守恒系统中台风强度变化及其可能因子的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的 f平面正压涡度方程模式 ,实施了时间积分为 36h的 2 1组试验 ,研究相邻中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出 :这种相互作用能否导致台风加强 ,取决于两类因子 :一是台风涡旋最大风速的取值以及圆形基流切变的强弱 ;二是切变基流中的中尺度涡旋的自身条件 ,包括中尺度涡旋的分布、尺度、强度和结构。台风强度与初始中尺度涡旋的尺度、强度之间存在着非线性的联系     

中尺度涡旋和台风涡旋相互作用的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的正压涡度方程模式，实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验，研究了台风环流区域内中尺度涡旋的不同初始径向位置条件下与台风涡旋的相互作用，结果表明，中尺度涡旋初始径向位置不同，可以引起随后扰动相对涡度场演变特征的改变。     

涡列涡量内传的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的准地转正压模式实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验,研究台风环流区域中尺度涡列对台风强度的影响,并与单个中尺度涡旋的情况作了对比。结果表明:涡列内传过程中出现了两次涡合并现象,涡列涡量内传对台风强度的影响能力较弱,单个中尺度涡旋涡量内传可使台风增强。     

涡列涡量内传的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的准地转正压模式实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验，研究台风环流区域中尺度涡列对台风强度的影响。并与单个中尺度涡旋的情况作了对比。结果表明：涡列内传过程中出现了两次涡合并现象。涡列涡量内传对台风强度的影响能力较弱。单个中尺度涡旋涡量内传可使台风增强。     

台风环流区域内中尺度涡量传播特征的研究

用一个高分辨率f平面直角坐标系的正压准地转模式,实施了10组积分时间为36 h的试验,研究了初始位于台风外区的一个中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果表明:这种相互作用可以激发一个从外区伸展到内区的较小尺度的涡旋对,以此方式将涡量内传至台风中心附近。同时,中尺度涡旋呈现涡量集中化的特征。涡量内传与涡量集中化共存,使内区涡量增多,导致台风增强。此外,在一定条件下,这种相互作用还可以使涡量带破碎和断裂,形成一系列空间尺度更小的涡块。     

9015号台风登陆后其周围的若干中尺度特征

利用加密观测资料详细分析了登陆并穿过浙江省的９０１５号台风所造成的风雨分布及其变化与台风周围的一些中尺度特征以及地形作用的关系。分析表明：台风登陆后气压眼与风眼存在偏高，这种偏离状况是与风雨强度相对应的。此外，在台风登陆后不久，由于入流增强，中心眼区范围内降雨会突然增强；台风造成的雨区成带状分布，带宽约４０─６０ｋｍ，间隔为３０─１００ｋｍ，雨带内主要雨团相对于台风中心的移动轨迹大都呈顺时针旋转；较强的风雨区往往出现在台风周围的中尺度低压和中尺度涡旋及辐合线附近，前者易在倒槽内生成，后者则与地形影响有关。     

一个β中涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程

利用高分辨率f平面正压拟谱模式,分析一个β中尺度涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程。结果表明：β中涡的存在可以使原本排斥的两个DeMaria型台风涡旋合并;β中涡改变双台风相互作用终态的物理机制是：初始时段处于某一台风涡旋正影响区内的β中涡,构成了非对称涡度场,进而在该台风涡旋内部产生指向另一个台风涡旋的气流。该气流如果足够强,则会使两个台风的中心距离在短时间内下降到合并临界距离之内,触发双涡合并过程的发生。     

9406号台风与中纬度系统相互作用的中尺度特征

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5,对9406号台风从1994年7月11日12时（世界时,下同）到12日12时之间的24h降水进行了模拟,采用滤波分析方法对模式结果进行了尺度分离。中尺度场的分析表明:台风与中纬度系统的相互作用非常显著地表现在中尺度系统的活动上;高低空中尺度散度场的分布对中低纬系统相互作用所产生的降水具有一定的指示意义;台风及西风槽强度的改变将直接导致中尺度系统强度的变化,从而造成降水强度的不同。另外,还从能量学角度对不同尺度系统的能量变化进行了分析。结果表明,中尺度场的能量变化极值区与中低纬度系统的强度变化密切相关,且与降水的变化有较好的对应关系。     

较小尺度涡旋与台风的相互作用及其对台风路径的影响

用一个准地转正压模式实施５组积分时间为５天的试验，研究台风环流与较小尺度涡旋之间的相互作用。结果指出，涡旋相互作用可以改变台风环流的非对称结构，进而引起台风移动偏离正常路径。     

多尺度系统中台风自组织的研究

在一个4种尺度(副热带高压、台风、β中尺度涡群和γ中涡尺度)共存的系统中,用正压原始方程模式数值地研究台风自组织及其强度变化问题。结果指出:(1)由于多尺度的相互作用,在初始台风衰减的过程中,在该台风的西南方经自组织形成了一个新的台风,其尺度、强度与初始台风相同。在初始台风衰减消失后,新的台风维持一定的强度继续向偏西北方向移动。(2)初始γ中涡的个数和位置对自组织起来的台风的强度有显著影响。其影响机制是非线性相互作用的结果在不同尺度层次的传递。γ中尺度层次或γ中—β中层次的相互作用直接影响到β中层次涡作用的结果,或者使双β中涡合并,或者使双β中涡分离。β中涡层次的相互作用直接影响到台风层次———新台风自组织的过程。这种影响最后反映到自组织起来的台风的强度和路径变化的宏观行为。     

CHANGES OF TYPHOON INTENSITY AND ITS POSSIBLE INFLUENCING FACTORS IN AN f-PLANE BAROTROPIC QUASIGEOSTROPHIC MODEL

By using an f-plane barotropic quasigeostrophic model with the grid-spacing being 5 km,21 experiments whose integration time is 36 h are performed in this paper in order to investigate interactions between a typhoon vortex and its adjacent mesoscale vortices.Results show that whether the interaction leads to the intensification of the typhoon vortex depends on two kinds of factors:one is the value of the maximum wind speed of the typhoon vortex and the intensity of the shearing of circular basic flow:and the other is the condition of mesoscale vortices in the shearing basic flow,such as the spatial distribution,scale,intensity and structure of mesoscale vortices. There is the nonlinear relation between typhoon intensity and the scale and intensity of initial mesoscale vortices.     

A STUDY ON MESOSCALE VORTICITY PROPAGATION IN A TYPHOON-LIKE VORTEX*

By using an f-plane barotropic quasi geostrophic model in the rectangular coordinates with a grid spacing of 5 km,ten experiments whose integration time is 36 hours are performed in order to study the interaction between a typhoon vortex and a mesoscale vortex whose initial center position is located at 2 r_m northwest to the typhoon center,where r_m is the radius of maximum wind of the typhoon vortex. Results show that the interaction can create a pair of smaller scale vortices or lumps,which extend from the outside region of the typhoon to near its center,resulting in the inward propagation of mesoscale vorticity.In this process,the vorticity concentration of the mesoscale vortex may appear.The coexistence of the propagation and the concentration makes the increase of vorticity in the inside region i.e.a more intensive typhoon.Meanwhile,the intensity of the lump with positive vorticity oscillates with time,with the oscillation period being several hours,the distance from the typhoon center to the lump center also has a similar oscillation period,which reduces the oscillation of typhoon intensity.In the case of stronger circular basic flow,the interaction can make the intensification of typhoon more obviously. In addition,in some parametric conditions,the interaction may break down the continuous vorticity zone,exhibiting a cluster of smaller vorticity lumps.     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

The Effect of Intensity： Typhoon-Induced SST Cooling on Typhoon The Case of Typhoon Chanchu （2006）

In order to investigate air-sea interactions during the life cycle of typhoons and the quantificational effects of typhoon-induced SST cooling on typhoon intensity, a mesoscale coupled air-sea model is developed based on the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 and the regional ocean model POM, which is used to simulate the life cycle of Typhoon Chanchu （2006） from a tropical depression to a typhoon followed by a steady weakening. The results show that improved intensity prediction is achieved after considering typhoon-induced SST cooling; the trend of the typhoon intensity change simulated by the coupled model is consistent with observations. The weakening stage of Typhoon Chanchu from 1200 UTC 15 May to 1800 UTC 16 May can be well reproduced, and it is the typhoon-induced SST cooling that makes Chanchu weaken during this period. Analysis reveals that the typhoon-induced SST cooling reduces the sensible and latent heat fluxes from the ocean to the typhoon＇s vortex, especially in the inner-core region. In this study, the average total heat flux in the inner-core region of the typhoon decrease by 57.2%, whereas typhoon intensity weakens by 46%. It is shown that incorporation of the typhoon-induced cooling, with an average value of 2.17℃, causes a 46-hPa weakening of the typhoon, which is about 20 hPa per 1℃ change in SST.     

一次“北涡南槽”型广西强降水过程的数值模拟与诊断分析

利用一次台风的模拟资料,对台风内部的中尺度波动进行诊断。通过分析中尺度波的结构发现,台风内的中尺度波动具有重力惯性波和涡旋Rossby波的混合特征。一方面,波动的扰动高压对应于负的涡度扰动和反气旋性环流,扰动低压对应于正的涡度扰动和气旋性环流,波动的最大振幅出现在最大风速半径附近。另一方面,波动展示了强烈的辐合辐散和非地转特性。并提出了台风多边形眼墙和中尺度波动之间的联系机制模型。     

Typhoon Vortex Self-Organization in a Baroclinic Environment

Self-organization of typhoon vortex in a baroclinic environment is studied based on eight numerical experiments with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5）. The results show that, when there are only two 400-km-away mesoscale axisymmetric vortices with a radius of 500 km in the initial field, the two vortices move away from each other during co-rotating till the distance between them greater than a critical distance named co-rotating critical distance. Then, they stop co-rotating. The situation is changed when a small vortex with a radius of 80 kin is introduced in between the two vortices in the initial field, with the two initially separated vortices approaching each other during their co-rotation, and finally self-organizing into a typhoon-like vortex consisting of an inner core and spiral bands. This result supports both Zhou Xiuji＇s view in 1994 and the studies in the barotropic framework concerning the interactions between the same and different scales of vortices. Six other experiments are carried out to study the effects of the initial vortex parameters, including the initial position of the small-scale vortex, the distance and intensity of the initially axisymmetric binary mesoscale vortices. It is found that the distance between the initial axisymmetrie mesoscale vortices is the most important parameter that influences the self-organizing process of the final typhoon-like vortex. This conclusion is similar to that obtained from barotropical model experiments.     

THE MESOSCALE WAVES AND THE FORMATION OF POLYGONAL EYE WALL IN TYPHOONS

Mesoscale waves in typhoons were diagnosed by using a simulated typhoon data in this paper. Through analyzing the structure of the waves in typhoons, we found that the waves possess the mixed features of gravity inertial waves and vortex Rossby waves. On the one hand, positive geopotential height perturbation is corresponding to negative vorticity perturbation and anticyclonic circulation. At the same time, negative geopotential height perturbation is corresponding to positive vorticity perturbation and cyclonic circulation. The maximum perturbation occurs near the radius of the maximum wind in the typhoon. On the other hand, the mesoscale waves possess the features of strong convergence and divergence and ageostrophic wind. Finally, the authors presented a concept model to explain a linkage mechanism between the mesoscale waves and the formation of polygonal eye wall in the typhoon.     

台风Rananim登陆期间地形对其降水和结构影响的数值模拟试验

应用非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5(V3.6)，对0414号台风Rananim在登陆期间移动路径和所产生的降水进行了数值模拟研究，模式较好地再现了台风Rananim的移动路径和所产生的降水，但模拟的过程降雨量与实况值还有所偏差。多普勒雷达探测资料表明，台风Rananim登陆期间，强回波带出现在台风移动的右前方，螺旋云带中镶嵌着大量的对流云团；垂直液态水含量的高值区出现在台风中心的西北侧。作者通过在浙江、福建东部沿海一带进行有无地形的数值对比试验，着重讨论了台风登陆期间地形对台风降水、台风结构特征变化的影响。结果表明:（1）台风登陆期间， 地形的影响对台风降雨量有明显的增幅作用。由地形强迫产生的降雨量和地形走向相一致，迎风坡降雨量增加，背风坡降雨量减少，地形影响使浙江东部一带增加的平均降雨量约占该地区模拟平均总降雨量的40%左右。（2）台风登陆期间，地形的强迫作用有利于在低层台风眼的西北侧形成明显的辐合带，高层为明显的辐散区；在中尺度环流场上，地形的影响有利于台风中心西北侧低层中尺度气旋性涡旋系统的发生发展，从而激发中尺度对流云团，形成中尺度雨团，造成了台风中心南北雨区和雨量的不对称分布。（3）地形的强迫作用，可以使台风流场局部发生改变。当地形强迫产生与台风环流同向的中尺度扰动时，将使台风环流局部明显增强；当地形强迫产生与台风环流反向的中尺度扰动时，将使台风环流局部明显减弱。（4）台风登陆期间，地形的影响可以使台风靠近陆地一侧眼壁内的垂直上升速度增大，位涡明显增强，从而造成台风涡旋的增强。