综合多频率地质雷达天线探测活断层浅层结构——以玉树活动断裂为例

地质雷达技术具有操作性强、分辨率高、探测深度深、对地表环境无破坏和可重复探测等特点,在活断层探测中具有很大的优势。为验证综合多中心频率地质雷达天线探测活断层地下浅层结构效果,以民主村处发育的玉树活动断裂为研究对象,采用25 MHz、100 MHz、250 MHz和500 MHz中心频率的地质雷达天线对活断层浅层结构进行探测,并与探槽剖面进行效果对比。研究结果表明:低中心频率的地质雷达天线（25 MHz和100 MHz）可获取大范围内深度较深（约32 m）的活断层地下浅层结构的整体形态,从雷达图像上可识别出主断层分布范围、断层倾向及地下浅层结构等;而中高中心频率的地质雷达天线（250 MHz和500 MHz）则可获取局部范围内深度较浅（约3 m）的地下浅层结构,尤其是500 MHz天线。探测结果与地表构造地貌形态和探槽剖面地质构造一致,表明综合多中心频率地质雷达天线探测玉树活动断裂浅层结构的有效性和适用性,为活断层研究提供多尺度数据及方法支持。      

基于探地雷达的路基地下异常体全波形反演

路面塌陷及地下空洞隐患往往较为隐蔽且事发突然,造成了人们生命和财产的巨大损失,对于道路塌陷及地下空洞隐患的检测分析显得至关重要。探地雷达(Groud Penetrating Radar, GPR)因其具有精度高、效率快、连续无损、实时成像等优点,是目前城市道路塌陷隐患探测的主要方法。针对GPR传统目标函数全波形反演(Full Waveform Inversion, FWI)中激励源子波估计不准确而导致反演准确性和可靠性降低的问题,提出了一种褶积型目标函数FWI算法。对于路面塌陷及地下空洞2种情况,通过建立合成数据模型,与传统目标函数FWI的反演结果进行对比,说明了褶积型目标函数FWI算法在激励源子波估计不准确的情况下依然可以得到良好的反演结果,验证了该算法的有效性;最后将该算法用于2组不同灾害类型的GPR实测数据中,分析反演得到的地下介质相对介电常数分布情况,验证了褶积型目标函数FWI算法对于实测数据的实用性,从而为路基地下异常体探测提供理论依据。      

独立分量分析在探地雷达信号处理中的应用初探

针对探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar,GPR)信号信噪比低、背景杂波强,事先对探测目标的信息所知甚少,近乎处于“盲”状态,因而实际处理难度大等实际问题,提出了将独立分量分析(In-dependent Component Analysis,ICA)这种盲信号处理技术应用于GPR信号处理,并利用ICA中的Fast-ICA算法,对ICA法在GPR信号处理中的应用进行了初步探索,实现了GPR信号中弱目标信号和强背景杂波的有效分离,并初步解决了对所分离目标信号的正确排序,以及由ICA方法本身带来的所分离目标独立分量信号符号的不确定性等问题,使GPR信号信噪比大幅提高,从而使GPR的目标检测性能也得以显著改善。在对诸如地雷、地下管线等局部目标的时域有限差分法(Finite-dif-ference Time-domain,FDTD)、仿真GPR数据和室外试验观测GPR数据进行ICA处理后,都取得了理想的结果。      

地表起伏对地下管线GPR探测的影响

地下管线是城市的重要设施,承担着能源输送、信息传递等功能,为城市生活提供了便利和保障。探地雷达(ground penetrating radar, GPR)作为一种高分辨率、高精度、非开挖、非破坏性的探测技术,在管线测量中具有巨大的优势。然而地表地形复杂,多有起伏,对于GPR探测地下管线有很大的影响。因此,本文采用有限单元法对地下管线探测进行了数值模拟,该方法可以与非结构网格结合,更好地拟合地表起伏地形;此外,介绍了如何进行高度校正,将所得剖面数据与地形相吻合,更容易分析异常体特征。最后开展了两个数值实验,分析了起伏地表对于不同埋深、不同间距、不同材质及不同填充物管线探测的影响,为GPR数据解释提供理论基础。实验结果表明,因地表起伏原因,波形和反射波能量将发生畸变,并不能作为判断管线信息的唯一依据。因此,需进行高度校正,利用双曲线的顶点来判断管线的埋深、材质等信息。     

探地雷达技术在煤矿采空区探测中的应用

不明采空区对煤矿的安全生产构成潜在危害,而人工地震勘探对埋深较浅的采空区存在盲区。采用RAMAC/GPR探地雷达仪配备的超强地面耦合天线(RTA50MHz)探测采空区。由于煤层及采空区相对雷达探测的有效范围较深,综合考虑探地雷达的分辨率与探测深度的关系,选用合适的雷达参数和探测模式进行数据采集,并采用了VC++开发了三维系统进行了补充解释,实现了探测目标体的准确定位,取得较好的探测效果。      

地质雷达探测工程的几个问题

地质雷达(GPR)探测技术在浅层地质勘探领域广泛应用,并取得较好的应用效果.文章针对消除干扰的方法、关于防空洞探测、关于公路路面检测和隧道衬砌质量检测、地下岩溶探测等内容进行了探讨.     

管线渗漏异常探地雷达数据的电场分量成像分析

探地雷达（GPR）是管线渗漏探测的有效方法,但是当地下介质分布较为复杂时,难以直接从GPR数据剖面图中准确识别出渗漏异常区。为此,针对渗漏异常区含水量高的特点,根据反射波系数与介电常数的关系,提出了GPR数据的电场分量成像技术。利用时间域有限差分法（FDTD）模拟了不同介电参数的地质模型在GPR中的电磁波响应,由正演模拟结果可知分界面两侧介质的介电常数差异性越大反射波能量越强。最后将GPR数据的电场分量成像技术应用于某工业区管道渗漏探测中。试验结果表明,管道渗漏异常区在电场分量图谱中表现为高幅值区。      

地质雷达探测工程的几个问题

地质雷达（GPR）探测技术在浅层地质勘探领域广泛应用，并取得较好的应用效果。文章针对消除干扰的方法、关于防空洞探测、关于公路路面检测和隧道衬砌质量检测、地下岩溶探测等内容进行了探讨。     

注浆材料介电常数在雷达图像识别中的应用

利用探地雷达(GPR)方法探测软土盾构隧道盾尾壁后注浆分布效果时,电磁波在介质中的传播速度是准确识别介质界面的关键。在估计波速时常常将介质的介电常数假设为固定不变的常数,这不符合实际情况。为保证探测图像识别的精度,首次利用网络分析仪对不同配比、不同探测频率和不同龄期下软土隧道壁后注浆材料的介电常数进行了测定,对测定结果进行了基于射线追踪原理的GPR数据二维正演分析,并将分析结果与模拟的探地雷达隧道壁后注浆分布探测结果进行了比较。结果表明,针对不同的探地雷达探测频率而采用相应的介质介电常数来进行探地雷达探测图像的准确识别是十分必要的。     

探地雷达有限元数值模拟及衰减特性探讨

从Maxwell方程组出发,推导了带衰减项与不带衰减项的探地雷达(GPR)有限元波动方程。利用matlab平台编译了二维GPR有限元正演模拟程序。通过对典型模型例子的模拟分析,给出了GPR电磁波衰减比的概念及其计算公式,加深理解了GPR电磁波在不同介质中的传播特性。在GPR正演模拟中,必须考虑衰减项的吸收作用,得到的模拟结果更符合GPR电磁波在地下介质中的传播规律,更有助于理解和掌握地下介质中探地雷达波的传播规律,对探地雷达资料的地质解释具有更好地指导意义。     

Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI): a new tool for mapping the lithology and geometry of channel-belts and valley-fills

Efforts to map the lithology and geometry of sand and gravel channel‐belts and valley‐fills are limited by an inability to easily obtain information about the shallow subsurface. Until recently, boreholes were the only method available to obtain this information; however, borehole programmes are costly, time consuming and always leave in doubt the stratigraphic connection between and beyond the boreholes. Although standard shallow geophysical techniques such as ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and shallow seismic can rapidly obtain subsurface data with high horizontal resolution, they only function well under select conditions. Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI) is a recently developed shallow geophysical technique that rapidly produces high‐resolution profiles of the shallow subsurface under most field conditions. ERGI uses measurements of the ground's resistance to an electrical current to develop a two‐dimensional model of the shallow subsurface (<200 m) called an ERGI profile. ERGI measurements work equally well in resistive sediments (‘clean’ sand and gravel) and in conductive sediments (silt and clay). This paper tests the effectiveness of ERGI in mapping the lithology and geometry of buried fluvial deposits. ERGI surveys are presented from two channel‐fills and two valley‐fills. ERGI profiles are compared with lithostratigraphic profiles from borehole logs, sediment cores, wireline logs or GPR. Depth, width and lithology of sand and gravel channel‐fills and adjacent sediments can be accurately detected and delineated from the ERGI profiles, even when buried beneath 1–20 m of silt/clay.     

Buried pipe detection by ground penetrating radar using the discrete wavelet transform

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used for non-invasive examination of man-made structures, especially to determine the depth of pipes buried underground. Unfortunately, shallower objects may obscure GPR raw data that is reflected from deeper ones. This study introduces a signal processing technique, called the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), to filter and enhance the GPR raw data in order to obtain higher quality profile images. Laboratory experiments were conducted and the locations of buried pipes under different conditions were analyzed. The buried pipes were made of plastic and metal, and both single and two parallel horizontal pipes are discussed. The experimental results indicate that the DWT profiles can provide more information than the traditional GPR profile. The images of the diameter and position of pipes, even two pipes of different materials and in horizontal alignment, can be enhanced by using the DWT profile.     

Background of ground penetrating radar measurements

Characterization of the shallow subsurface (0.25 to 10 m) is of growing importance for engineering activities, solutions of environmental problems, and archaeological investigations. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an appropriate technique considering the depth range of interest, the strength of electric and magnetic contrasts between different subsurface layers and buried objects, and the required resolution. GPR surveys can detect subsurface structures by recording electromagnetic reflections from discontinuities. The detectability of objects and the delineation of subsurface structures increases with increasing wave velocity and conductivity differences between the object and its surroundings or between adjacent layers. However, unwanted reflections from objects above the surface influence the images. Shielded antennas can be used to avoid strong reflections from these objects. The data thus obtained are, however, more difficult to interpret. The fundamentals of GPR and two different acquisition setups for a GPR system are discussed. Basic interpretation tools for travel-time and velocity estimation are described, and finally, case studies are presented, followed by conclusions.     

Exploration of underground strata conditions for a traffic bypass tunnel using ground penetrating radar system – a case study

A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was carried out in connection with the construction of a traffic bypass tunnel between Saraikale Khan and Dr. Zakir Hussain Marg in Delhi. Five boreholes were drilled in this area to correlate and confirm the GPR signatures with borehole data. This Note covers the correlation of the borehole data with GPR signature to explore the real subsurface strata conditions for the construction of the bypass tunnel.     

GPR studies over the tsunami affected Karaikal beach,Tamil Nadu,south India

In this study, results of GPR profiling related to mapping of subsurface sedimentary layers at tsunami affected Karaikal beach are presented . A 400 MHz antenna was used for profiling along 262 m stretch of transect from beach to backshore areas with penetration of about 2.0 m depth (50 ns two-way travel time). The velocity analysis was carried out to estimate the depth information along the GPR profile. Based on the significant changes in the reflection amplitude, three different zones are marked and the upper zone is noticed with less moisture compared to other two (saturated) zones. The water table is noticed to vary from 0.5 to 0.75 m depth (12–15 ns) as moving away from the coastline. Buried erosional surface is observed at 1.5 m depth (40–42 ns), which represents the limit up to which the extreme event acted upon. In other words, it is the depth to which the tsunami sediments have been piled up to about 1.5 m thickness. Three field test pits were made along the transect and sedimentary sequences were recorded. The sand layers, especially, heavy mineral layers, recorded in the test pits indicate a positive correlation with the amplitude and velocity changes in the GPR profile. Such interpretation seems to be difficult in the middle zone due to its water saturation condition. But it is fairly clear in the lower zone located just below the erosional surface where the strata is comparatively more compact. The inferences from the GPR profile thus provide a lucid insight to the subsurface sediment sequences of the tsunami sediments in the Karaikal beach.     

基于速度分析的探地雷达阻抗介电常数反演

阻抗反演是利用波阻抗与介电常数关系开展地下介质参数估计的重要技术,在探地雷达以及叠后地震资料解释中具有广泛的应用。常规阻抗反演需要钻孔或测井曲线作为约束项,约束项信息直接影响阻抗反演的估计精度。在缺少钻孔数据的实际应用中,如何开展探地雷达阻抗反演是该方法研究的重要内容之一。基于上述问题,本文提出了基于速度分析的探地雷达阻抗反演方法。其基本思想是基于多偏移距雷达数据开展速度谱分析和Dix反演,以获得不同深度的速度信息作为阻抗反演的约束项;同时,采用K-means方法自动拾取速度谱信息,大大降低了常规人工拾取误差,提高了计算效率。通过典型随机土壤介质模型,验证了本文方法在无钻孔条件下仍然可以获得较好的介电常数估计结果,并测试噪声适应能力强。最后通过美国密歇根州Wurtsmith AFB,in Oscoda区域的探地雷达数据测试了本文提出方法在探地雷达实测数据参数估计中具有较好的应用效果。     

Ground-penetrating radar detection of small-scale channels,joints and faults in the unconsolidated sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain

The geological characterization of the shallow subsurface in the unconsolidated sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and other unconsolidated sediment regimes, may involve jointing, faulting, and channeling not readily detectable by conventional drilling and mapping. A knowledge of these features is required in environmental, geotechnical, and geomorphological studies. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) may be used to routinely map these structures. Three principal shallow subsurface features are readily detectable using GPR: paleochannels, joints or fractures, and faults. The detection of paleochannels is dependent on the scale of the GPR survey and the attitude of the channel within the survey area. Channel morphological features such as scour surfaces, point bars, and thalwegs are observable. Joints and fractures are more difficult to detect depending upon size, patterns, orientation, and fill material. Vertical joints may not be visible to radar unless they are wider than the sampling interval or are filled with radar-opaque materials such as limonite. Angled joints or fractures may be distinguished by an apparent continuous reflector on the radar profile. Faulting on radar profiles may be observed by the offset of reflectors, the image of the fault plane, or the coherent interpretation of a fault system.     

不同物理和几何参数条件下滑坡要素的地质雷达探测响应研究

利用改进的时域有限差分算法,对不同物理和几何参数条件下各种滑坡要素组成的综合模型进行数值模拟,研究滑带厚度、滑带充填介质、滑体岩土类型、滑坡裂缝等的地质雷达探测响应效果。研究结果表明,具有各自物理和几何参数的滑坡要素与地质雷达响应特征之间存在一一对应的数学关联,通过这种关联可以从野外实测数据中有效提取和判读滑坡要素的类型及物理几何特性,为滑坡稳定性评价提供地球物理依据。为了展示该研究成果的适用性,以三峡库区将军滩滑坡的地质雷达野外实测数据为例进行解释推断,成功识别出滑坡体的滑带埋深及分布、滑体的裂缝发育程度等情况,为评价滑坡稳定性,合理优化滑坡治理方案提供了科学参考。     

Estimating geometrical parameters of cylindrical targets detected by ground-penetrating radar using template matching algorithm

In the current research, the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method has been employed to identify physical and geometrical parameters of buried cylindrical structures using the pattern recognition approach. To achieve this goal, the well-established mathematical relationships between geometrical parameters of cylindrical target (radius, burial depth, and horizontal location) and the associated GPR hyperbolic response characteristics are employed using the template matching method. In order to validate the applicability of the template matching method in providing estimates of such parameters, the method is first examined on GPR responses of synthetic models with known geometrical parameters followed by applying on real data using two different similarity criteria including 2-D spatial convolution and normalized cross correlation in the wave number domain. In the first step, the GPR responses of 71 synthetic models encompassing one, two, and three horizontal cylinders were produced using the improved 2-D finite difference in frequency domain. Then, appropriate preprocessing sequences to reduce random noise caused by forward modeling were applied on synthetic data. The proposed algorithm applied on several synthetic model responses could estimate the known geometrical parameters of the buried cylinders with acceptable accuracy (maximum error of 15%). The template matching algorithm was also used to extract geometrical parameters of water and wastewater pipes buried in Imam Hossein Square, Isfahan city, as real GPR data. Depending on environmental conditions and subsurface host formation, the real GPR data normally contain a variety of noises; therefore, a series of appropriate objective preprocessing and processing stages were designed in order to apply on real GPR images before deploying template matching algorithm. The applicability of the template matching algorithm on real data and validity of the estimated parameters were proved based on assessing the accuracy of the estimated geometrical parameters of respective pipes through GPR response versus the measured parameters. The proposed algorithm was designed in such a way that all steps of estimating geometrical parameters of buried cylindrical targets are automatically carried out.