京北云蒙山变质核杂岩南东侧剥离断层带的构造热演化

以云蒙山变质核杂岩东侧的河防口低角度正断层为研究对象,通过矿物(黑云母)的变形特征和形成环境分析,获得了该断层带上的构造热演化环境:温度为780～860℃,压力约为7.3×108～8.6×108Pa.提出云蒙山变质核杂岩的成因机制是,在区域伸展背景下,处于半固结状态的云蒙山花岗岩在东南侧卷入河防口-水峪伸展型韧性剪切带,使花岗岩发生中高温条件的韧性变形;之后,该韧性剪切带在隆升过程中不断向浅层次过渡,形成了一些浅层次的脆性伸展变形构造.     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗早白垩世宝德尔花岗岩伸展穹隆的确定及其地质意义

内蒙古宝德尔穹隆是发育在苏尼特左旗中蒙边境地区的不对称同构造伸展穹隆。该穹隆由内向外由核部早白垩世花岗岩、边缘韧性剪切带和脆性拆离断层组成,上盘为未变形的早二叠世花岗闪长岩、泥盆系片岩和早白垩世盆地,韧性剪切带和拆离断层仅发育在穹隆西南部。区域构造解析和显微构造分析表明,岩体侵位和韧性剪切带形成于同一构造应力场,指示上盘统一向NW方向剪切,变形程度由未变形的岩体核部向外侧逐渐增强,面理的形成与岩体的侵位和隆升过程密切相关。因此,该穹隆和东北亚其他岩浆穹隆相似,是不对称的花岗岩穹隆,反映了区域伸展拆离环境下侵位的同构造花岗岩穹隆的特点。     

武功山中生代花岗质穹隆伸展构造及岩石地球化学特征

武功山花岗质穹隆伸展构造平面形态呈近椭圆形，长轴呈近东西向展布。花岗质穹隆伸展构造轴部主要山露中生代花岗岩类，其南北两侧为厚度较大、强烈韧性剪切的花岗质片麻岩，韧性变化时代为晚印支－燕山期；近东西向展布的晚古生代－中生代萍乡、安福盆地分别位于其北、南两侧的山前低地。武功山花岗质穹隆伸展构造具三层结构，由脆性形带、低绿片相变质流变层－角闪岩相糜棱岩带和中生代似斑状花岗岩构成。中生代花岗岩群的东西向发布规律表明其侵入活动受东西向基底断裂的控制。深成花岗岩浆隆升作用是发生强烈动力变质作用的基本热源影响动力变形作用的主要因素之一。武功山是一个从岩体核部朝山北两侧山外倾斜滑移的伸展构造。     

特提斯喜马拉雅错那洞穹隆的岩石组合、构造特征与成因

目前关于新近发现的错那洞穹隆的精细构造、岩石组成、变质变形运动学特征等方面均不清楚,严重阻碍了其演化历程的还原以及成穹与成矿耦合关系的解剖工作.在详实的野外地质调查基础上,补充采集了穹隆中新发现的岩浆岩进行年代学研究.结果表明,错那洞穹隆由上（边部）-中（幔部）-下（核部）3个构造层组成,分别以上、下拆离断层为分界线.核部岩石组合主要为片麻岩、淡色花岗岩以及少量深熔混合岩,可见大量伟晶岩脉穿插;幔部为古生界,岩石组合为一套强变质变形片岩夹碳酸盐岩,从内至外具有蓝晶石+十字石+石榴石+黑云母的蓝晶石带→十字石+石榴石+黑云母的十字石带→石榴石+堇青石+黑云母的石榴石带→绿泥石+黑云母的绿泥石带的巴罗式变质分带特征;边部主要为三叠纪-侏罗纪浅变质沉积岩系,岩石组合为一套砂板岩及少量千枚岩.穹隆内从早至晚经历了南北向逆冲推覆、南北向伸展、东西向伸展3期次的构造运动,穹隆的形成主要与南北向伸展作用有关.穹隆中岩浆活动从早至晚可见有早古生代片麻岩（约500 Ma）、中生代辉绿岩（140 Ma）、渐新世变形二云母花岗岩/伟晶岩（26 Ma）、中新世弱定向二云母花岗岩（18 Ma）、含石榴石电气石花岗岩（16.8~15.9 Ma）5期.综合研究表明,错那洞穹隆的形成是早期伸展拆离核杂岩叠加晚期岩浆底劈热穹隆综合作用的结果,成穹构造的初始阶段与始新世-渐新世藏南拆离系（STDS）的运动密切相关.      

大别山核部罗田穹隆形成的构造及年代学证据

从构造学和年代学两方面论证了东大别核部地区罗田穹隆构造的存在及发育历程，揭示了穹隆形成于大约１５０～９５Ｍａ期间．穹隆不同部位广泛显示的顺片麻理的正向韧性滑脱构造以及由边缘到核部矿物的冷却年龄逐渐年轻，表明了穹隆的形成是顶托式差异隆升的结果．穹隆发育过程中还叠加了多种型式的韧性剪切变形，造成穹隆构造面貌的复杂性．这些运动型式主要有环绕穹隆的高角度左旋走滑，北东－南西向高角度左旋走滑以及沿麻城－药铺－青山剥离断层发生向北西的滑脱等．穹隆形成的构造背景与印支—早燕山期碰撞而加厚的大别岩石圈在燕山期发生拆沉并引起地壳的伸展有关     

武功山中生代花岗质穹隆伸展构造及岩石地球化学特征

武功山花岗质穹隆伸展构造平面形态呈近椭圆形,长轴呈近东西向展布.花岗质穹隆伸展构造轴部主要出露中生代花岗岩类,其南北两侧为厚度较大、强烈韧性剪切的花岗质片麻岩,韧性变形时代为晚印支-燕山期;近东西向展布的晚古生代-中生代萍乡、安福盆地分别位于其北、南两侧的山前低地.武功山花岗质穹隆伸展构造具三层结构,由脆性变形带、低绿片岩相变质流变层-角闪岩相糜棱岩带和中生代似斑状花岗岩构成.中生代花岗岩群的东西向分布规律表明其侵入活动受东西向基底断裂的控制.深成花岗岩浆隆升作用是发生强烈动力变质作用的基本热源并影响动力变形作用的主要因素之一.武功山是一个从岩体核部朝南北两侧山外倾斜滑移的伸展构造.     

中蒙边界早白垩世不对称花岗岩穹隆的伸展时限、剪切作用类型和区域构造意义

东北亚大陆于晚中生代时期发生了大规模地壳伸展,发育变质核杂岩和不对称花岗岩穹隆,其伸展剪切机制一直是构造研究的重要内容之一。中蒙边界东南段沿北东向展布了罕乌拉、纳兰和宝德尔等3个不对称花岗岩伸展穹隆,主体均为晚中生代花岗岩侵入体,岩体西北缘发育韧性剪切(糜棱岩)带,并被后期高角度正断层所围限,整体为穹隆状。根据罕乌拉穹隆韧性剪切带内强变形中粗粒钾长花岗岩(133±1 Ma)和弱变形细粒花岗岩(128±2 Ma)的构造关系及其锆石U-Pb年龄,推测该穹隆内岩体可能为同伸展岩体,韧性伸展时间在133 Ma之后并持续至128 Ma或更晚,与同区其他穹隆发育时限相同。笔者用R_f/ф方法测量了3个穹隆剪切带内糜棱岩中长石的有限应变轴率,利用Hsu图解获得其应变类型为平面压扁应变(k=0.5)。用长石极莫尔圆法、刚性颗粒网法和C轴石英组构法估算了韧性剪切的长期变形过程,得到糜棱岩的平均运动学涡度值为0.68～0.74,表明这些穹隆的韧性剪切作用主要是纯剪切和简单剪切分量几乎相等的一般剪切作用。石英斜向条带法测得的韧性变形后期的运动学涡度值为0.87～0.99,平均值为0.93...     

北京云蒙山地区挤压-伸展体系构造特征及其岩石组构的动力学分析

本文将云蒙山地区挤压伸展体系的构造要素划分为：①四合堂推覆体;②大水峪韧性剪切带;③云蒙山背形构造;④崎峰茶滑脱带;⑤河防口低角正断层;并简述了它们的地质特征。采用X射线衍射法对云蒙山花岗岩及周围不同时代岩石的不同层次变形构造开展了岩石组构特征研究,确定了韧脆性构造变形时的力学性质和主应力方位,对挤压伸展体系变形构造的形成演化进行了运动学和动力学分析。     

北大别造山后穹隆构造的形成过程与变形模拟

北大别穹隆是在早白垩世造山后伸展活动中形成的。其北界为北西西走向、倾向北北东、正左行平移的晓天-磨子潭韧性剪切带,南界为北西走向、倾向南东、右行“逆冲”的五河-水吼韧性剪切带。通过对这两条剪切带的构造观测、运动学分析、石英C轴组构测量、变形温度分析及变形模拟,表明剪切带原先为中地壳同一近水平的韧性拆离剪切带。该拆离剪切带在原始近水平状态时的活动为上盘向280°方位的伸展运动。随后在大规模岩浆活动与北大别穹隆的隆升中,这一剪切带被动地抬升与剥露,而出露于现今的穹隆边界上。变形模拟显示,北大别穹隆构造现今为近EW轴向的背形,其上隆幅度西强东弱。北大别穹隆的形成过程表明为典型的造山带变质核杂岩。     

香花岭岩浆底辟伸展构造及其控矿的研究

香花岭穹隆是一个岩浆底辟伸展构造，它的结构与变质核杂岩、剥离断层的结构相似，由核部、滑动系统及盖层构造三部分组成，核部为隐伏花岗岩体和寒武系变质岩系。滑动系统为隐伏岩体与其上覆盖层之间的高温韧性剪切带和沿泥盆系与寒武系之间的不整合面发育的剥离断层。盖层构造为发育于泥盆系一石炭系中的阶梯状缓倾斜正断层和大量层间滑脱断层，香花岭岩浆底辟伸展构造是在区域伸展作用的背景下，由岩浆底辟上隆，并引起上覆盖层下滑而形成的。香花岭锡、铬、锌多金属矿的矿田、矿床及矿体构造都受该伸展构造控制。     

The Rila-Pastra Normal Fault and multi-stage extensional unroofing in the Rila Mountains (SW Bulgaria)

The Rhodope Metamorphic Province represents the core of an Alpine orogen affected by strong syn- and postorogenic extension. We report evidence for multiple phases of extensional unroofing from the western border of the Rila Mountains in the lower Rila valley, SW Bulgaria. The most prominent structure is the Rila-Pastra Normal Fault (RPNF), a major extensional fault and shear zone of Eocene to Early Oligocene age. The fault zone includes, from base to top, mylonites, ultramylonites and cataclasites, indicating deformation under progressively decreasing temperature, from amphibolite-facies to low-temperature brittle deformation. It strikes E–W with a top-to-the-N-to NW-directed sense of shear. Basement rocks in the hanging wall and footwall both display amphibolite-facies conditions. The foliation of the hanging-wall gneisses, however, is discordantly cut by the fault, while the foliation of the footwall gneisses is seen to curve into parallelism with the fault when approaching it. Two ductile splays of the RPNF occur in the footwall, which are subparallel to the foliation of the surrounding gneisses and merge laterally into the mylonites of the main fault zone. The concordance between the foliation in the footwall and the RPNF suggests that deformation and cooling in the footwall occurred simultaneously with extensional shearing, while the hanging-wall gneisses had already been exhumed previously. The RPNF is associated with thick deposits of an Early Oligocene, syntectonic breccia on top of its hanging wall. Integrating our results with previous studies, we distinguish the following stages of extensional faulting: (1) Late Cretaceous NW–SE extension (Gabrov Dol Detachment), exhumation of the present day hanging wall of the RPNF; (2) Eocene to Early Oligocene NW–SE to N–S extension (RPNF); (3) Miocene to Pliocene E–W extension (Western Border Fault), formation of the Djerman Graben; (4) Holocene to recent N–S to NW–SE extension (Stob Fault), reactivating the SW part of the Western Border Fault.     

Geochronology Constraints on Transformation Age from Ductile to Brittle Deformation of the Shangma Fault and Its Tectonic Significance, Dabieshan, Central China

By a detailed investigation of geometry and kinematics of the Shangma (商麻) fault in Dabieshan (大别山),three different crust levels of extension movement have been recognized in sequence from the deep to the shallow:① low-angle ductile detachment shearing with top to the NW; ② low-angle normal fault with top to the NW or NWW in brittle or brittle-ductile transition domain; ③high-angle brittle normal fault with top to the W or NWW. Two samples were chosen for zircon U-Pb age dating to constrain the activity age of the Shangma fault. A bedding intrusive granitoid pegmatite vein that is parallel to the foliation of the low-angle ductile detachment shear zone of the country rock exhibits a lotus-joint type of boudinage deformation,showing syn-tectonic emplacing at the end of the ductile deformation period and deformation in the brittle-ductile transition domain. The zircon U-Pb dating of this granitoid pegmatite vein gives an age of (125.9±4.2) Ma,which expresses the extension in the brittle-ductile transition domain of the Shangma fault. The other sample,which is collected from a granite pluton cutting the foliation of the low-angle ductile detachment shear zone, gives a zircon U-Pb age of (118.8±4.1) Ma,constraining the end of the ductile detachment shearing. Then the transformation age from ductile to brittle deformation can be constrained between 126-119 Ma.Combined with the previous researches,the formation of the Luotian (罗田) dome,which is located to the east of the Shangma fault,can beconstrained during 150-126 Ma. This study gives a new time constraint to the evolution of the Dabie orogenic belt.     

Structural constraints on the evolution of the Meatiq Gneiss Dome (Egypt), East-African Orogen

Amphibolite-grade quartzofeldspathic gneiss domes surrounded by greenschist-grade island arc and ophiolitic assemblages is a characteristic feature of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The mode of formation of these domes, including the Meatiq Gneiss Dome, is controversial, as is the protolith age of these gneisses. Reinvestigation of selected segments of the Eastern Desert Shear Zone (EDSZ), a high-strain zone separating the eugeoclinal units from the underlying quartzofeldspathic gneisses show it to be a top-to-the NW shear zone which was later folded about a NW–SE trending fold axis (long axis of the gneiss dome). Kinematic indicators (shear bands, duplex structures, etc.) along the north-eastern and south-western flanks of the dome therefore show apparent left-lateral and right-lateral strike-slip displacement across the EDSZ. These observations are in conflict with most previous tectonic models which link formation of the dome to extension in a NW–SE oriented corridor bordered by two sub-parallel left-lateral NW–SE oriented strike-slip faults. Emplacement of upper crustal, low-grade, eugeoclinal rocks tectonically on top of middle crustal amphibolite-grade quartzofeldspathic gneisses indicates that the EDSZ may represents an extensional fault with a possible break-away zone in the southern part of the Eastern Desert. Alternatively it can be explained as the result of two (or more) tectonometamorphic events with an intervening episode of erosion and exhumation of high grade rocks prior to emplacement of the eugeoclinal thrust complex. Recent U–Pb TIMS ages on syntectonic orthogneisses and post-tectonic granites in the area show that shearing and subsequent doming must be younger than 630 Ma, possibly as young as 600 Ma.     

Horizontal contraction or horizontal extension? Heterogeneous Late Eocene and early Oligocene general shearing during blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphism at the Pennine-Austroalpine boundary zone in the Western Alps

Mylonitic structures related to two orogenic events are described from the upper and lower contacts of the Combin zone and the immediately overlying upper Austroalpine Dent Blanche nappe/Mont Mary klippe and the directly underlying lower Austroalpine Etirol-Levaz slice. The first event, Late Eocene in age, commenced during blueschist facies P-T conditions, but pre-dated the peak of subsequent greenschist facies overprint. The second event, Early Oligocene in age, took place during retrograde greenschist facies conditions. Most sense of shear indicators associated with the retrograde mylonites indicate top SE shearing, but subordinate top NW displacing shear sense indicators have also been mapped. Mylonitic top SE shearing appears to be restricted to the Combin zone and its upper and lower contacts. Within the Dent Blanche nappe and Mont Mary klippe and at the base of the Etirol-Levaz slice, structures were observed which developed during blueschist/greenschist facies conditions and are, in conjunction with the P-T-t history of these rocks, inferred to be older. Associated kinematic data indicate a top NW shear sense. Comparable blueschist/greenschist facies shear sense indicators have not been observed in the Combin zone. Nonetheless, the foliation in the Combin zone shows a progressive evolution from blueschist facies to greenschist facies to retrograde greenschist facies conditions. This indicates that the Combin zone and the immediately over- and underlying Austroalpine units shared a common tectono-metamorphic evolution since the Late Eocene. Finite strain data reveal oblate strain fabrics, which are thought to result from a true flattening strain geometry. Flow path modelling reveals a general non-coaxial deformation régime and corroborates significant departures from a simple shear deformation. In the study area, mylonitic top SE shearing in the Combin zone is attributed to Early Oligocene backfolding and backthrusting of the Mischabel phase. Temperature-time curves suggest slight reheating in the Monte Rosa nappe underneath and cooling in the Dent Blanche nappe above the Combin zone, hence confirming a thrust interpretation for this event. The top NW displacing structures are thought to result from Late Eocene emplacement of the Dent Blanche nappe and the Combin zone onto the Middle Pennine Barrhorn series along the Combin fault. As related structures initiated during mildly blueschist facies conditions in the Dent Blanche nappe and the underlying Combin zone and both were emplaced together onto the greenschist facial Barrhorn series, it is concluded that the structures developed as the nappes moved upward relative to the earth's surface. Thus the Combin fault is regarded as a thrust. The geometry of this structure indicates that the Combin fault is an out of sequence thrust that locally cut down section. Hence, top NW out of sequence thrusting caused local thinning of the metamorphic/structural section in association with horizontal shortening. Out of sequence thrusts cutting down section, and back-thrusts, offer the possibility of explaining the pronounced break in the grade of metamorphism across the Combin fault, i.e. the contact between the eclogite facial Zermatt-Saas zone and the overlying lower grade Combin zone, by contractional deformation.     

Synoblique convergent and extensional deformation and metamorphism in the Neoproterozoic rocks along Wadi Fatira shear zone, Northern Eastern Desert, Egypt

The Wadi Fatira area occurs at the southern margin of the Northern Eastern Desert (NED) of Egypt and is occupied by highly sheared metavolcanics tectonically alternated with banded iron formations and intruded by Barud tonalite–granodiorite, post-tectonic gabbroic and granitic intrusions. Detailed structural investigation showed that the schists and migmatitic amphibolites are formed by shearing in metavolcanics and syntectonic Barud tonalite–granodiorite due to movement along the Wadi Fatira shear zone (WFSZ). This shear zone starts as a NW–SE striking fault along Wadi Barud Al Azraq and the Eastern part of Wadi Fatira and turns to a E–W trending fault to the north of Wadi Fatira. Microstructural shear sense indicators such as asymmetric geometry of porphyroclasts such as σ-type and asymmetric folds deforming fine-grained bands which are frequently found around porphyroclasts indicate sinistral sense of shearing along the WFSZ. This shear zone is characterized by transitions from local convergence to local extension along their E–W and NW–SE trending parts, respectively. The NW–SE part of the WFSZ is of about 200 m in width and characterized by synmagmatic extensional features such as intrusion of synkinematic tonalite, creation of NE–SE trending normal faults, and formation of migmatitic amphibolites and schlieric tonalites. This part of the shear zone is metamorphosed under synthermal peak metamorphic conditions (725°C at 2–4 kbar). The E–W compressional part of the WFSZ is up to 3 km in width and composed of hornblende, chlorite, actinolite, and biotite schists together with sheared intermediate and acidic metatuffs. Contractional and transpressional structures in this part of the WFSZ include E–W trending major asymmetrical anticline and syncline, nearly vertical foliation and steeply pitching stretching lineations, NNE dipping minor thrusts, and minor intrafolial folds with their hinges parallel to the stretching lineation. P–T estimates using mineral analyses of plagioclase and hornblende from schists and foliated metavolcanics indicate prograde metamorphism under medium-grade amphibolite facies (500–600°C at 3–7 kbar) retrogressed to low-grade greenschist facies (227–317°C). The foliation in Barud tonalite–granodiorite close to the E–W part of the WFSZ runs parallel to the plane of shearing and the tonalite show numerous magmatic flow structures overprinted by folding and ductile shearing. The WFSZ is similar to structures resulted from combined simple shear and orthogonal shortening of oblique transpressive shear zones and their sense of movement is comparable with the characteristics of the Najd Fault System.     

Granitoid emplacement by multiple sheeting during Variscan dextral transpression: The Saint-Laurent – La Jonquera pluton (Eastern Pyrenees)

The structural study of the Saint-Laurent – La Jonquera pluton (Eastern Pyrenees), a Variscan composite laccolithic intrusion emplaced in metasedimentary and gneissic rocks of the Roc de Frausa dome, by means of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique has allowed the determination of the nature and orientation of its magmatic fabrics. The magmatic foliation has a predominant NE–SW strike and the mean lineation is also NE–SW trending with a shallow plunge. A strain gradient is measured so that the tonalites to granodiorites that form the basal parts of the pluton, and are intruded into amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks, recorded the highest anisotropies, whereas the monzogranites and leucogranites, emplaced into upper crustal, low-grade metamorphic rocks, are weakly deformed. These results point to the synkinematic sequential emplacement of multiple granitoid sheets, from less to more differentiated magmatic stages, during the Late Carboniferous D₂ event characterized by an E–W-trending dextral transpression. The magmatic foliation appears locally disturbed by the effects of two tectonic events. The first of them (D₃) produced mylonitization of granitoids along NW–SE retrograding shear zones and open folds in the host Ediacaran metasediments of the Roc de Frausa massif, likely during late Variscan times. Interference between D₂ and D₃ structures was responsible for the dome geometry of the whole Roc de Frausa massif. The second and last perturbation consisted of local southward tilting of the granitoids coupled to the Mesozoic–Cenozoic cover during the Alpine.     

El Sibai gneissic complex,Central Eastern Desert,Egypt: Folded nappes and syn-kinematic gneissic granitoid sheets – not a core complex

The El Sibai area of the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt consists of an ophiolitic association of arc metavolcanics, ophiolitic rocks, mélange, metasediments and minor mafic intrusions; and a gneissic association of amphibolite, gneissic diorite, tonalite, granodiorite and granite. Previous studies of the El Sibai area have identified the gneissic association as a lower crustal infrastructure in sheared contact with upper crustal ophiolitic association suprastructure, and have presented it as an example of a metamorphic or magmatic core complex. Detailed structural remapping of the El Sibai area reveals that the gneissic association rocks are not infrastructural but form a unit within the ophiolitic association nappes. Furthermore, the El Sibai structure is not domal in shape, and is not antiformal. The main gneissic association rocks are tabular intrusions roughly concordant with the shears dividing the ophiolitic association into nappes, and are syn-kinematic with the nappe stacking event (∼700–650 Ma). The gneissic granite tabular intrusions and their ophiolitic host were later folded about upright NW–SE trending mainly open folds during a NE–SW directed shortening event (∼625–590 Ma). Subsequently, NW–SE regional extension effects became evident including low angle normal ductile shear zones and mylonites. The latest gneissic red granites are syn-kinematic with respect to these shear zones. Probably continuing from the low-angle shearing event were steep normal faults, and sinistral WNW and N–S trending transcurrent faults (∼590–570 Ma). The normal faults mark the southeastern and maybe also the northwestern limits of the El Sibai gneissic association rocks. The El Sibai complex is not a core complex, but exemplifies the overlap of NW–SE folding and NW–SE extensional which is a significant theme of CED regional structure.     

Diapiric emplacement in the upper crust of a granitic body: the La Bazana granite (SW Spain)

The ascent and emplacement of granites in the upper crust is a major geological phenomenon accomplished by a number of different processes. The active processes determine the final geometry of the bodies and, in some favourable cases, the inverse problem of deducing mechanisms can be undertaken by relying on the geometry of plutons. This is the case of the La Bazana granitic pluton, a small Variscan igneous body that intruded Cambrian rocks of the Ossa-Morena Zone (SW Iberian Massif) in the core of a large late upright antiform. The granite shows no appreciable solid-state deformation, but has a late magmatic foliation whose orientation, derived from field observations, defines a gentle dome. The regional attitude of the main foliation in the country rock (parallel to the axial plane of recumbent folds) is NW–SE, but just around the granite, it accommodates to the dome shape of the pluton. Flattening in the host rock on top of the granite is indicated by boudinaged and folded veins, and appears to be caused by an upward pushing of the magma during its emplacement. The dome-shaped foliation of the granite, geometrically and kinematically congruent with the flattening in the host rock, can be related in the same way to the upward pushing of the magma. The level of final emplacement was deduced from the mineral associations in the thermal aureole to be of 7–10 km in depth. Models of the gravity anomaly related to the granite body show that the granite has a teardrop–pipe shape enlarged at its top. Diapiric ascent of the magma through the lower middle crust is inferred until reaching a high viscous level, where final emplacement accompanied by lateral expansion and vertical flattening took place. This natural example suggests that diapirism may be a viable mechanism for migration and emplacement of magmas, at least up to 7–10 km in depth, and it provides natural evidence for theoretical discussion on the ability of magmatic diapirs to pierce the crust.     

Seismotectonic significance of the 29 January 1989 Etne earthquake, SW Norway

The integrated analysis of geological, seismological and field observations with lineament data derived from satellite images allows the identification of a possible seismogenic fault zone for an earthquake which occurred near Etne in southwestern Norway, on 29 February 1989. The hypocentre of the earthquake was located at the mid-crust at a depth of 13.8±0.9 km which is typical of small intraplate earthquakes. The Etne earthquake occurred as a result of normal faulting with a dextral strike-slip component on a NW–SE trending fault. Available geological and lineament data indicate correlation of the inferred seismogenic fault with the NW–SE trending Etne fault zone. An aeromagnetic anomaly related to the Etne fault zone forms a regional feature intersecting both Precambrian basement and allochthonous Caledonian rocks. Based on these associations the occurrence of the Etne event is ascribed to the reactivation of a zone of weakness along the Etne fault zone. Slope-instabilities developed in the superficial deposits during the Etne event demonstrate the existence of potentially hazardous secondary-effects of such earthquakes even in low seismicity areas such as southwestern Norway.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔1200米构造柱及变形构造初步解析

在利用成象测井资料准确地恢复岩心空间位置的基础上，建立了位于江苏省东海县毛北村的中国大陆科学钻探主孔岩心1200m精细构造柱。划分了由榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩组成的第一岩性-构造单元及由副片麻岩夹榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩透镜体组成的第二岩性-构造单元，自上而下岩石的面理产状由向东陡倾变为向南东缓倾。第一岩性-构造单元的榴辉岩与超镁铁质岩是毛北榴辉岩杂岩体的组成部分，在榴辉岩中发现以南北向拉伸线理及由北往南的剪切指向为特征的超高压变质岩早期变形举止。位于第二岩性一构造单元下部(770-1130m深度)300多米厚的韧性剪切带是地表出露的毛北韧性剪切带在孔下的延伸，剪切应变及石英组构分析表明，在伴随的退变质角闪岩相一绿帘角闪岩相一绿片岩相的转换过程中，剪切应变由自SE往NW的“逆冲”转为NW向SE的正向滑移。结合钻孔围区地质，重塑了上部由毛北榴辉岩杂岩体与副片麻岩围岩组成的轴面向SE倾斜的同斜倒转褶皱系，以及下部为韧性剪切带的构造模型。钻孔验证了VSP地震反射剖面中850-1200m深度的强反射层与韧性剪切带相吻合。结合苏鲁超高压变质地体的折返构造的研究，提出该构造模型的成因与折返阶段超高压变质地体的斜向上的挤出及后折返阶段的穹隆形成有关。