化龙山国家保护植物优先保护顺序的定量分析

在野外调查的基础上，运用濒危系数、遗传多样性损失系数和物种价值系数对化龙山自然保护区20种国家保护植物的优先保护顺序进行定量分析，结果表明属一级保护的有珙桐、杜仲、连香树、长序榆、紫斑牡丹、鹅掌楸、金钱槭7种，属二级保护的有秦岭冷杉、银鹊树、大果青杆、麦吊云杉、红豆树、领春木、白辛树7种，属三级保护的有庙台槭、香果树、野大豆、独花兰、八角莲、天麻6种。提出了加强珍衡植物保护的措施。     

浙江山区珍稀濒危植物的分布特征与保护

浙江山区的珍稀濒危植物较为丰富，有６７科、１０８属、１２５种．论述了当地珍稀濒危植物的特点、地理分布、属和种的地理成分，探讨了珍稀濒危植物的就地保护、迁地保护和离体保存．     

陕西省化龙山珍稀濒危植物资源及其保护

化龙山自然生态环境复杂多样,植物资源丰富,有野生维管植物1 977种,隶属186科815属.化龙山是陕西省珍稀濒危植物资源最丰富的地区,共有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物22科30属33种,其中属一级保护1种,二级保护11种,三级保护21种;属濒危2种,稀有14种,渐危17种.珍稀濒危植物古老成分较多,并以第三纪孑遗成分为主,单少型属和中国特有属分别是16属和10属(占53.3%和33.3%).在分析了化龙山珍稀濒危植物保护现状及濒危原因的基础上,提出了依托陕西省化龙山自然保护区,加强就地保护,积极开展迁地保护,将保护与开发相结合,科学地进行保护措施.     

浙江天目山自然保护区珍稀濒危植物及其利用与保护

天目山是浙江省珍稀濒危植物最丰富的地区，共有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物２５科、３４属、３７种，其中属二级保护１３种，三级保护２４种．论述了天目山珍稀濒危植物的区系特点、类型及地理分布，列举了它们的一些利用价值，最后提出了保护天目山珍稀濒危植物的一系列建议．     

秦岭珍稀濒危植物资源的利用价值与保护

秦岭分布着国家保护的珍稀濒危植物４２种,其中属国家一级保护１种,二级保护１５种,三级保护２６种．这些珍稀濒危植物在医药、木材、花卉、化工等方面具有较高的开发利用价值     

四川卧龙自然保护区珍稀濒危植物及其保护与利用

卧龙是四川省珍稀濒危植物最丰富的地区，有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物２４种，隶属１８科，２０属，其中一有保护２种，二级保护１１种，三组保护１１种。本文论述了该地区珍稀、濒危植物的特点、类型及地理分布，以及这些植物的一些利用价值及保护建议。     

吴中区湿地资源现状调查和保护对策

调查了吴中区面积在8hm2以上的湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地、人工湿地以及宽度10m以上、长度5km以上的河流湿地,结果表明:吴中区共有湿地113个斑块,面积180459.69hm2,占吴中行政区划面积的82.95%。湿地水生植物95种,隶属37科60属;鱼类100多种,隶属12目23科;留居、旅经或在该地进行繁殖的鸟类至少170种,隶属16目;两栖动物9种,隶属3科7属;爬行动物24种。通过实施湿地保护立法、开展湿地生态补偿、建立湿地保护区、湿地定位站和退垦还湖、退渔还湿工程对吴中区湿地进行全面保护,以期发挥其更大的生态效益和经济效益。     

深圳华侨城湿地物种多样性及其保护研究

深圳华侨城湿地位于珠江口深圳湾北岸,通过箱涵与深圳湾海水相通,总面积69万m2,水域面积约50万m2,是深圳湾湿地生态系统的重要组成部分。对华侨城湿地植被、鸟类、底栖生物、浮游生物的多样性进行了调查,结果表明:华侨城湿地共有植物60科162种,其中真红树植物5科6属7种,半红树植物3科4属5种,外来入侵植物27种;鸟类共有12目36科101种,约占深圳湾鸟类总种数的50%,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类6种;共鉴定出藻类5门11属14种;浮游动物25种。华侨城湿地面临严重的生态危机,主要包括入侵植物大面积分布、物种单一,鸟类、底栖生物类等生物多样性与福田红树林保护区及凤塘河口相比较低,并据此提出了相应的保护建议。     

汝阳西泰山区野生兰花资源调查及其保护对策

采用样地调查方法,通过对伏牛山北麓西泰山地区野生兰花资源的种类、分布、生活环境及资源现状等方面的实地调查,发现西泰山地区兰花资源有9属18种.其中,有9种分布于海拔1000m以下的山地,还有9种分布于海拔1000m以上的山地.在对资源现状进行深入调查的基础上,针对该地区野生兰花资源的保护现状提出了相应的保护对策:提高当地民众的保护意识;完善立法;加强和完善当地资源的保护工作;建立兰科植物种质库及鼓励兰科植物的人工栽培,恢复野生兰科植物种群数量,保护野生兰科植物物种基因.     

塞罕坝国家级自然保护区野生鱼类资源与保护对策

2014年7—9月对塞罕坝自然保护区进行野生鱼类调查,结果发现塞罕坝有鱼类13种,隶属4目5科13属,鲤鱼目鲤科鱼类是最大的类群,优势种为拉氏鱥Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski和北方须鳅Barbatula barbatula nuda(Bleeker)。在保护区各水系中,吐力根河是鱼类主要分布地,其次是泰丰湖。在鱼类生境分布中,仅分布在一种生境的鱼类有4种,占鱼类总种数的30.77%;分布在2种或3种生境的鱼类分别有3种,占鱼类总种数的38.46%;分布在4种生境的鱼类有1种,占鱼类总种数的7.69%,广布种2种,占鱼类总种数的15.38%。生境丧失和过度捕捞是造成鱼类下降的主要原因,针对鱼类资源保护中存在的问题,提出了相应的保护对策。     

The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration.     

论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性

国家公园作为一种严格保护并合理利用自然文化资源的可持续发展理念和举措而在全球得到普遍认可和蓬勃发展。国际上的国家公园因为国情不同而有多种体制模式,但是国家公园的根本特性是共同一致、必须维护的。公益性、国家主导性和科学性这三大特性是国家公园的根本特性,其中公益性是国家公园设立的根本目的,它包括了为公众利益而设、对公众低廉收费、使公众受到教育、让公众积极参与等方面,而国家主导性和科学性则是践行公益性的两大保障,前者要求国家确立、国家管理、国家立法、国家维护和爱国主义教育,后者则要求建立科学的国家公园体系、科学的规划、科学的分区和科学的经营利用等。中国国家公园的建立,面临着国情特殊、现行保护地多头管理、保护利用压力大等问题,应该利用风景名胜区等保护地开展试点,制定统一的中国国家公园标准,采用准入制度,并逐步探索统一的管理体系和法规体系,最终建立统筹管理的、中国特色的国家公园制度。     

Population pressure and global markets drive a decade of forest cover change in Africa's Albertine Rift

Africa's Albertine Rift region faces a juxtaposition of rapid human population growth and protected areas, making it one of the world's most vulnerable biodiversity hotspots. Using satellite-derived estimates of forest cover change, we examined national socioeconomic, demographic, agricultural production, and local demographic and geographic variables, to assess multilevel forces driving local forest cover loss and gain outside protected areas during the first decade of this century. Because the processes that drive forest cover loss and gain are expected to be different, and both are of interest, we constructed models of significant change in each direction. Although rates of forest cover change varied by country, national population change was the strongest driver of forest loss for all countries – with a population doubling predicted to cause 2.06% annual cover loss, while doubling tea production predicted to cause 1.90%. The rate of forest cover gain was associated positively with increased production of the local staple crop cassava, but negatively with local population density and meat production, suggesting production drivers at multiple levels affect reforestation. We found a small but significant decrease in loss rate as distance from protected areas increased, supporting studies suggesting higher rates of landscape change near protected areas. While local population density mitigated the rate of forest cover gain, loss was also correlated with lower local population density, an apparent paradox, but consistent with findings that larger scale forces outweigh local drivers of deforestation. This implicates demographic and market forces at national and international scales as critical drivers of change, calling into question the necessary scales of forest protection policy in this biodiversity hotspot. Using a satellite derived estimate of forest cover change for both loss and gain added a dynamic component to more traditionally static and unidirectional studies, significantly improving our understanding of landscape processes and drivers at work.     

美国“孤立湿地”保护中的“候鸟规则”及对我国湿地保护的启示

在美国,孤立湿地与可通航水域没有水文联系,被认为不属于《清洁水法》中的“水域”,联邦无权管辖。为此,陆军工程兵团制定“候鸟规则”,作为对孤立湿地行使管辖权的依据。美国“孤立湿地”保护中的“候鸟规则”对我国的启示在于:(1)应从水文学角度界定孤立湿地,孤立湿地是指与其它水体缺乏联系、相对孤立的湿地,这更符合我国湿地政策的现状;(2)人工“孤立湿地”受保护,除了需满足一定的水文条件,还须是野生动物事实上的栖息地,不应限于建立“栖息地档案”意义下的野生动物栖息地或纳入野生动物重要栖息地名录的栖息地;(3)孤立的人工湿地如果是国家重点保护野生动物栖息地,其管辖权应由中央行使;(4)国家重点保护野生动物栖息地外的其他孤立湿地,面积达到35 hm2以上,也应由中央管辖。     

Spatial distribution characteristics of national protected areas in China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - This paper investigated spatial structures of 3418 national protected areas (NPAs) grouped into 13 types using GIS and quantitative analysis, including point...     

National parks in Lithuania: Old environment in a new democracy

Despite a long tradition of nature and forestry management, conservation of nature has a relatively short history in Lithuania. Most aspects of environmental management are facing considerable challenges since Lithuania's recent freedom from the 50-year Soviet regime. New democracies tend to develop new and often unpredictable ramifications for environmental management, and there is an urgent need for developing national park concepts and planning models that are responsive to the local context. This paper discusses some of the challenges encountered in developing and adjusting national park concepts. Lithuanian parks, like protected areas in other parts of the world, are characterised by the interaction of diverse natural and socio-cultural factors. This more or less unique complexity is the essence of the national park identity. Sustainable management of integrated protected area resources demands a change from the former expert-based top-down Soviet management. New models of collaborative, adaptive management will need to consider multiple values and goals and be able to function within rapidly changing political and administrative contexts.     

Protected areas in mainland Southeast Asia, 1973–2005: Continuing trends

Since the 1970s, protected area networks in mainland Southeast Asian countries have developed significantly to occupy 4–25 per cent of their respective national areas, located mostly in the mountainous domains of ethnic minority peoples. Through this process, regions that were only nominally part of national geobodies until the 1950s have become more territorially integrated. The complexity of the characteristics and geographical impacts of this territorialisation have yet to be grasped. As a step in this direction, we briefly outline a multilevel systems approach that usefully contextualizes these issues together with a historical and cartographical assessment of the evolution of protected area networks for Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Our main findings are intertwined. On the one hand, protected areas represent a new tool of state intervention in mountainous areas, clearly in keeping with past, notably colonial, actions. On the other hand, this evolution in state territorialisation and attendant power relations have disrupted, far more deeply than previous actions, the pre‐1970s sociogeographical organization in mountainous areas, where most of the region's residual forests remain.     

近30年来国外国家公园研究进展与启示

国家公园是自然保护和旅游研究领域的重要内容之一。本文以Web of Science数据库收录的近30年国外国家公园相关文献为基础,对筛选的451篇英文文献运用可视化软件CitespaceⅢ及系统综述的方法,从资源评估、环境影响、发展模式、规划、运营管理5个方面对国外国家公园研究主要内容进行述评,并对研究方法进行系统分析。最后,从国家公园立法、发展模式构建、管理内容与方法、社区参与模式与机制、环境监测与评估5个方面提出未来中国国家公园的研究方向。总体上看,国外有关国家公园的研究具有研究对象复杂、视角多元、方法综合的特征。在构建国家公园体制的大背景下,借鉴国际经验构建中国国家公园研究体系将对完善中国保护地相关研究、指导国家公园建设具有重要意义。     

Analysis of the effects of land use change on protected areas in the Philippines

Deforestation and forest degradation are the most important land use change processes in the Philippines. These processes are an important threat to the highly rated biodiversity of the country. Only a small fraction of the natural forest that once covered the country remains. In spite of different policies that aim to reduce logging recent commercial deforestation, illegal logging and agricultural expansion pose an important threat to the remaining forest areas.In this paper we discuss the role of (land use) modeling approaches for assessing the threats and trade-offs of protecting the designated nature areas. At the national level different scenarios of land use change and implementation of the protected area policy are evaluated and discussed based on a spatially explicit land use allocation model. For one of the main national parks, the Northern Sierra Madre Nature Park, a detailed analysis is presented based on in-depth knowledge of the region. The two modeling approaches discussed in this paper aim at different scales and provide complementary types of information to support the planning and management of nature conservation strategies. The combination of land use change analysis at different scales respects the hierarchical organization of the land use system and addresses different levels of protected area management. The results indicate that land use change models are useful tools to inform protected area management as long as the selection of the model approach is based on the research and policy questions at the appropriate scale.