台湾北部及西部陆架之地貌与地质特征

台湾北部东海陆架分布广阔，海床平坦少有显著的海底地貌单元，接近台湾处陆架宽约 ２３０ ｋｍ，陆架边缘平均深约 １２０ ｍ，反映了 １５０００ ａ前末次冰期盛期的效应．东海陆架内外海伸展，呈现陆架－陆坡－海盆的水深剖面，代表被动大陆边缘．陆架的上新世－第四纪岩层主要由浅海沉积物组成，沈积物完全来自大陆，区域倾斜沉降与浅海堆积作用，造成一个向东增厚的沉积契形体． 台湾海峡陆架的发育有两个阶段，古新世至中新世张裂大陆边缘的形成，上新世－第四纪转变为前陆盆地．前陆区域地壳弯曲沉降，伴随着源自台湾造山带的沉积物堆积，形成今日的台湾海峡前陆陆架．末次冰期，海平面下降，对改变台湾海峡前陆陆架形貌的效应，大部份被前陆沉积作用抵消． 高屏岛架是一个非常小的平台，长约 １００ ｋｍ，宽约 ２０ ｋｍ，深约 ８０ ｍ．它位于台湾岛的边缘，属于岛屿陆架．高屏岛架的地貌及地质环境主要反映一个早期充填不足的前陆盆地． 沿着台湾造山带由北而南，由被动大陆边缘陆架（东海陆架）转变成前陆陆架（台湾海峡陆架），南部变成岛架（高屏岛架）．台湾地区陆架的转变主要成因于上新世一第四纪期间，吕宋岛弧北端与欧亚大陆东缘的碰撞．台湾造山带的隆起、前陆地壳弯曲沉降、前陆盆     

华北山地地貌面与新生代构造运动

华北山地有三期山地夷平面，四期河流阶地面。表明新生代地壳运动具有垂直差异性质。以上升运动为主，平均升幅１７００ｍ，速度０．０３１ｍｍ／ａ。以第四纪为最大。全区新地壳构造形迹可划分为３大类，８亚类和３２个小类。在新生代构造运动中，又划分出第四纪以来的新构造运动和晚更新世以来的最新构造运动。     

临汾盆地赤峪断裂的活动性研究及有关问题讨论

赤峪断裂是临汾盆地北部第四纪隆起区一系列北北东向断裂中的主要断裂,形成于燕山运动,上新世末及中更新晚期有过两次强烈活动.最新的一次活动在晚更新世中晚期,晚更新世末至全新世该断裂趋于稳定.研究认为,1303年洪洞8级地震与该断裂无关.     

兰州市孔家崖断裂活动特征

主要根据调查资料及电测深、钻探资料论述了孔家崖断裂的展布以及第四纪以来不同地质时期活动特征．早更新世以来该断裂的平均倾滑速率为０．１７～０．２１ｍｍ／ａ,全新世以来平均倾滑速率为０．２ｍｍ／ａ．根据该断裂的展布及活动特征对某场区的工程建设提出了一些建议．     

祁连山西段酒西盆地区阶地构造变形的研究

对祁连山西段酒西盆地晚第四纪阶地的研究表明,该区早第四纪以挤压褶皱、逆冲为特征的构造变形在晚更新世期间乃至全新世仍继承性地进行着,表现为横穿褶皱和逆断裂带的河流及冲沟阶地面的形成、阶地类型的转变、阶地级数的增多和阶地面被断错或发生拱曲变形．其中祁连山北缘大断裂晚更新世晚期以来的垂直运动速率约为１．９２～２．００ｍｍ／ａ．老君庙背斜逆断裂带在晚更新世初以来的垂直运动速率约为１．１５～２．５６ｍｍ／ａ．白杨河背斜逆断裂带晚更新世初以来的垂直运动速率约为０．３２～０．５８ｍｍ／ａ．     

东亚北部地区现代板块构造的运动学分析

从原欧亚板块划出阿穆利亚微板块,并建立一个包括太平洋、北美、欧亚、鄂霍次克及菲律宾海等板块在内的６板块系统,利用地震滑移矢量,转换断层走向,洋中脊扩展速率,以及最新的ＧＰＳ观测资料,采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ盒子法,反演得到该６板块系统的欧拉运动矢量．本文得到的有关欧拉矢量为：ＡＭ-ＥＵ（６０．４２°Ｎ,１２３．２５°Ｅ,０．０２５°／Ｍａ）,ＡＭ-ＯＫ（５３．２０°Ｎ,１４１．９５°Ｅ,０．４７６°／Ｍａ）以及ＡＭ-ＰＨ（５０．８４°Ｎ,１５８.１３°Ｅ,１.２０４°／Ｍａ）,ＡＭ－ＥＵ的欧拉运动极点位于贝加尔隆起的东北及斯塔诺夫山脉的西北,并给出在贝加尔隆起有０．４－０．７ｍｍ／ａ的扩张,与从地质学证据得到的估计结果一致;由ＡＭ－ＯＫ及ＡＭ－ＰＨ欧拉运动矢量可以分别得到日本海东缘的６-１５ｍｍ／ａ及日本南海地槽带的５１－６６ｍｍ／ａ收敛速率,与最新的ＧＰＳ观测结果并不一致．因此,东亚北部地区存在独立的南中国微板块及其它亚尺度的微板块,可以更好地描述该地区现今板块构造的运动规律．     

华北山地的水系变迁与新构造运动

华北山地的水系在第四纪有过重大变迁。其变过时段主要发生在早更新世早期和晚更新世早期，其次是早全新世和晚全新世。变迁方式主要是河流自下游面上游的溯源侵蚀袭夺，且袭夺点逐渐向下游移动；其次是断陷盆地的阻隔与诱导。变迁方向多是东西向河道袭夺南北向河道，使河流向东改道。目前许多河流仍处在进一步袭夺中，从而可看出，华北山地的水纱变迁严格受新构造运动控制，且以断块差异活动为主，水系变迁方向可能与青藏高原在第四纪强烈隆起和太行山，燕山在第四纪迅速抬升有关。     

新疆河谷阶地的年代

对新疆阿尔泰山,西准噶尔山地,天山南北及昆仑山２６条河流河谷阶地的年代学研究表明：高河漫滩主要形成于晚全新世时期３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．;Ｉ级阶地形成于中全新世时期６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．;Ⅱ和Ⅲ级形成于晚更新晚期１３０００～３４０００ａＢ．Ｐ;Ⅳ级以上阶地形成于晚更新世早期６７０００～９５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．。这些地貌面的年代是第四纪重要地质事件出现的时期。阶地高出河床的高度（Ｈ）与其相应的形成年代（Ａ）有较好     

山西高原北部地壳上地幔地震波速结构与深部构造

对自河北文安经山西大同至内蒙古岱海的宽角反射／折射地震剖面资料进行了详细的研究。结果表明，地壳厚度由太行山山前地带的３６．０ｋｍ向山西高原增厚至４４．０ｋｍ。在太行山山前基底断裂、紫荆关断裂的下方和大同盆地的东侧存在着延伸至莫霍面的断裂带；太行山隆起区上地幔顶部的速度偏高，太行山山前地带和大同震区上地壳的下部有强烈的速度反转，大同地震与这里的异常的壳幔构造有关，太行山山前地带存在着发生潜在地震的深部构造条件     

Ge湖氮,磷平衡研究

Ｇｅ湖位于江苏省常州市西南１３ｋｍ处，水面面积１６４ｋｍ＾２，平均水深１．２６ｍ，是太湖湖洋的重要组成部分。其氮、磷平衡研究结果表明：①入湖氮、磷总量分别为４１２０．２９ｔ／ａ和２７０．０３ｔ／ａ；其中以河道入湖量最大，分别占入湖总量的７１．９％和５７．１％，其次是养殖投饵，分别占入湖总量的１２．４％和２９．９％；氮、磷的滞留系数分别为０．３６和０．３５，年滞留量分别为１４８１．６ｔ和９４．８２ｔ     

Mountain bedload yields in the United Kingdom: Further information from undisturbed fluvial environments

Further medium-term estimates of bedload yield are derived from gravel traps formerly operated to keep watercourses open in the Lake District of England. They are compared with the results presented by Richards and McCaig (preceding communication).     

The relationship between geology and landforms along a coastal mountain front,northern Calabria,Italy

The geomorphology of the central Coastal Range, a north-south trending horst along the west coast of northern Calabria, is governed largely by major faults, fault scarps and the distribution of principal rock types, as well as by a variety of slope processes operative in a Mediterranean climate. Segments of the major rivers and streams have three principal orientations parallel to major faults in the study area: northwest right-oblique slip faults (oldest); E-W oblique slip faults; NE left-oblique slip faults; and north-south right oblique normal faults (youngest), all of which cut pre-Tertiary metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic limestone, Miocene molasse and calcarenite. Small, underfit alluvial fans, composed chiefly of locally derived debris flow detritus, are present at the mouths of large, west-flowing canyons, some of which reach eastward to the crest of the mountain range. Not only do the north-south normal faults displace rocks and structures of all orientations, but they also make steep scarps in the small alluvial fans and in sediments of the coastal plain. Locally, some of the scarps are buried by recent debris flow deposits. Incipient young rivers utilized the weaknesses along the major faults and cracks as avenues of erosion. Smaller streams and gullies generally flowed westward downflank of the north-trending horst and incised, thereby, deep, V-shaped canyons; some of them have captured older, SW-flowing canyons. Locally, they were guided in other directions where they encountered faults or tectonic fractures. The rocks present a varied resistance to erosion, depending upon the degree of cementation by groundwater salts, upon the orientation of the foliation, and upon the rocks themselves. Thus, mica schist with a relatively flat foliation forms nearly vertical sea cliffs, but the sea cliffs are more gentle where the foliation is steep or dips towards the sea. Therefore, downslope movements are facilitated by seaward slip on foliation, schistosity, bedding and fault surfaces, and are evinced especially by large and deep pre-Holocene landslides (Sackung) in phyllite having areal dimensions up to 2 Km². Other downslope processes include surficial creep and soil slip, particularly of highly fractured phyllite and schist, block sliding and rock falls.     

Can be the environmental and biotic factors responsible for macroinvertebrate communities’ alterations in Portuguese alpine ponds?

Alpine ponds are shallow waterbodies formed in alpine zones characterized by usual pristine conditions, however subject to harsh conditions that enable the emergence of unique communities with high conservational value. Therefore, it is important to gather information about these ecosystems and understand the changes in the biota. This work aimed to use Portugal’s alpine ponds as a case of study in assessed the macroinvertebrates communities in the Mediterranean ecozone. To fulfill this goal, we aimed to understand the alterations on macroinvertebrates community and how are they modulated by environmental variables. Five alpine ponds in Serra da Estrela (Portugal) were studied for one year. Macroinvertebrate communities and physical and chemical water parameters were determined in June/16, October/16, and April/17. Water chemistry values were similar to other studied lentic waterbodies in alpine zones in Europe, with slightly acidic water and low conductivity. Although accentuated macroinvertebrates differences between ponds, no significant differences in diversity were recorded, indeed the main differences recorded were influenced by ponds habitat types and environmental variables. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed differences in the communities between ponds, namely the high influence of several physical and chemical parameters (conductivity, phosphate content, and pH) in the macroinvertebrates community composition. Indeed, Spearman’s correlation revealed significant interaction in diversity, abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates and several physical and chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen and nitrates concentration).     

Carbon cycling of alpine tundra ecosystems on Changbai Mountain and its comparison with arctic tundra

The alpine tundra on Changbai Mountain was formed as a left-over ‘island’ in higher elevations after the glacier retrieved from the mid-latitude of Northern Hemisphere to the Arctic during the fourth ice age. The alpine tundra on Changbai Mountain also represents the best-reserved tundra ecosystems and the highest biodiversity in northeast Eurasia. This paper examines the quantity of carbon assimilation, litters, respiration rate of soil, and storage of organic carbon within the alpine tundra ecosystems on Changbai Mountain. The annual net storage of organic carbon was 2092 t/a, the total storage of organic carbon was 33457 t, the annual net storage of organic carbon in soil was 1054 t/a, the total organic carbon storage was 316203 t, and the annual respiration rate of soil was 92.9% and was 0.52 times more than that of the Arctic. The tundra-soil ecosystems in alpine Changbai Mountain had 456081 t of carbon storage, of which, organic carbon accounted for 76.7% whereas the mineral carbon accounted for 23.3%.     

Reflection of hydrostatic mountain waves from spatially nonuniform layers

Abstract

The steady, hydrostatic, inviscid, Boussinesq flow of a stably stratified fluid over a bell-shaped ridge is investigated within the framework of a linear model. The three layer model atmosphere introduced is such that the Brunt-Väisälä frequency is constant in each layer but the interfaces of the middle layer are allowed to vary gently in the cross-ridge direction. In essence, the model can be tuned in both vertical and horizontal directions. These cross-ridge variations can produce significant differences in both the cross-ridge surface wind and the surface drag compared to the response obtained by use of a horizontally uniform reflecting layer. These changes are sensitive to both the vertical location of the middle layer and to the slope of its lower interface at the ridge crest. Many of these features are explained by means of a conventional layered-model analysis.     

STEP-POOL MORPHOLOGY IN HIGH-GRADIENT STREAMS

l 1NTRODUCTIONGravel bed rivers are found in man parts of the worid, mpically in moUntainous regions with highgradients and seasonally high flows. These rivers are imPotalt in contrlling flood waters from sPringrunoff in regions such as the Pacific Northwest, Where heaVy snowfall can be followed by equally heaVyranfall. The combination of high stream gradient and high discharge causes significant erosion of thebed and bank of the strCam, in some cases moving large boulders with ease.It…     

The influence of debris flows on channels and valley floors in the Oregon Coast Range,U.S.A.

Debris flows are one of the most important processes which influence the morphology of channels and valley floors in the Oregon Coast Range. Debris flows that initiate in bedrock hollows at heads of first-order basins erode the long-accumulated sediment and organic debris from the floors of headwater, first- and second-order channels. This material is deposited on valley floors in the form of fans, levees, and terraces. In channels, deposits of debris flows control the distribution of boulders. The stochastic nature of sediment supply to alluvial channels by debris flows promotes cycling between channel aggradation which results in a gravel-bed morphology, and channel degradation which results in a mixed bedrock- and boulder-bed morphology. Temporal and spatial variability of channel-bed morphology is expected in other landscapes where debris flows are an important process.     

白头山火山地震特征

白头山火山地震分为四种类型,其地震特点是频度高、强度低震源集中。活动强度在时间分布上具有明显的规律性,虽然白头山火山活动目前处于平静状态,仍应注意监视。     

太行山山前断裂带的构造特征

据近年来的地质和地球物理资料对太行山山前断裂带做了研究 ,得到一些新的认识。断裂带开始出现于中生代 ,主要形成于早第三纪 ,由一系列NE -NNE向断裂左型斜列组成。断裂带的结构构造和活动具有鲜明的分段性 ,中北段的保定 -石家庄等断裂为大型拆离断裂 ,在倾向上水平延伸 70km左右 ,早第三纪水平拉张断距约 17km ,垂直断距 50 0 0～ 60 0 0m。断裂带基本上是发育于上地壳的拆离滑脱构造 ,不属深大断裂。它第四纪活动性不强 ,与强震活动没有直接成因关系 ,但断裂带南、北两部分与其它走向的地震构造带交汇 ,对区域地震构造和地震预测研究仍有重要意义     

青海拉脊山断裂带新活动特征的初步研究

拉脊山断裂带由拉脊山北缘断裂和拉脊山南缘断裂两条向NE凸出的弧形断裂所组成，分别长约230km和220km。它们是介于NNW向的热水一日月山右旋走滑断裂带和NWW向的西秦岭北缘左旋走滑断裂带之间的一个大型挤压构造区和构造转换带，也是分隔拉脊山南北两侧的西宁一民和盆地和循化一化隆盆地的重要边界断裂。沿断裂带的追踪考察，发现了其新活动的部分地质地貌证据。其最新活动时代为晚更新世晚期(仅局部为全新世早期)，性质以挤压逆冲为主稍具左旋特征。该断裂的新活动可能导致了该区20余次5级左右中等地震的发生。可以说，拉脊山地区既是反映构造活动，又是反映地震活动的地震构造窗。