岔巴沟流域次暴雨坡面土壤侵蚀经验模型

坡面土壤流失预测、水保效益评估,无不需要坡面侵蚀模型。本文以岔巴沟流域坡面径流场降雨水文资料为基础,建立了次侵蚀性降雨坡面土壤侵蚀模型、次降雨坡面细沟侵蚀模型,并对各模型的精度进行了分析。结果发现模型具有较好的预报精度,对大侵蚀产沙事件预测很准;坡度、最大10分钟雨强、植被覆盖度是影响次侵蚀性降雨主要因子,坡度、最大10分钟雨强、降雨量是影响细沟侵蚀主要因子,植被覆盖对细沟侵蚀产沙影响很小。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区单元流域次暴雨输沙模型

黄土高原尤其是黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀异常严重,在该区开展单元流域产沙模拟对于流域侵蚀产沙及沟道系统泥沙输移比研究有着重要的意义。本文选取陕北岔巴沟单元流域团山沟为研究对象,利用1961-1969年间水文泥沙资料,构建了流域产沙模型:以流域输沙关系表达式Ms=CsH为理论框架,经分析发现洪峰流量、最大含沙量、平均流量与次洪含沙量相关性显著,近而以洪峰流量、平均流量、最大含沙量及径流深为模型变量,通过模拟误差分析,构建并选取了以径流深和洪峰流量、径流深和最大含沙量为变量的经验模型:Ms=H(109.2ln(Qz)+546.1);Ms=H(Cz-141.2)。与目前已有模型相比,以上模型具有很好的模拟效果,尤其是在模拟小产沙事件时模拟效果较好,模型在临近流域水旺沟上的应用效果也较好。另据研究发现,高含沙水流的存在,使得在不同产沙模数水平下产沙模拟响应机制不同,对产沙模数小于300 t/km2次暴雨事件,流量的对数函数拟合效果明显优于幂函数拟合;对产沙模数大于1000 t/km2次暴雨事件,流量的幂函数拟合效果好于对数函数拟合,但差异不大。     

超渗-超蓄产流模型在评价水保措施减水效益中的应用

根据治理与尺度对黄土区产流模式的影响,建立用地评价水土保持的措施减水效益的超蓄产流模型,并将径流成份直接区分为地表径流和地下径流。同时着重介绍所建模型参数的率定及其在减水效益中的应用。在3个典型流域（青阳岔、岔巴沟和小理河）的应用结果表明,该模型效果良好,具有较好的应用前景。     

不同时空尺度下沟壑对流域侵蚀产沙的影响——以黄土丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟流域为例

基于DEM,分别以不同的沟壑发育所需的汇水面积为阈值,提取岔巴沟流域等6个不同空间尺度流域的沟壑.并求出不同级别沟壑的差值.结合黄河子洲观测站多年的水沙观测资料,分析不同级别的沟壑及沟壑的不同部位在不同时间尺度下对流域侵蚀产沙的影响.分析结果表明:沟壑密度并不是简单地随着流域面积的增大而减小.沟壑密度的空间尺度效应与所提取沟壑的级别有关;黄土丘陵沟壑区梁峁坡、沟坡的次暴雨产沙量占流域产沙总量的比重与降雨特性有关;重力侵蚀多发生在毛沟的中、上部及沟头处,而支沟、干沟主干道的沟坡比较稳定,且其发生的重力侵蚀对流域产沙的影响多为"无效"部分;沟壑发育汇水面积的阈值为1500、1800、2000个栅格提取的沟壑对流域侵蚀产沙的作用较大,同时沟壑对流域侵蚀产沙的影响与时间尺度有关,在多年平均尺度下,高级别沟壑只起到泥沙输送通道的作用.     

黄河万家寨水库流域降雨径流的分布式模拟及率定

应用SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,研制了黄河万家寨水库流域分布式降雨径流模拟系统,并对万家寨水库流域进行了10年（2000-2009年）径流模拟。其中,以2000-2006年为系统参数的敏感性分析期和模型率定期,以2007-2009年为模型的验证期,模拟结果显示,万家寨站点上模拟径流与实测径流过程线的相关系数达到0.97以上。在此基础上还将数值预报模式与模拟系统相耦合,对万家寨水库入库径流进行了预报和检验分析,结果较好。因此,该模拟系统能够较好地反映万家寨水库入库径流量的变化过程,具有一定的适用性,为进一步进行降雨径流预测提供了技术支撑。     

流域降雨径流路径的数字模拟技术

流域内降雨径流流动过程的水文分析具有重要意义。此文基于地理信息系统的栅格系统,利用数字高程模型(DEM)提供地形特征的能力,通过一系列相连的数据集,用计算机对流域降雨径流路径进行了数字模拟,其可以实现以正确的水文顺序跟踪地表径流在流域空间范围内的流动路径,并确定地表径流在流域空间内流动路径的水文计算等级,为基于流域降雨径流关系的建模研究提供了空间分析基础。最后把该项研究成果应用于黄家二岔小流域,证实该模拟技术具有一定的可靠性和实用性。     

黄土区人类活动影响下的 产汇流模拟研究

日益频繁的人类活动改变了流域下垫面条件,对流域产汇流产生很大的影响。本文以黄河中游典型支流岔巴沟为研究区域,提出利用基于DEM的分布式水文模拟技术,探讨流域人类活动过程中的产汇流模拟,避免了经验公式的概化和由此引起的局限。模拟的结果证实了该方法的可行性。采用网格滞蓄的方法可以在子网格上体现人类活动引起的下垫面的变化及其对产汇流的影响,反映各个时期的产汇流条件,对降雨做出合理响应。     

无定河流域水量平衡变化的模拟

利用黄土高原无定河流域1982~1991年的水文气象、土地利用、土壤质地、数字高程和NOAA-AVHRR遥感信息,建立基于土壤-植被-大气传输机理的分布式生态水文模型,模拟流域水量平衡的时空分布。研究结果发现,该流域的年平均植被指数(NDVI) 的年际变化不明显,但NDVI最大值的年际变化显著。该流域年累计NDVI与降水年总量关系不明显,说明该流域植被的生长并不完全受控于降水总量。模拟的实际蒸散量用无定河及其岔巴沟子流域实测降水与实测径流的差值进行验证,误差小于5%。整个流域模拟时段的平均降水量为372±53 mm yr-1,实际蒸散量为334±33 mm yr-1,其中蒸腾为130±21 mm yr-1,有明显的年际波动。地表径流的年际变化相对较小。蒸散发的季节变化特征与降雨基本一致,即7、8、9月雨季高,其他月份低。降水量和实际蒸散量呈现显著的空间分异性,表现出由东南(高NDVI) 向西北(低NDVI) 递减的梯度差异。地表径流的空间分异亦沿东南-西北梯度变化,但高值分散在中部。以岔巴沟子流域1991年的地表覆被度为基准,发现在全流域都覆盖上某一种植被的情况下,蒸腾和土壤蒸发的变化非常明显,地表径流和实际总蒸散的变化并不显著。只有在全流域都变成荒漠情景下,实际总蒸散才显示出较明显变化(17%),表明在西北干旱半干旱区,土地利     

基于DEM黄土丘陵沟壑区不同尺度流域地貌现状及侵蚀产沙趋势

基于流域DEM对各个集水区进行划分,提取流域沟壑长度、平均高程、平均坡度等信息,并运用EXCEL、SPSS对这些信息进行分析处理,计算出沟壑密度、流域相对高程、面积-高程积分值,并结合流域侵蚀产沙数据以及实地考察情况,借助地貌学的相关理论,分析流域不同区域内、不同尺度流域地貌发育及侵蚀产沙情况.研究发现,流域左右两岸支流的发育数目、形状受邻近流域的影响;面积-高程积分值的大小能反应流域的地貌现状与侵蚀趋势,蛇家沟与岔巴沟的面积-高程积分值分别为0.547 5、0.463 7,但面积-高程积分值的大小及变化趋势还与流域最低点是否达到基岩有关;沟壑发育分为长度发育与宽度发育两个阶段,沟壑密度只是衡量地貌的一个重要指标,沟壑密度对流域侵蚀产沙的影响与沟壑的发育阶段有关;一般情况下产沙模数的大小与流域面积大小没有直接的关系,主要看流域内的地貌的发育阶段.     

岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应

运用经验公式法、双累积曲线法和不同系列对比法计算出岔巴沟、大理河与无定河流域在20世纪70年代水土保持综合措施的平均减水效益分别为14.47%、20.22%和20.78%,平均减沙效益为64.97%、43.62%和47.26%.对计算结果进行分析发现,用3种方法对岔巴沟、大理河与无定河流域水土保持综合措施减水减沙效益的...     

输沙量 、侵蚀量与泥沙输移比的流域尺度关系——以赣江流域为例

输沙量、侵蚀量与泥沙输移比的流域尺度转换研究是当前流域侵蚀产沙研究领域的前沿课题,旨在通过尺度转换理论将坡面小区试验研究成果转换到流域的更大范围。以赣江流域实测输沙量和计算侵蚀量与泥沙输移比数据为基础,探讨了该流域3个变量的流域尺度关系,进而研究分析了3个变量尺度转换的可能性。3个变量与流域面积的关系散点图和相关方程都反映了这3者与流域面积不存在明显的相关关系,相悖于前人反比关系的结论。文章还阐述了流域面积的内涵及输沙量、侵蚀量和输移比的影响因素与流域面积的关系,发现3个变量的影响因素与流域面积不存在尺度效应。由此推断在赣江流域输沙量、侵蚀量和泥沙输移比实现尺度转换存在的可能性不大。这一研究结论是否成立或是否具有普遍性意义还有待于更多流域的研究成果来进一步证实。     

黄土高原多沙粗沙区侵蚀模型探讨

国内外曾研究出不同类型的坡面侵蚀计算模型,但还没有一个成熟的流域侵蚀计算模型,至今流域侵蚀量仍以输沙量替代。本文充分利用黄河中游不同区域具有大量淤地坝的条件,再通过侵蚀影响因素机理的分析、在侵蚀形态类型区的划分等基础上探讨侵蚀变权模型的建设。首先选择了155个“闷葫芦”淤地坝,采集每个坝的年均淤积量,以及相应流域的侵蚀影响因素：植被盖度、降雨量、沟谷密度、切割深度、地表组成物质、>15°的坡耕地面积比等资料,采用变权形式,建立侵蚀强度宏观估算模型。最后用年降水量与年输沙量的关系对模型进行改进。     

Effects of high-magnitude/low-frequency fluvial events generated by intense snowmelt or heavy rainfall in arctic periglacial environments in northern Swedish Lapland and northern Siberia

Abstract In the Latnjavagge drainage basin (68°21′N, 18°29′E), an arctic‐oceanic periglacial environment in northernmost Swedish Lapland, the fluvial sediment transport and the characteristics and importance of high‐magnitude/low‐frequency fluvial events generated by intense snowmelt or heavy rainfall have been investigated and compared with snowmelt‐ and rainfall‐induced discharge peaks in the Levinson‐Lessing Lake basin (Krasnaya river system) on the Taimyr Peninsula, an arctic periglacial environment in northern Siberia (74°32′N, 98°35′E). In Latnjavagge (9 km²) the intensity of fluvial sediment transport is very low. Most of the total annual sediment load is transported in a few days during snowmelt generated runoff peaks. Due to the continuous and very stable vegetation covering most areas below 1300 m a.s.l. in the Latnjavagge catchment, larger rainfall events are of limited importance for sediment transport in this environment. Compared to that, in the c. 40 times larger Krasnaya riversystem rainfall‐generated runoff peaks cause significant sediment transport. The main sediment sources in the Latnjavagge drainage basin are permanent ice patches, channel debris pavements mobilized during peak discharges and exposing fines, and material mobilized by slush‐flows. In the Krasnaya river system river bank erosion is the main sediment source. In both periglacial environments more than 90% of the annual sediment yield is transported during runoff peaks. The results from both arctic periglacial environments underline the high importance of high‐magnitude/low‐frequency fluvial events for the total fluvial sediment budgets of periglacial fluvial systems. Restricted sediment availability is in both arctic environments the major controlling factor for this behaviour.     

长江上游输沙尺度效应研究

利用长江上游DEM、降雨、土地利用、土壤类型数据库,计算出通用土壤流失方程中代表影响侵蚀产沙的各因子,建立这些因子以及流域面积与长江上游268个水文站以上流域输沙模数回归关系,探讨上游侵蚀输沙的尺度效应。结果显示长江上游输沙模数与流域面积之间呈负幂函数单元回归关系,而且这一关系主要产生于降雨侵蚀力因子和土壤可蚀性因子随流域面积的变化。长江上游输沙模数随流域面积增大而降低主要发生在大约1×10⁴~1.58×10⁵km²之间。在考虑了影响侵蚀产沙因子对输沙模数的作用后,输沙模数与流域面积之间呈正幂函数相关,反映出上游输沙近源沉积的特征。分析还发现长江上游各主要支流输沙模数变化与流域尺度大小的关系和原因有明显不同。     

IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ON SEDIMENT RESPONSE IN A SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN,WESTERN NEW YORK

The sediment response of a small drainage basin affected by construction is compared with that of an adjacent unaffected basin. Multiple regression analyses of both basins indicate that construction activities not only increase the suspended sediment concentration in storm runoff, but reduce the tendency for transportable sediments to become exhausted during a storm. The analyses further reveal that rainfall intensity is the most useful precipitation variable in explaining the variation in suspended sediment concentration in both basins, and that this variable accounts for a higher proportion of the variation in sediment concentration in the basin affected by construction than in the one unaffected. The latter occurs because construction activities increase both the extent of Hortonian overland flow and the availability of transportable sediment.     

黄河中游流域地貌形态对流域产沙量的影响

在黄河中游地区 ,选择了 5 0多个面积约 5 0 0～ 2 5 0 0平方公里的水文测站流域 ,分别代表 6种不同自然地理类型 ,在流域沟壑密度、沟间地坡度小于 15°面积百分比等地貌形态指标量计的基础上 ,进行了流域产沙量与地貌形态指标相关分析。结果表明 ,对于不同类型流域 ,流域产沙量随流域地貌的变化遵循不同的响应规律 ,而且视流域其它下垫面环境条件的均一程度 ,其相关程度和响应速率各不相同。受地面物质、植被、地貌发育阶段等流域其它下垫面环境条件的制约 ,除沟壑密度外 ,流域产沙量与流域地貌形态的关系都没有人们以前所预期的好。     

Role of landscape parameters in riverine run-off,and sediment and organic matter yield on Disko Island,West Greenland

Measurements of discharge and suspended sediment and organic matter yield from nine different drainage basins on the island Disko in central West Greenland were carried out in the period 19–30 July 1997. A series of landscape properties (glacier cover, altitude, slope, aspect and vegetation cover) were measured for each drainage basin from a digital elevation model and a satellite image. Principal Component Analysis and regression statistics have been used to examine which landscape parameters dominate the measured discharges and yields. It is concluded that differences in suspended sediment and organic matter yield between the drainage basins can be explained by the measured morphometric properties while differences in water run-off can not. Glacier cover percentage and percent area above 800 m a.s.l. were the most important parameters influencing suspended sediment and organic matter yield in the drainage basins on Disko during the study period.     

Drainage, sediment transport, and denudation rates on the Nanga Parbat Himalaya, Pakistan

The Nanga Parbat Himalaya presents some of the greatest relief on Earth, yet sediment production and denudation rates have only been sporadically addressed. We utilized field measurements and computer models to estimate bank full discharge, sediment transport, and denudation rates for the Raikot and Buldar drainage basins (north slope of Nanga Parbat) and the upper reach of the Rupal drainage basin (south slope).The overall tasks of determining stream flow conditions in such a dynamic geomorphic setting is challenging. No gage data exist for these drainage basins, and the overall character of the drainage basins (high relief, steep flow gradients, and turbulent flow conditions) does not lend itself to either ready access or complete profiling.Cross-sectional profiles were surveyed through selected reaches of these drainage basins. These data were then incorporated into software (WinXSPRO) that aids in the characterization (stage, discharge, velocity, and shear stress) of high altitude, steep mountain stream conditions.Complete field measurements of channel depths were rarely possible (except at several bridges where the middle of the channel could actually be straddled and probed) and, when coupled with velocity measurements, provided discrete points of field-measured discharge calculations. These points were then used to calibrate WinXSPRO results for the same reach and provided a confidence level for computer-generated results.Flow calculations suggest that under near bank full conditions, the upper Raikot drainage basin produces discharges of 61 cm and moves about 11,000 tons day⁻¹ (9980 tons day⁻¹) of sediment through its channel. Bank full conditions on the upper portion of the Rupal drainage basin generate discharges of 84 cm and moves only about 3800 tons day⁻¹ (3450 tons day⁻¹) of sediment. Although the upper Rupal drainage basin moves more water, the lower slope of the drainage basin (0.03) generates a much smaller shear stress (461 Pa) than does the higher slope (0.12) of the upper Raikot drainage basin (1925 Pa).Dissolved and suspended sediment loads were measured from water/sediment samples collected throughout the day and night over a period of 10 days at the height of the summer melt season but proved to be a minor variable in transport flux. Channel bed loads were measured using a pebble count method of bank material and then used to generate ratings curves of bed loads relative to discharge volumes. When coupled with discharge data and basin area, mean annual sediment yield and denudation rates for Nanga Parbat are produced. Denudation rates calculated in this fashion range from 0.2 mm year⁻¹ in the slower, more sluggish Rupal drainage basin to almost 6 mm year⁻¹ in the steeper, faster flowing Raikot and Buldar drainage basins.     

Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, U.S.A.

Sediment yield from small arid basins, particularly in the Mojave Desert, is largely unknown owing to the ephemeral nature of these fluvial systems and long recurrence interval of flow events. We examined 27 reservoirs in the northern and eastern Mojave Desert that trapped sediment from small (< 1 km²) drainage basins on alluvial fans over the past 100 yr, calculated annual sediment yield, and estimated the average recurrence interval (RI) of sediment-depositing flow events. These reservoirs formed where railbeds crossed and blocked channels, causing sediment to be trapped and stored upslope. Deposits are temporally constrained by the date of railway construction (1906–1910), the presence of ¹³⁷Cs in the reservoir profile (post-1952 sediment), and either 1993, when some basins breached during regional flooding, or 2000–2001, when stratigraphic analyses were performed. Reservoir deposits are well stratified at most sites and have distinct fining-upward couplets indicative of discrete episodes of sediment-bearing runoff. Average RI of runoff events for these basins ranges from 2.6 to 7.3 yr and reflects the incidence of either intense or prolonged rainfall; more than half the runoff events occurred before 1963. A period of above-normal precipitation, from 1905 to 1941, may have increased runoff frequency in these basins. Mean sediment yield (9 to 48 tons km^− 2 yr^− 1) is an order of magnitude smaller than sediment yields calculated elsewhere and may be limited by reduced storm intensity, the presence of desert pavement, and shallow gradient of fan surfaces. Sediment yield decreases as drainage area increases, a trend typical of much larger drainage basins where sediment-transport processes constrain sediment yield. Coarse substrate and low-angle slopes of these alluvial fan surfaces likely limit sediment transport capacity through transmission losses and channel storage.