冈底斯成矿带东段矿床成矿系列及找矿突破的关键问题研究

冈底斯成矿带是我国最重要的资源接续基地之一,其中冈底斯岩浆弧(III43)是最重要的Ⅲ级成矿带,研究程度最高在拉孜县-工布江达县长约600km、宽约90km范围内,已发现并评价了5个超大型矿集区:雄村铜金矿集区,厅宫-冲江铜多金属矿集区,甲玛-驱龙-邦铺铜多金属矿矿集区,蒙亚啊-洞中拉-亚贵拉多金属矿集区,程巴-努日钨钼铜矿集区。根据近年来的研究成果,厘定出与海西期火山作用、海西期裂谷构造有关的铅锌银矿床成矿系列组、印支-燕山期与沉积-构造岩浆作用有关的铜、金、铁、铅锌、银、钼矿床成矿系列组以及冈底斯成矿带内喜山期与构造岩浆、沉积作用有关的铜、金、铁、铅锌、银、钼、钨、铀、盐类矿床成矿系列组,包括6个矿床成矿系列和10个成矿亚系列。主要的矿床成矿亚系列为:与早侏罗世-晚侏罗世岛弧型中酸性火山岩-浅成岩建造有关的铜、金、银、铅锌矿床成矿亚系列,成矿年龄173～160Ma,雄村外围和拉萨以东广泛分布的叶巴组分布区是其主要找矿远景区;与古新世-始新世中酸性火山-中浅成岩浆建造有关的铅锌、银、钼、钨、铁矿床成矿亚系列(沙让式、亚贵拉式、洞中拉式),成矿年龄在65～38Ma,林周盆地-南木林盆地及其北侧的隆格尔断隆带是主要的找矿远景区;与中新世中酸性浅成岩浆建造有关的铜、钼、铅锌、钨、金、银矿床成矿亚系列(驱龙式、甲玛式、冲江-厅宫式、朱诺式、邦铺式),成矿年龄17～13Ma,冈底斯成矿带东段中带是主要的找矿远景区,尤其是含矿斑岩体接触带的矽卡岩型铜多金属矿,如新发现的普桑果矽卡岩型铜铅锌矿。成矿元素从南往北的分布规律为Cu-Au(斑岩型)→Mo-W(Cu)(斑岩-矽卡岩型)→Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn(Au、Ag)(斑岩-矽卡岩型)→Mo(Cu)(斑岩)→Pb-Zn-Mo-W-Fe(斑岩-矽卡岩型)→Pb、Zn(Ag)(热液脉型)。成矿时代从南往北的规律为173～154Ma(雄村)→40～20Ma(努日-程巴等)→17～13Ma(驱龙、甲玛等)→65～38Ma(沙让、亚贵拉等)。冈底斯成矿带强烈的燕山晚期、喜山期的黑云母花岗岩(花岗斑岩、石英斑岩)岩浆活动控制了矽卡岩型铜铅锌铁钼矿床的分布,形成岩体中Cu、Mo、W矿化,外围接触带(0～4km)灰岩与黑色岩系的层间构造中的Mo-W-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au矿化分带,主要的含矿岩系组合是灰岩(大理岩)+黑色板岩、凝灰岩、砂板岩。主要的含矿层位为晚石炭-早二叠世昂杰组、来姑组,二叠纪的洛巴堆组、下拉组,中侏罗世多底沟组与晚侏罗世林布宗组层间构造。按照"缺位"理论预测燕山晚期-喜山早期(126～40Ma)念青唐古拉地区矽卡岩型多金属矿附近的斑岩钼(铜)矿等5种主要矿床类型和雄村铜金矿外围,拉萨以东叶巴组(J2y)大面积分布地区等4个主要预测区,提出了增生楔中的造山型金矿的找矿突破、推覆-滑覆构造控岩控矿模型的构建等当前找矿突破中的关键地质问题。     

长江中下游九瑞矿集区宝山铜多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

九瑞地区斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床是长江中下游地区Cu-Au-Mo(Fe)多金属成矿带的重要组成部分,宝山铜多金属矿床是江西省实施找矿突破战略以来,在九瑞矿集区界首—大桥背斜核部新发现的首个中型以上斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床。本文利用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年方法对宝山矿床进行了成矿时代的研究,获得了6件辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄为(147.2±3.6)Ma~(150.5±2.7)Ma,加权平均年龄为(148±1)Ma,MSWD=1.03。6件样品其等时线年龄为(148.6±2.6)Ma,MSWD=1.9,代表了宝山矿床的成矿时代,与九瑞矿集区其他斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床(武山、城门山、湖北丰山洞、鸡笼山、宋家冲、邓家山、通江岭)以及长江中下游地区鄂东南、铜陵矿集区斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属矿床的形成时代高度一致,它们均为中国东部EW特堤斯构造域向NE古太平洋构造域大转折背景下,软流圈上涌和玄武质岩浆底侵而导致壳幔同熔所引起的燕山期花岗质岩浆岩活动的产物。     

铜陵冬瓜山矿床深部斑岩型矿化特征及其与矽卡岩型矿化的关系

冬瓜山铜矿床是铜陵矿集区狮子山矿田中的主要矿床,对于该矿床中斑岩型成矿作用的研究缺乏。本文对冬瓜山矿床深部是否存在斑岩型矿体、斑岩型矿化特征及其与层状矽卡岩型矿化的关系等问题开展研究。冬瓜山矿床深部具有斑岩型矿化的蚀变类型和蚀变分带特征,矿化可分为钾硅酸盐阶段和石英硫化物阶段两个成矿阶段,斑岩型蚀变分带在空间上向外与矽卡岩化带过渡。斑岩型矿化的石英闪长岩形成年龄为140 Ma,与上部层状矽卡岩型矿化相关的石英/辉石二长闪长岩应为同期闪长质岩浆形成。深部斑岩型矿化的成矿流体具有由高温向中温演化的特点,与浅部层状矽卡岩型矿化的成矿流体具有相似的演化趋势,二者的成矿流体应该为一个热液系统,深部岩体内部流体演化形成斑岩型矿化,而接触带部位流体演化形成矽卡岩型矿化。     

老挝中-东部大型铁铜金矿矿集区矿床地质--对云南"三江"地区找金的启示

矿集区分布在NW向川塘-长山华力西断皱带南西缘，系多陆块拼接缝合构造环境。印支-燕山期-喜马拉雅期花岗岩类岩浆活动及其相关的成矿作用，通过高效率浓集机制，形成一串锡、铁、铜、金等矽卡岩型、斑岩型和热液型矿床，组成矿床系列，包括多个超大型、大型矿床。这些成因上密切相关的矿床，成矿时间显然相近，却处在不同岩浆活动阶段和不同地质环境中，矿化特征有明显差异，矿种和矿化类型在时空分布上具有规律：印支-燕山期的花岗岩侵入阶段形成矽卡岩型富磁铁矿矿床；在花岗岩浆分异演化浅成相侵入阶段，形成矽卡岩型及岩浆晚期、自交代产生的斑岩型；而最后形成岩浆期后热液型铁-金、铜、金矿床。文章侧重讨论铁、铜、金矿床系列的成矿构造环境、岩浆作用、物质来源及高效率浓集机制，对云南“三江”地区找金有重要启示。     

武山铜矿床的地质特征及成因

概述了武山铜矿床的地质特征。按矿体的空间分布、控矿因素、矿体特征,矿区可分为南、北两个矿带、三种矿体。通过对块状硫化物铜、硫矿体,含铜斑岩型矿体、夕卡岩型铜矿体的控矿因素及矿体特征、矿石类型及结构构造、矿石物质成分及变化规律、硫同位素组成、成矿温度及成矿时代、近矿围岩矿化蚀变等的研究,讨论了矿床的成矿作用。认为武山铜矿床有两个成矿期,北矿带的块状硫化物铜、硫矿体是海西期海底火山喷气—喷溢沉积的块状硫化物型矿床;南矿带的含铜斑岩矿体和含铜夕卡岩矿体是燕山期的产物。武山铜矿床是复成因的矿床。     

滇西北格咱火山-岩浆弧斑岩成矿作用

处于义敦岛弧南端的格咱火山-岩浆弧,印支期以大规模中酸性火山-岩浆岩呈北西向带状展布为特征,本文根据火山-岩浆岩的分布、类型、时代与构造环境、成矿作用等,将该岩浆岩带细分为西部烂泥塘-春都斑岩成矿带和东部亚杂-普朗斑岩成矿带,并阐述了西斑岩带岩浆侵位时间较东斑岩带早15~25Myr以及2个成矿带不同的成矿特征,提出该区燕山晚期叠加了1期广泛的钼(钨、铜)成矿作用,以S型花岗岩侵位,南北向叠加于印支期岛弧岩浆岩带上,由北而南从出露至半隐伏、隐伏状,在云南境内圈出休瓦促、热林、红山、铜厂沟等多个花岗(斑)岩体,蚀变花岗(斑)岩内发育石英脉型和蚀变岩型钼矿化,围岩中以热液脉型沿断裂带、不同岩性界面等成矿。以往研究,休瓦促、热林成岩年龄分别为84.4±1.1Ma和81.7±1.1Ma,成矿年龄分别为83±1Ma和81.2±2.3Ma.(李建康等,2007;尹光侯等,2009);本次在红山铜矿深部隐伏岩体中获辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄80.2Ma。研究认为,燕山期岩体成矿,仍然表现出岩体由内向外(由深到浅)形成斑岩型钼(铜)矿→接触带夕卡岩型钼(铜)矿→外围角岩钼(铜)矿、热液脉状铜铅锌矿等成矿系列,据此进行缺位预测,为下步找矿指出了方向。     

九瑞矿集区燕山期构造-岩浆作用及其与铜金多金属成矿关系研究

九瑞地区是长江中下游成矿带中最重要的铜金多金属矿集区,成矿作用可分为海西期喷流沉积期及燕山期岩浆热液期,其中燕山期的构造-岩浆热事件对成矿至关重要。本文在详细的野外矿田构造-地层-岩浆岩调查与分析及室内成岩成矿机理研究基础上,对九瑞矿集区构造系统、岩浆系统和成矿系统进行了综合研究。梳理厘定出该区主要控岩成矿断裂构造为NEE（近EW）向脆韧性走向叠掩逆冲断裂带和SN（近SN）向张扭性横向破碎断裂带。两组断裂形成“井”字形的构造格架,制约着该区的岩浆岩分布并与成矿密切相关。区内岩浆岩种类繁多,与成矿有关的主要是花岗闪长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩。两类岩体侵位的时期都集中在燕山早中期（138~148Ma）。其产状一般为岩株、岩锥、岩枝和岩墙等。岩枝、岩墙多沿NEE向逆冲断层带,尤其是沿其特有的“Y”字形断裂分布。而与成矿关系最为密切的岩株、岩锥则都侵位于NEE向和SN向断裂的交汇处。本文特别强调前人关注不够的SN（近SN）向张裂带及其控岩成矿作用。在本区确定的4组SN向张扭性带中,其中第2组宋家湾-严家村一线同NEE断裂带的几处交汇处是值得进一步详查的预测区。九瑞矿集区矿床成因类型主要包括矽卡岩型、斑岩型（包括隐爆角砾岩型）、沉积-热液叠加改造型和热液脉型等。在不同矿区,各种不同成因类型的矿床可以叠加复合为不同的矿床式,如①武山式（沉积-热液叠加改造型+矽卡岩型矿化）;②丰山洞式（矽卡岩型+隐爆角砾岩型矿化）;③城门山式（斑岩型+矽卡岩型+沉积-热液叠加改造型矿化）;④洋鸡山式（隐爆角砾岩型+斑岩型矿化）。     

冈底斯成矿带东段矿床成矿规律及找矿预测

根据全国重要矿产潜力评价项目成矿规律研究之成果,开展综合分析,将冈底斯成矿带东段划分为驱龙-甲玛铜多金属矿集区等13个矿集区,确定了主要矿集区中重要矿床的矿床类型,总结了矿床时空分布和矿床组合等方面成矿规律,完善了矿床成矿系列、亚系列和矿床谱系,建立了中新世斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿的控岩控矿模式.提出燕山晚期—喜马拉雅早期冈底斯中部中酸性岩浆岩接触带似IOCG型铁铜金矿、早中侏罗世—中新世斑岩型铜矿外围的浅成低温热液金矿、与剪切带有关的构造蚀变岩型金矿等是冈底斯成矿带东段下一步找矿的重要矿床类型.     

紫金山矿集区花岗岩“原地重熔”成矿模式探讨

传统地质学理论认为花岗岩是由异地深熔的花岗岩浆沿构造侵入至地壳浅部冷凝结晶形成的,"原地重熔-壳内对流"理论认为熔融的花岗岩浆并没有离开源区,而是原地重熔,熔融岩浆层内的热能对流形成大规模层状或似层状花岗岩浆,岩浆层冷凝结晶形成花岗岩,花岗岩体是岩浆层界面(MI)凸起形成的。燕山晚期花岗闪长斑岩是紫金山矿集区成矿母岩,在温度差和压力差作用下,成矿元素和挥发分在MI凸起界面上部富集形成含矿流体,在沿构造裂隙向上向外逃逸过程中与围岩产生水岩反应,形成从高温到低温热液蚀变分带,而不同成矿元素则在不同温度、压力(深度)和Eh、pH区间沉淀成矿,形成罗卜岭斑岩型铜钼矿、紫金山高硫化中低温热液型铜金矿和悦洋低硫化低温热液型银多金属矿,它们是同一斑岩-浅成热液成矿体系的产物。     

江西武山铜矿区新发现钨矿（化）体特征和其成因——来自矿相学、白钨矿原位U-Pb年代学和元素地球化学的约束

钨和铜有明显不同的地球化学性质,但钨、铜在矿床中可以共伴生,原因还不清楚。长江中下游成矿带发育典型的斑岩-矽卡岩-层状铜（钨）多金属成矿系统,其中层状铜（钨）矿体成矿时代数据相对较少。作者以该带九瑞矿集区武山铜矿区新发现的钨矿（化）体为研究对象,开展了矿相学、白钨矿原位U-Pb年代学和元素地球化学的研究。研究发现,武山矿床具有层状、矽卡岩型、斑岩型3类铜矿体均有白钨矿矿化,矿床整体由浅至深存在Cu→Cu-W的分带规律。3类矿石中的白钨矿产状类似,充填在粗粒黄铁矿晶体间隙,或呈浸染状分布,被黄铜矿、闪锌矿等交代,产于退化蚀变阶段;其中斑岩中还存在少量晚世代白钨矿,与石英、黄铁矿共生,形成细脉并穿切花岗闪长斑岩,为石英-硫化物阶段产物。通过对退化蚀变阶段白钨矿进行测年和地球化学研究,作者获得了层状矿体含钨黄铜矿矿石中的白钨矿原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄为（140.6±1.5）Ma,代表层状铜钨矿体成矿时代,在误差范围内与前人获得的斑岩、矽卡岩型矿体的成矿时代基本一致。层状矿体中白钨矿的稀土元素特征和Sr/Mo值符合岩浆热液矿床特征,相比矽卡岩型、花岗岩型白钨矿,层状矿体中白钨矿具有明显较低Mo含量,反映了形成于相对低氧逸度条件;另外,层状矿体中白钨矿具有正Eu异常和与围岩相近的高Y/Ho值的特征,推测其是流体充分交代了含碳围岩地层导致流体性质的明显改变,并且有利于白钨矿和黄铁矿的沉淀,可从深部黄龙组层间部位形成钨品位更富的黄铁矿矿石得到佐证。文章从白钨矿角度证实层状矿体是斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统的重要组成部分,提出在九瑞矿集区已知铜矿床的深部,尤其是燕山期中酸性侵入岩与含碳质碳酸盐岩的接触带及黄龙组层位,是寻找富钨矿体的新找矿方向。白钨矿的U-Pb同位素定年为长江中下游成矿带层状矿体的成矿时代提供了新的可靠依据。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.