开创工程地质工作新局面——第四届全国工程地质会议内容综述

本文综述了第四届全国工程地质会议的主要成果,以90年代工程地质学与国民经济发展为主题,讨论了区域工程地质、环境工程地质、地质灾害、岩体工程地质、土体工程地质、海洋工程地质、岩土工程、地质工程及各类建筑的工程地质问题。     

苏联地质代表团访问海洋地质调查局

应地质矿产部的邀请,以苏联地质部副部长B.A.雅尔玛留克为首的苏联地质代表团一行六人,于1985年1月8日对海洋地质调查局进行了友好访问.代表团在沪期间,海洋地质调查局局长路丙章、总工程师杨启伦,分别向代表团介绍了海洋地质调查局的组织机构和我国海洋地质工作的进展及研究概况,观看了海洋地质调查局摄制的有关海洋地质调查概况的录相片.双方对相互关心的海洋地质及石油地质方面的有关问题进行了友好交谈.苏联     

海洋地质资料服务产品开发模式

海洋地质资料不仅是地质资料的重要组成部分,而且是国家的宝贵财富,开发和利用海洋地质资料是海洋地质资料工作者的一项重要任务。青岛海洋地质研究所通过承担"海洋地质资料服务产品开发示范"课题,对海岸带地质资料服务产品开发示范和委托保管海洋地质资料服务展开了探索和研究,对项目的工作背景、工作方法和取得的研究成果进行了介绍和总结。     

琼州海峡物探资料解释及灾害因素分析

利用在琼州海峡所采集的综合地球物理资料和地质钻探资料及围区地质资料,对该区的海底表层以地质,浅部地质和中一学位中地质进行了解释,阐述了主要地层的地球物理特征,并对存在的灾害因素进行了初步分析。     

琼州海峡物探资料解释及灾害因素分析

利用在琼州海峡所采集的综合地球物理资料和地质钻探资料及围区地质资料,对该区的海底表层地质、浅部地质和中─深部地质进行了解释,阐述了主要地层的地球物理特征,并对存在的灾害因素进行了初步分析。     

数字海洋地质工程建设进展

随着海洋强国战略的不断推进,国家对海洋的重视程度越来越高,数字海洋地质工程全力支撑了海洋地质的信息化建设和服务工作。经过近几年的工作研究,数字海洋地质工程在海洋地质专业节点建设、海洋地质数据资源的积累、海洋地质数据资源的共享和社会化服务方面取得了长足的进步,并积极响应国家对科技创新和科学普及的号召,强化海洋地质信息化的科学技术理论创新,推进信息技术支撑海洋地质科学普及工作,努力践行公益性地质工作的定位,全力服务国土资源中心工作。     

我国海洋地质文献及地质资料增长规律的案例研究与对比

以青岛海洋地质研究所发表的论文和同期馆藏地质资料为对象,同步研究了1979-2013年间共35年的文献和资料增长情况,获得了二者的指数增长模型并划分出2个增长阶段。在对比分析的基础上,重点讨论了影响我国海洋地质文献增长的主要因素,其中,原始地质资料的积累是海洋地质文献增长的主要驱动因素,海洋地质科研人员的增加和国家需求与投入是海洋地质文献增长的内部和外部原因。     

农业地质前景广阔

1990年6月30日,在地矿部海洋地质研究所,由青岛市地质学会主持召开一次青岛农业地质学术研讨会。会上有五位同志作了有关农业地质的论述报告,青岛市农业局负责人也对青岛市农业生产与发展形势作了介绍,与会同志对地质如何为农业服务进行了热烈讨论。大家认为过去地质部门把地质力量多集中在地质科学基础研究。同时在找矿、水文地质和工程地质等应用地质方面作了不少工作,其中有些研究水平达到了国内先进水平和国际水平。但把地质理论直接运用到为农业生产上,还是近几年才兴起的一门新学科,这门为农业生产服务的边缘学科,在农村这个广阔的天地是大有作为的。然而过去我们广大地质工作者在野外从事地质找矿工作,也常到农村参加劳动,但都很少有人去考虑如何把地质理论知识运用到农业发展上去。在改革开放的今天,发展农业一靠政策;二靠科学;三靠投入。科学种田已被广大农民所接受。改良土质和提高单位面积产量,从农业地质角度讲,都有大量的实际工作可做。因此,地质工作者有责任推动这一学科的应用和发展。     

珠江口海域灾害地质因素及其与环境变化的关系

珠江口海域地质环境比较复杂, 孕育着多种灾害地质因素。通过收集的浅地层剖面、卫星遥感、钻孔资料及系统的野外调查, 研究了珠江口海域灾害地质类型及其分布, 编制了珠江口灾害地质示意图。珠江口海域灾害地质类型很多, 可划分为新构造灾害地质、侵蚀堆积灾害地质、承压流体塑性体灾害地质、结构不均匀性灾害地质4个类型, 包括活动断层、地震、浅层气、沙波、潮流沙脊、冲蚀槽沟、海岸侵蚀与淤积、陡坎、埋藏古河道、浅埋基岩面等。它们的分布范围很广且密集。新构造运动及晚更新世以来海平面变化, 决定了珠江口海域复杂的海洋灾害地质类型及分布。珠江口众多的灾害地质问题将会对经济发展和海底工程建设安全构成潜在威胁, 应该引起高度重视。     

黄河三角洲的人为地质作用研究

现代黄河三角洲几乎处处都有人为地质作用，其结果开；成各种各样的人工地质体．本文简要介绍了黄河三角洲人为地质作用的类型、特征和对地质环境的影响     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,