Countermeasures for breakwater foundation subjected to foreshocks and main shock of earthquake loading

Coastal protective structures, such as composite breakwaters, are generally vulnerable to earthquake. It was observed that breakwaters damage mainly due to failure of their foundations. However, the seismically induced failure process of breakwater foundation has not been well understood. This study describes failure mechanism of breakwater foundation as well as a newly developed reinforcing model for breakwater foundation that can render resiliency to breakwater against earthquake-related disasters. Steel sheet piles and gabions were used as reinforcing materials for foundation. The experimental program consisted of a series of shaking table tests for conventional and reinforced foundation of breakwater. Numerical analyses were conducted using finite difference method, and it was observed that the numerical models were capable to elucidate the seismic behavior of soil–reinforcement–breakwater system. This paper presents an overview of the results of experimental and numerical studies of the seismic response of breakwater foundation. Overall, the results of these studies show the effectiveness of the reinforced foundation in mitigating the earthquake-induced damage to the breakwater. Moreover, numerical simulation was used for parametric study to determine the effect of different embedment depths of sheet piles on the performance of breakwater foundation subjected to seismic loading.     

Reduction of jack-up and crane vessel resistance and bow swamping

A large bow wave forms when blunt-shaped vessels like self-propelled jack-up crane vessels (liftboats) operate at high speeds. Above a critical speed, this bow wave spills over the bow causing swamping. To investigate this phenomena, towing tank tests of a 1/25 scale model liftboat hull were done over a speed range of 3–8 kn. The test showed above 4 kn the bow wave formed and the vessel trimmed by the bow. At speeds above 8 kn the bow wave spilled over the bow (swamping). To cancel this critical bow wave a vertical bow plate was fitted ahead of the liftboat bow. This bow plate reduced the bow wave formation and achieved a 10–15% reduction in the towing resistance. The wave cancellation bow plate can reduce the liftboat power or increase its liftboat speed and operating range.     

Numerical investigation on evolving failure of caisson foundation in sand using the combined Lagrangian-SPH method

Caisson foundations are often used in offshore engineering. However, for an optimum design understanding the failure process of a caisson during its installation and the subsequent external loadings is crucial. This paper focuses on the evolving failure of a caisson foundation in sand by advanced numerical modeling. A combined Lagrangian-smoothed particle hydrodynamics method is adopted to deal with the large deformation analysis. The method with parameters are first calibrated and validated by a simulation of cone penetration test in sand. The results of an experimental campaign of a caisson in the same sand are selected and validated for the numerical model. Then, more representative loading combinations are designated for numerical modeling of failure process and mode. Furthermore, three additional caisson dimensions D/d?=?0.5, 1.5, and 2.0 (changing the ratio of caisson diameter D to skirt length d while keeping the same soil-structure surface contact area) are simulated under six representative combined loading paths. Based on that, the influence of caisson dimension to the failure process and mode is investigated. All results are helpful to estimate all possible sliding surfaces under different monotonic combined loading paths for further limit analysis.     

Simulation of Wave Forces on A Semi-Circular Breakwater Using Multilayer Feed Forward Network

1 .IntroductionTheartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)hasbeenwidelyusedinmanyscientificfieldsinrecentyears .Itisakindofinformationmanagementsystemthatresemblesthehumanbraininworkpattern .Comparedwiththetraditionalmethodsofnumericalsimulation ,ANNhastheadvantagesofrelativein dependenceofphysicalmodel,uniformandsimplewayofrealization ,quicknessofcomputing ,andsoon .Sincethemodelofartificialneuronswasfirstlyintroducedin 1 943,ithasbeendevelopedthroughseveralstages.TheapplicationofANNhadnotbeenpopular…     

基于FLUENT的波浪溢流水动力数值模拟

波浪溢流现象使得海堤受到了越浪和溢流的联合作用,复杂的水动力过程会引起海堤后坡产生严重的侵蚀破坏。基于FLUENT软件建立了二维数值波浪溢流水槽模型,该模型运用UDF速度边界造波法分析在不同超高条件下海堤后坡流量和水流厚度的水力学特性。结果表明数值模拟结果与前人物理模型试验结果吻合,该模型可以真实地模拟出海堤波浪溢流现象。在此基础上进一步研究了波浪溢流中越浪和溢流在不同相对超高条件下的主导性作用,而后建立了十分准确的波浪溢流海堤后坡稳定水流厚度计算公式。     

海上风力发电机三桩基础波流力的计算

考虑了波浪在水流中的变形,计算了波流共存场中海上风力发电机三柱基础的受力.应用离散涡法,求解了不可压缩粘性流体的水平二维涡量-流函数Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了不同桩位布置对波流场的影响.以及各桩受力和三桩基础总力的随布置方式不同的变化.     

Effect of Scour on the Behavior of Laterally Loaded Single Piles in Marine Clay

Most offshore and coastal structures are supported by pile foundations, which are subjected to large lateral loads due to wind, wave, and water currents. Water currents can induce scouring around piles that reduces lateral capacity and increases lateral deflection of a pile. Current design methods mostly consider the complete removal of soil layers around piles by scouring. In reality, however, scouring creates scour holes at different shapes, sizes, and depths. Their effects on the behavior of laterally loaded piles are not well investigated. A numerical model of a single pile in soft marine clay was first calibrated against field test data without scour. Then several key factors of scour were analyzed, such as the depth, width, and slope of the scour hole and the diameter and head fixity of the pile. The relationships of the ultimate lateral capacity of the single pile with the depth, width, and slope angle of the scour hole were obtained. The numerical results show that the scour depth had more significant influence on the pile lateral capacity than the scour width. In addition, the pile with a free head was more sensitive to scour than the pile with a fixed head.     

Turbulent free-surface flow around a Wigley hull using the slightly compressible flow formulation

The slightly compressible flow formulation is applied to the free-surface, three-dimensional turbulent flow around a Wigley hull. Two turbulence models (large eddy simulation and Baldwin–Lomax) are used and compared. The simulation conditions are the ones for which experimental and numerical results exist. The computational grid is built using an algebraic grid generator with the model fixed in space. The codes use the interface-capturing technique for computing the free-surface displacements and the Beam and Warming scheme for marching in time the numerical model. The results compare well with the experimental data available.     

Study on the Long-term Settlement of Subway Tunnel in Soft Soil Area

The long-term settlement of a subway tunnel, especially the differential settlement affects the safe operation of the subway. In this article, the settlement of a subway tunnel was studied from the theoretical and numerical analyses based on the monitoring data. According to the monitoring data, the deformation of segments at different locations is different, and the deformation around a channel is larger than other places. The settlements of tunnel calculated by two theoretical methods are consistent with that obtained in the centrifuge model test. The numerical simulation indicates that the vertical displacement is much bigger than the horizontal displacement.     

日照帆船港港域波高的数值计算

考虑波浪的浅水变化、折射、绕射、反射和破碎等现象的影响,以文氏谱作为输入谱,建立了浅水区域随机波浪传播变形的改进数值模型。对日照帆船港港域波高的数值计算结果表明:在没有越浪的情况下,计算值与物理模型试验观测值吻合。改进的数值模型成为求解港口水域波高的1种有效方法。     

水平循环荷载下海上风电楔形单桩土体变形研究

海上风电工程主要受到风、波浪及洋流等产生的水平循环荷载作用,本文研究楔形单桩基础在水平循环荷载作用下的变形规律,并探讨不同循环荷载对变形规律产生的影响,以确保风电设施正常运行。通过数值模拟建立海上风电单桩-海床模型,考虑土体超孔隙水压力的演变规律及土体致密规律,土体采用UBC3D-PLM本构模型。本文重点讨论并分析在不同水平循环荷载作用下楔形单桩基础与等截面单桩基础的桩周土体位移、塑性应变及桩基累计转角位移之间的差异。研究结果表明：楔形结构会降低桩周土体位移及塑性应变,使得楔形单桩基础旋转中心位置更低,产生倾覆的可能更小,当循环荷载比为0.7时,累计转角位移能减少41.86%;循环荷载越大,楔形单桩基础水平受荷特性越好,累计位移减少量的增长率越高。研究成果可为今后海上风电基础的选择与设计提供参考。     

基于点质量方法的似大地水准面计算模型改化及分析检验

针对源自位场等效源理论和点质量方法的似大地水准面计算模型适用性问题,重点围绕虚拟点质量反演和似大地水准面计算两个解算阶段,分别提出了3种实用化的积分模型改化方法,同时设计了3个阶段改化模型试验检验方案,使用超高阶位EGM2008作为数值模拟标准场,对两个解算阶段不同改化模型的计算效果进行了数值精度检核,并开展了数据观测噪声影响评估检验,得出了一些有参考和实际应用价值的研究结论。在一定条件下,使用改化点质量方法计算似大地水准面可获得1 cm的内符合度。     

基于Stokes-Helmert边值理论的大地水准面计算模型改化及分析检验

针对源自Stokes-Helmert边值理论的大地水准面计算模型适用性问题,首先详细解析了Stokes-Helmert方法的基本原理和计算模型,研究探讨了该方法与其他现有方法的关联性和差异性,分析比较了Stokes-Helmert计算模型和相同类型模型的技术特点,提出了Stokes-Helmert计算模型的实用改化方法,同时设计了4种分步改化模型的实验验证方案,使用超高阶位模型EGM2008作为数值模拟标准场,对分步改化模型的计算效果进行了数值精度检核,并开展了数据观测噪声影响评估检验,得出了一些有参考和实际应用价值的研究结论。在一定条件下,使用改化Stokes-Helmert方法计算(似)大地水准面可获得优于2cm的内符合度。     

基于Bjerhammar边值理论的似大地水准面计算模型改化及分析检验

针对源自现代Bjerhammar边值理论的似大地水准面计算模型适用性问题,重点围绕地面重力异常向下延拓和似大地水准面计算两个解算阶段,分别提出了3种实用化的积分模型改化方法,同时设计了三阶段改化模型实验检验方案,使用超高阶位模型EGM2008作为数值模拟标准场,对两个解算阶段不同改化模型的计算效果进行了数值精度检核,并开展了数据观测噪声影响评估检验,得出了一些有参考和实际应用价值的研究结论。在一定条件下,使用改化Bjerhammar方法计算似大地水准面可获得1～2 cm的内符合度。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的斜坡堤越浪数值模拟研究

准确确定越浪量对于斜坡堤设计有重要意义。利用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM),并采用主动吸收式速度入口造波、出流边界消波、VOF方法追踪自由表面以及静态Smagorinsky模型模拟紊流运动,建立二维数值波浪水槽,对光滑斜坡堤上规则波与不规则波越浪进行数值模拟。模拟结果与试验值及其他数值模型结果比较表明,二维LBM数值波浪水槽具有模拟斜坡堤越浪的能力,但对于破碎较为剧烈的越浪过程模拟,该模型还存在一定的不足,未来可从提高自由表面模型精度等方面进一步改善其性能。     

Erosion mechanism of local scour around cushioned caisson on reinforced ground

The scour behavior of cushioned caisson constructed on reinforced ground, which is used to support superstructure constructed in deep water in seismic zones, was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Flume tests under nine different flow velocities between 18 and 48?cm/s were performed based on hydraulic similarity design. Complementary numerical simulations were also conducted for the flow velocities ranging from 16 to 46?cm/s. Five typical working modes of the foundation under erosion, namely, ideal working, well working, edge failure, shear failure, and total failure, are analyzed together with their potential impacts on seismic-designed foundation. The critical shear stress, local flow structures, and streamlines were used as the key factors to analyze the change of bed materials and the scour characteristics. Fluid–solid interaction model was built by computational fluid dynamics with sediment transport model, and k–ε turbulent model has been implemented to describe the turbulence in the fluid phase typical of scour process. The mechanisms of two possible failure models for the foundation layer elements were identified, based on which recommendations were provided for scour protection to ensure the integrity and performance of seismic-designed foundations. The integrated computational model and model experiments also demonstrate a framework to understand the local scour mechanism for the cushioned caisson on reinforced ground.     

深水半潜式生产平台耦合动力特性对比研究

应用数值模拟与模型试验相结合的方法研究半潜式生产平台系泊状态下的耦合动力特性。建立耦合分析模型,时域内计算求解平台的动力响应,选取缩尺比为1∶60,采用等效截断模型方法对数值模拟结果进行验证。通过对比模型试验与数值模拟结果发现:等效截断系泊系统可以较好地模拟平台的位移响应,但在系泊张力方面却差异较大,此外极端海况下平台的甲板上浪问题也必须得到充分重视。     

A vortex induced vibration of marine riser in waves

A marine riser transporting fluid in the Bohai Sea was selected as study object,using an experi-mental and numerical method to study its vortex induced vibration in waves. A similarity theory was used in the experiment to derive the experimental model from a practical model,the dy-namic response of a riser model was measured in waves. A corresponding numerical simulation was performed using a finite element method. Comparisons were made with the results between the experiment and the numerical simulation. Some valuable results were obtained.     

Wave runup on a concentric twin perforated circular cylinder

The regular wave interaction with a twin concentric porous circular cylinder system consisting of an inner impermeable cylinder and an outer perforated cylinder was studied through physical model and numerical model studies. The experiments were carried out on the twin concentric cylinder model in a wave flume to study the wave runup and rundown at the leading and trailing edges of the perforated cylinder. It was found that the maximum wave runup on the perforated cylinder is almost same as the incident wave height. The experimental results were used to develop the predictive formulae for the wave runup and rundown on the perforated cylinder, which can be easily used for design applications. The wave runup profiles around the perforated cylinder for different values of ka and porosities were studied numerically using Green's Identity Method. The results of the numerical study are presented and compared with the experimental measurements.     

Identification of hydrodynamic coefficients for manoeuvring simulation model of a fishing vessel

The results of numerical and experimental investigations on the manoeuvring performance of a fishing vessel, typical for Mediterranean Sea, are here presented. PMM experiments were used for evaluating hydrodynamic derivatives and implementing the theoretical model. The simulation model was validated, both with zig-zag and spiral experimental model tests results in still water and compared with Tribon Initial Design module results.