倾斜布管采控天然冷量的青藏铁路路基温度场演变规律

Aiming at the stabilization of Qinghai-Tibetan Railway embankment during its construction and run, the method using tilt pipes to keep the permafrost embankment stabilization is put forward in the paper. By gathering natural cold energy in the winter and release it in the summer the tilt pipes can keep the permafrost embankment stabilizing. The temperature fields of the embankment and the stratums below are studied according to the condition of pipes diameter 250mm, length 7. 0m and tilt angle 30°,45°, 60° until the railway working for 20 years. It is shown that the embankment field using tilt pipes will eliminate the thawing core and come into subzero temperature phase ahead of 9 years compared with the original model. Different tilt angles have different efforts on the embankment and stratums, synthesis analysis of thermal income and expenses of the embankment and stratums should be carried out     

青藏铁路冻土路基沉降变形现场试验研究

Based on the field data of ground temperature and roadway settlement observed during the construction of the experimental embankments over permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway, this paper discusses the differences of frost process on the roadway surface from that on the natural ground surface, the changes of permafrost table under the roadway embankment, and the peculiarities of roadway settlement. Analyses of the test results show : 1) The differences of the freezing indexes between the roadway surfaces and the natural ground surfaces are less than those of the thawing indexes for all the test sections; 2) Since the measures of permafrost protection were taken, the permafrost tables under the embankments have raised after the roadway was constructed. The minimum is about 0.4 m and the maximum is 1.2 m; 3) the settlements of the roadway are mainly from the compression and creep of the icerich frozen soils under the original permafrost tables and the maximum has reached 6 ～ 8 cm during the first year after the embankments were constructed. Moreover, concerning the processes of roadway settlement, the deformation of the embankments has no obvious trend of attenuation at present. Especially,for the roadway with high embankments, the settlement may reach a remarkable value and much consideration must be given for this problem.     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程地质勘察

The effective and assured measures in criteria of formulation, procedures, techniques and methods for geological prospecting of Qinghai-Xizang Railway have been made. The permafrost engineering geological investigation indicate the talik and those sections with annual average ground temperature higher than 1 ℃ takes up 68.8% of total amount; the high ice content permafrost also account for 50% of real permafrost section. The distribution of permafrost characteristics is obviously influenced by altitude and latitude. The prospecting also shows the distribution of permafrost characteristics is rather complicated. Based on two predications of air temperature-rising tendency, by calculating climate model of permafrost thermal status, and comparing and analyzing geological distribution of Qinghai-Xizang Railway, the tendency of permafrost recession range has been predicated.     

多年冻土地区铁路路堤北坡和南坡热状况差异分析

Based on the observational data at Beiluhe test site of Qinghai-Tibetan Railway, the difference of thermal state between south faced and north faced slope was analyzed. The results indicated that the mean annual ground temperature at the depth of 0. 5m on south faced slope was higher than that on north faced slope by over 3 ℃. The higher temperature on south faced slope was greatly attributed to the high temperature during winter time. This kind of difference in thermal state may result in asymmetric thermal regime in embankment as well as in underlying soil. As a result, the unevenly transverse deformation may appear.     

青藏铁路设计与建设——第六届国际冻土工程会议回顾

The 6^th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering was successfully held in China in September 2004. About 150 scientists and engineers from 7 countries attended the symposium in Lanzhou on 5～7 September, and about 35 people from 6 countries participated in the field trip along the QinghaiTibet Highway/Railway on 8～13 September and the seminar in Lhasa on 14 September 2004. During the Symposium, the latest progress on permafrost engineering and the surveys, design and construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were exchanged and inspected. Fifty-eight technical papers in English from the Symposium were published in the first volume of the Proceedings of the Symposium, as a supplement of the Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, before the symposium. About 6 papers from the symposium are published in the second volume in the volume 27(1) of the Journal of the Glaciology and Geocryology, after the symposium. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) under construction will traverse 632 km of permafrost, and the engineers are facing unprecedented engineering and environmental challenges. With the QTR under construction and to be completed in 2007, permafrost engineering has become the research focus of permafrost scientists and engineers in China. Many encouraging and promising achievements in permafrost engineering have been obtained during the past three years. However, there are still numerous engineering and environmental problems needing to be solved or resolved. In the discussions, some experts pointed out that methods, such as removal of snow cover on the embankments and toe areas, light-color embankments and side slope surfaces, awnings for shading the solar radiation, hairpin or tilted thermosyphons, could be applied to actively cool the roadbed of the QTR. Some new ideas on utilization of the natural cold reserves were proposed to protect the QTR permafrost roadbed from thawing. Many questions and answers on the survey, design, construction, operations, maintenance and environmental protection were exchanged in situ and in the Lhasa seminar with participation by some major railway designers, regulators and administrators.     

青藏铁路可调式通风管路基的数值仿真分析

Finite Element Method has been used to operate the numerical analysis and comparison between the traditional ventilated embankment and the adjustable ventilated embankment adopted in Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. The numerical results show that: 1) The adjustable ventilated embankments can prevent the thermal entry from air into ducts during summer from thawing the permafrost beneath the embankments; 2) The cooling effects of the adjustable ventilated embankments on permafrost is much better than the traditional ventilated embankments although two kinds of embankments can generate the thawing bulbs at the beginning of finishing construction; 3) The drop of the mean temperature of permafrost under the adjustable ventilated embankments keeps faster than that of the mean temperature of permafrost under the traditional ventilated embankments. It is clear that the adjustable ventilated embankments can keep the embankment more stable than the traditional ventilated embankments.     

多年冻土区路桥过渡段的一种新结构

The design of roadbed-abutment transition part is always a challenging problem in transportation engineering, especially in permafrost distribution zone. A new type of roadbed-abutment transition part on permafrost was presented, and long-term observation was conducted for the deformation and the thermal regime of a roadbed-abutment transition part in the constructing Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In this paper, a new structure was presented and the observed settlements both in the subgrade and the base and its dependency with the thermal regime (permafrost table) were analyzed. In conclusion the roadbed-a-butment transition method for permafrost distribution zone was evaluated.     

横穿贝加尔湖铁路路基的冻胀性研究

The paper features the results of field measurements and numerical research of embankment behaviour in permafrost soils of Transbaikalia railway section following implementation of preventive works to eliminate action of heaving forces on the main area of embankment subgrade.     

Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Abstract: Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature (≥ ?1°C) and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope (ECRSS) were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the “cold” energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.     

Long-term thermal stability study of the typical embankment along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in warm permafrost regions北大核心CSCD

Using the long-term ground temperature monitoring data of the permafrost zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from 2006 to 2020,three types of typical roadbed structures were analyzed. Traditional embankment（TE）,U-shaped crushed rock embankment（UCRE）and crushed rock revetment embankment（CRRE）were included the three types of typical roadbed,which were selected to the long-term monitoring sections within the warm permafrost zones. The evolution of ground temperature field,mean annual ground temperature （MAGT）and annual maximum ground temperature（AMGT）in the depth range of 20 m under the embankment were analyzed and studied since 15 years of operation. The monitoring and analysis results show that：the growth rate of MAGT under the left and right shoulders of the TE is always higher than that of the same depth in the natural site. The MAGT under the UCRE is always lower than the natural site and always maintains a certain difference,whereas,the difference in ground temperature under the left and right shoulders is also not negligible. The MAGT of the left shoulder in the CRRE is not much different from that of the natural hole,while the MAGT of the right shoulder is always lower than that of the natural hole,and the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders is smaller than that of the UCRE. The artificial permafrost table（APT）under the TE is always lower than that of in the natural site. Both the UCRE and CRRE,the APT in the left and right shoulders of them has been elevated into the embankment,and the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders is about 1. 0~1. 5 m. the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders in the CRRE is slightly lower than that of UCRE. Overall,because of the influence of thermal disturbance about engineering and climate warming,the TE in the warm permafrost zones cannot keep the thermal stability of permafrost under the embankment. Some active-cooling and reinforcement measures need to be taken. Both of the UCRE and CRRE,have a certain active-cooling effect on the permafrost under embankment,but the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders still needs to be taken seriously. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

保温法在青藏铁路路基工程中应用的适用性评价

保护冻土原则是多年冻土区路基设计的首要选择.运用带相变瞬态温度场的有限元数值解法,模拟分析了铺设聚苯乙烯(EPS)板后铁路路基下多年冻土最大融化深度在随后50 a内随时间的变化,提出了保温板铺设的适宜位置和合理厚度.总结分析了保温路基中保温板的合理宽度和保温路基合理的施工时间,基于年平均气温给出了多年冻土区铁路路基工程中保温法的适用范围,并对多年冻土年平均地温对保温处理措施适用范围的影响进行了分析.     

保温法保护多年冻土的长期效果分析

通过分析青藏公路昆仑山越岭地段保温材料(EPS)试验段的地温观测资料发现:结果表明:路基中的保温板近8 a来工作正常,大大减小了保温板下土体温度较差.试验段施工完成12 a来EPS保温板的导热系数没有发生大的改变,车辆荷载、水分和冻融循环等对其影响较小.保温路基段天然孔的年平均温度升温速率比对比段天然孔大,但保温路基下多年冻土近7 a来的升温速率均小于对比段.计算结果证明,路基中铺设的保温材料,可以使进入路基的热交换量大为下降,并使进入路基活动层的热量每年减少近3/4.最后,基于年平均气温,用有限元方法给出了青藏公路多年冻土地区保温法的适用范围.     

青藏铁路冻土区路桥过渡段沉降原因分析

青藏铁路开通近10 a以来,各类冻土工程稳定,保证了列车平稳安全的运行。然而,青藏铁路工程也不可避免出现了一些病害问题。现场调查资料表明,冻土区路桥过渡段下沉现象较为严重。通过冻土区路桥过渡段的沉降特点和工程地质条件综合分析,结果表明：地表水或冻结层上水水热侵蚀,引起人为多年冻土上限下降、高含冰量冻土层融化,致使路基发生强烈的融化下沉。建议这类工程病害应采取主动降温措施增强地基土的冻结能力,并加强防排水设施和改善地表水条件,消除水热侵蚀所产生的融化下沉。研究结果为青藏铁路路桥过渡段的稳定性和养护提供了科学依据。     

青藏铁路抛石护坡和保温材料复合路基温度场特征非线性分析

采用多孔介质中流体的连续性方程、动量方程及能量方程,针对青藏铁路的气温和地质条件,对抛石护坡路基(无保温材料)及其在靠近路基顶部增设保温材料后的温度场特征进行了分析和比较.结果表明:在年平均气温为-4.0℃的青藏高原多年冻土区,考虑未来50 a气温上升2.6℃条件下,抛石护坡路基对其下部多年冻土可起到一定的保护作用;但由于气温升高的影响,路基中心处出现终年融化夹层;计算中发现当抛石护坡达到一定厚度时,单纯依靠增加抛石护坡厚度并不能明显增加其对路基中心处的降温效果;而增设保温材料后的抛石护坡路基可有效减小路基中出现的融化夹层,确保冻土路基的稳定.因此,建议在高温多年冻土区使用抛石护坡路基结构时,应考虑使用保温材料作为一种对抛石护坡路基进行保温补强的措施.     

青藏高原气候转暖与冻土工程的关系

工程作用和气候转暖影响加剧了工程下部多年冻土的退化,导致冻土工程稳定性发生显著变化。本文从气候转暖和工程活动下多年冻土变化和冻融灾害的视角探讨了气候转暖与工程稳定性的关系,给出了青藏高原气候转暖下活动层厚度、冻土温度等变化和青藏公路和青藏铁路工程下部多年冻土上限、冻土温度和路基变形等特征。同时,系统梳理了青藏高原冻土工程防治冻土融化的工程技术措施,讨论了未来气候变暖下青藏高原多年冻土的变化特征及其对冻土工程服役性的影响。青藏高原多年冻土在过去数十年来发生了不同程度的退化,工程作用加速了工程下部多年冻土退化,严重影响工程稳定性。青藏铁路采取了冷却路基、降低多年冻土温度的技术措施,但冻土工程仅能适应气候变暖1 ℃的情况。未来气候变暖1.5 ℃,青藏铁路冻土工程的补强措施需尽早谋划。     

The effect of permafrost changes on embankment stability along the Qinghai–Xizang Railway

After construction of the Qinghai–Xizang Railway, the resultant heat exchange between soil and atmosphere caused changes in the thermal and mechanical stability of permafrost beneath the railway embankment. Monitoring from 2005 to 2010 indicated 12 sections of embankment that experienced more than 5 cm of settlement, with three showing deformations of more than 10 cm and signs of continuing settlement. Embankment stability is closely related to permafrost changes beneath the embankment. Large-scale deformations have contributed to permafrost thaw and artificial permafrost table deepening, and this deformation has not stabilized over the short term. In contrast, small-scale deformations have contributed to a warming of the permafrost that has gradually stabilized as soil temperature decreases. Only three sections of the Qinghai–Xizang Railway have exhibited settlement deformation that exceeds 10 cm, through a deepening of the artificial permafrost table and a gradual increase in permafrost thawing result in embankment settlement deformation. However, with climate warming trends and the long-term operation of the railway, the long-term thermal and mechanical stability of the embankment needs to be carefully monitored to ensure the safe operation of the Qinghai–Xizang Railway.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形特征及其来源

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区34个路基监测断面2005－2011年的变形与地温资料,分析路基的变形特征及其来源。监测结果表明：①监测期累计变形量大于100 mm的断面均为普通路基,其变形主要来自路基下部因冻土上限下降而引起的高含冰量冻土的融沉变形以及融土的压密变形,其次为路基下部多年冻土因地温升高而产生的高温冻土的压缩变形。②监测期累计变形量小于100 mm的普通路基与块石结构路基断面,其变形主要来自路基下部多年冻土的压缩变形。③总体而言,块石结构路基变形量明显小于普通路基,从而验证了主动冷却措施的长期有效性。其研究结果可为冻土区路基稳定性判断及病害预警提供数据支持。     

保温处理措施在多年冻土区道路工程中的应用

阐述了保温处理措施保护多年冻土的原理, 认为保温材料下部地温年变幅的减小是保温处理措施保护多年冻土上限下降的主要效果. 青藏公路昆仑山越岭地段保温处理试验路段路基、路肩及天然地表下的地温观测资料证实, 保温处理处理措施并不能改变因修筑路基而引起的路基吸热趋势, 但是保温处理后浅层地温下降; 地温年变幅明显减小, 多年冻土上限比无保温处理路段高. 青藏铁路北麓河试验段保温处理试验路段半年的观测资料表明, 保温层上下面温度存在巨大差异, 充分体现了保温材料的热阻效应, 可望大幅度减小保温材料下部地温的年变幅, 起到保护或延缓多年冻土融化的效果.     

青藏铁路普通路基下部冻土变化分析

高温高含冰量冻土地区,青藏铁路采取了冷却路基、降低多年冻土温度的工程措施.然而青藏铁路仍有大量路段未采用任何工程措施,因此修筑普通路基后冻土变化也是普遍关心的问题.根据青藏铁路普通路基下部土体温度监测的近期结果,分析了季节冻土区、已退化多年冻土区和多年冻土区路基下部冻土变化特征.结果表明,不同区域修筑普通路基,其下部土体温度、最大季节冻结深度、多年冻土上限等存在较大的差异.在季节冻土和已退化多年冻土区,右路肩下部(阴坡)已形成冻土隔年层;在多年冻土强烈退化区,其路基下部形成融化夹层;在高温多年冻土区,其路基下部上限存在抬升和下降,上限附近土体温度有升高的趋势.在低温多年冻土区,其路基下部上限全部抬升,上限附近土体存在"冷量"积累,有利于路基下部多年冻土热稳定性.因此,低温多年冻土区修筑普通路基后,冻土变化基本是向着有利于路基稳定性的方向发展,在其它地段修筑普通路基,冻土变化是向着不利于路基稳定性的方向发展的.特别是阴阳坡太阳辐射差异,导致了土体热状态和多年冻土上限形态产生较大的差异,这种差异将会对路基稳定性产生一定的影响.