,1 979;Thunelletal ,1 992 ;Zhengetal ,1 993;Mia…     

Upward transport of iron at the west shelf edge–slope of the Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea

We studied the behavior of chemical substances in the upper 300 m of the water column across the continental shelf–slope interface in the East China Sea off the Okinawa Trough. The behaviors of iron, inorganic nutrients, and humic-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter were strongly influenced by the extensive water exchange between the East China Sea and the Kuroshio Current across the shelf break and slope via upwelling and frontal processes. We attributed the high humic-like fluorescent intensity at the subsurface of the shelf break and slope regions to the lateral supply of humic-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter from the shelf sediments to the outer shelf region due to the intrusion of shelf water into Kuroshio subsurface water. We found that the behavior of iron at the continental shelf–slope was remarkably different from the conservative mixing of inorganic nutrients and humic-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter. In deep and bottom waters at the shelf–slope, high total iron concentrations, which were closely related to water transmittance, possibly resulted from the swept transport of iron-rich resuspended sediments over the shelf floor from the slope by the invading Kuroshio Intermediate Water close to the bottom.     

Foraminifera from the continental slope off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

The recent benthic meiofaunal foraminiferal assemblage from the continental slope (590-2 003 m) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina exhibits high species richness and evenness, moderate diversity values, and lacks numerically dominant species. The preserved planktic assemblage has relatively low species richness, high evenness, low diversity, and a few numerically dominant species. Approximately 9% of the benthic species are those that typically live within continental shelf depth ranges. The benthic assemblage abundances and diversities do not follow depth patterns or geophysical characteristics. No biogeographic boundary can be described within the study area for meiofaunal foraminifera. Oxygen limitation does not appear to be a factor affecting the benthos of the North Carolina continental slope based upon the community structure of the benthic foraminifera, if total assemblage is assumed to reflect the recently living community. The high carbonate content of sediments in the area may be explained by foraminiferal tests. Within the study area, the foraminiferal assemblages are uniform, and probably reflect relative consistency of primary environmental variables as well as dynamic downslope transport and high influx of material from the water column in the vicinity where the Gulf Stream and the Western Boundary Undercurrent cross.     

南海东北部表层沉积中微体化石与碳酸盐溶跃面和补偿深度

通过对南海东北部(12°～22°N,116°～122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2 600 m上下,北部则在2 200 m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下.     

冲绳海槽南部表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫及其地质意义

对冲绳海槽南部53个表层沉积样品中大于0.154mm的浮游有孔虫进行系统鉴定和定量统计,并采用Q型因子分析,求得浮游有孔虫各属种和组合的分布特征:N.Dutertei－p.Obliquiloculata组合主要分布在离大陆和台湾岛较近的地方,而G.Glutinata－G.Ruber组合则主要分布在冲绳海槽的中央及靠琉球岛的一侧,且发现浮游有孔虫丰度、属种组合和碎壳率等的分布和变化主要受控于水深、碳酸盐溶跃层、温跃层以及水团等各类环境因子.     

冲绳海槽中南部及其邻近陆架悬浮体的分布、组成和影响因子分析

初夏冲绳海槽中南部海域悬浮体含量的分布特点为:表层水体中部海区高,南北海区低;中底层水体自南西至北东由低至高.从陆架到海槽断面的悬浮体含量分布为陆架最高值区、陆坡最低值区和海槽低值区.悬浮体组成包括矿物岩石碎屑、生物骨屑以及絮凝体.矿物岩石碎屑主要分布在陆架区中、下层水体,生物骨屑主要分布在海槽区(整个水层)和陆架区上层水体,絮凝体在研究区都有分布.海槽区与陆架区的悬浮体含量垂直分布和组分特征具有明显的差异.研究区悬浮体分布和组成主要受控于黑潮对陆架物质向冲绳海槽输送的阻隔、生物生产量以及地形、地理环境.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中的底栖有孔虫组合及其古环境意义

通过对中国第1~4次北极考察在西北冰洋采集的表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫丰度及其优势种分布特征与环境因素关系的综合研究发现,楚科奇海区低的底栖有孔虫丰度主要受较高的陆源物质输入的稀释作用影响;楚科奇海台和阿尔法脊较高的底栖有孔虫丰度主要受到暖而咸的大西洋中层水的影响;受碳酸钙溶解作用影响的门捷列夫深海平原和加拿大海盆底栖有孔虫丰度较低,并且水深3 597 m的站位出现了似瓷质壳的Pyrgo williamsoni和Quinqueloculina orientalis,说明该区的CCD深度大于3 600 m。根据底栖有孔虫7个优势属种的百分含量分布特征可以划分出5个区域组合:南楚科奇海陆架-白令海峡组合以优势种Elphidium excavatum和Buccella frigida为特征,可能反映受白令海陆架水影响的浅水环境;阿拉斯加沿岸-波弗特海组合以优势种Florilus scaphus和Elphidium albiumbilicatum为特征,可能反映受季节性海冰融化,低盐的阿拉斯加沿岸流以及河流淡水输入的低盐环境;大西洋中层水组合以优势种Cassidulina laevigata为特征,可能反映高温高盐的大西洋中层水影响的环境;北极深层水组合以优势种Cibicides wuellerstorfi为特征,可能反映水深大于1 500 m低温高盐的北极深层水环境;门捷列夫深海平原组合以优势种Oridorsalis umbonatus为特征,可能反映低营养的底层水环境。     

东海陆架外缘区构造特征及其成因机制

东海陆架边缘的构造特征记录了有关冲绳海槽张裂过程的关键信息,对于进一步理解海槽的形成演化以及弧后张裂与弧-陆碰撞之间的相互作用至关重要。本文基于多道地震和重磁资料,分析了东海陆架边缘的地形和构造特征,并对冲绳海槽早期张裂过程、北西向断裂带的分隔控制作用、钓鱼岛隆起带南北构造差异和冲绳海槽的向西前展等问题进行了探讨。结果表明,冲绳海槽西侧陆坡存在的分段性,各分段在地形地貌、地层展布和构造特征等方面的不同,体现了其构造演化和现今构造活动性的差异。冲绳海槽中—北段的张裂始于陆架前缘坳陷,在晚中新世向东扩展至整个海槽,晚中新世至今以分散式张裂为主。北西向断裂带对东海陆架边缘不同分段的构造特征和构造活动起到了分隔控制和转换协调作用,控制了不同类型陆坡的形成和发育。受冲绳海槽在全宽度上向西前展的影响,钓鱼岛隆起带南段的基底隆起及其支撑的陆架边缘发生了破坏和沉降,形成基底起伏较大、地形崎岖不平的陆坡。     

冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物中放射虫的分布与环境

对冲绳海槽北部80个表层沉积样品中放射虫进行的定量研究表明，其丰度和分异度西北部低，东南部高，由西北向东南递增；从西北陆架到东南海槽放射虫分布可分为陆架低值区，海槽边缘中值区和中央高值区，放射虫的组成以泡沫虫目占绝对优势，总体面貌为热带大洋暖水动物群，沉积物中放射虫的分布与现代表层海水温度，盐度的分布和变化趋势一致，但与营养盐和实级生产力的分布呈负相关关系；同时，放射虫的分布又与研究区的海流和水团有密切关系，其中黑潮对其有控制性影响，沉积物类型极大地影响着放射虫的分布，放射虫的丰度和分异度明显地随粒度的增大和陆源物质含量的增加而减小，此外，放射虫的分岂有此理也显示了与沉积物中火山物质含量的密切相关性。     

南海东北部表层沉积中有孔虫的分布及其环境意义

为了探讨南海东北部表层沉积中有孔虫分布的规律，选取184个表层样进行分析，结果发现有孔虫的垂向分布与碳酸盐的溶解作用密切相关。在2300－2500m水深以下，浮游有孔虫丰度迅速减小，而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值BF／（BF＋PF）以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量则迅速增加，这三者随水深的变化在3400－3500m处有一明显的转变，被认为是南海东北部CCD面（碳酸盐补偿深度）所在的位置，且该研究区内碳酸盐补偿深度南部较北部深100m。浮游有孔虫水平分布除了受表层海水温度的的控制外，黑潮南海分支以及吕宋岛北端上升流区带来的富营养水体的存在也起很重要的作用。     

南海北部表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫分布特征与环境意义

对南海北部12°以北海域表层沉积物中的浮游有孔虫丰度、属种数量与组合、碳酸盐含量以及硅质生物相对丰度等进行了分析和鉴定,结果表明:随水深的增加,浮游有孔虫的丰度降低、属种数量减少,碳酸盐含量降低,硅质生物相对丰度升高,浮游有孔虫优势种由易溶种转变为抗溶种。浮游有孔虫以及碳酸盐含量等的这些变化与深海碳酸盐的溶解作用密切相关,同时,浊流沉积作用和水团等环境因素也是影响浮游有孔虫丰度与组合以及碳酸盐含量变化的重要因子。     

冲绳海槽西南部二万年来的深海介形虫和古环境变化

从冲绳海槽西南部255柱状样采集114个沉积物样品进行介形虫定量分析,结合有孔虫、同位素和碳酸钙含量等资料探讨东海二万年来的古环境变化历史。依据属种组成、数量、丰度及分异度,在255柱状样中识别出与全球气候变化相应的冰期、冰消期和冰后期三个介形虫组合。冰期组合以优势种Palmoconcha parapontica和Loxoconchidea aff.dolgoiensis为特征,数量丰度和分异度高,但缺乏大洋性类型,推测冰期低海面时期底层水体呈富养低氧和较封闭的状态。冰消期和冰后期以Krithe spp.和Legitimocythere acanthode4rma占优势,丰度显著减少,出现较多的大洋性类型,推测冰消期以来海面上升和岸线后退及黑潮加强致使生产力下降,深海为低营养和高流通状态。     

The calculation of Kuroshio current structure in the East China Sea—early summer 1986

On the basis of hydrographic data and moored current meter records obtained during an early summer cruise (May 20–June 23) of 1986, a three dimensional diagnostic calculation of the circulation is performed in the survey area, which covers the East China Sea continental shelf, Okinawa Trough and an area east of the Ryukyu Island. The Kuroshio Current condition and structure in the East China Sea, its branches and their interrelationship as well as the eddies around the Kuroshio, are discussed. When the Kuroshio entered the area northeast of Taiwan, there were two branches. The main branch flowed northeastward along the continental slope and the other branch was at the eastern part of the Okinawa Trough. The main axis of the Kuroshio followed the continental slope above the 300 m level, but moved gradually eastward to the Okinawa Trough below the 300 m level.     

冲绳海槽中南部不同环境表层沉积物质来源

对冲绳海槽中南部3种不同沉积环境(东海外陆架、东海陆坡和冲绳海槽)表层沉积物进行了稀土等元素地球化学分析,结果显示,冲绳海槽和陆坡表层沉积物具有与台湾物质来源类似的稀土元素配分模式,La/Sm-Gd/Yb散点图也显示海槽和陆坡沉积物主要分布在台湾物源端元区,表明冲绳海槽中南部海槽和陆坡表层沉积物主要来源于台湾,而外陆架沉积物明显的重稀土亏损与大陆河流(特别是长江、黄河)沉积物来源较为一致。为进一步判断外陆架表层沉积物来源,对外陆架沉积物重矿物进行分析鉴定,结果显示,外陆架沉积物重矿物以普通角闪石-绿帘石-石榴石-赤褐铁矿为组合特征,与长江沉积物重矿物组成特征类似,其明显缺乏台湾河流来源的典型重矿物锆石、黄河来源典型重矿物云母、浙闽沿岸来源典型重矿物磁铁矿,说明台湾、黄河和浙闽沿岸并非研究区外陆架表层沉积物主要物源。根据以往测年等研究成果,研究区外陆架沉积物年代较老,应为古长江物质经东海现代环流体系不断改造而成。     

南海北部陆坡ZSQD196PC柱状样末次间冰期以来的古海洋学记录：氧同位素、有孔虫和硅藻

为了解南海北部陆坡末次间冰期以来的古海洋沉积环境演化特征,对研究区ZSQD196PC柱状样有孔虫、硅藻及有孔虫氧同位素资料开展了分析。依据沉积有孔虫、硅藻主要属种的百分含量、丰度及组合特征,将有孔虫划分为3个组合,分别对应于氧同位素MIS1、2、3~4期;将硅藻划分为4个组合,大致对应于MIS1~4期。MIS1期有孔虫以暖水种占优势,Pulleniatina obliquiloculata百分含量显著升高;硅藻丰度低且以热性种占优势,其中冷期出现大量沿岸种,反映相对温暖的气候条件。MIS2~4期有孔虫以冷水种占优势,温跃层种含量相对较高;硅藻丰度高且以广布种占优势,出现沿岸种含量的升高,反映较冷的气候条件。通过对比浮游有孔虫氧同位素,分析讨论了末次盛冰期、Blling—Allerd暖期和新仙女木事件在ZSQD196PC柱状样的沉积响应,揭示了末次冰期中的气候波动。