五星形桩抗拔承载性能模型试验研究

五星形桩是一种新型的截面异形桩,是在圆桩基础上向内切割5个圆弧,形成截面类似五星形的一种桩型。利用自主研发的多功能桩基模型试验加载系统,砂雨法成桩,进行了4根五星形与圆形桩（周长最大化五星形桩F₁、周长面积比最大化五星形桩F₂、与F₂同截面周长的圆桩C₁、与F₂同截面面积的圆桩C₂）抗拔承载特性对比模型试验研究。试验结果表明:（1）五星形桩F₁与F₂的极限抗拔力基本相同,大圆桩C₁最大,小圆桩C₂最小。（2）大圆桩C₁的极限抗拔力是F₂的1.73倍,说明五星形截面形式对抗拔侧摩阻力产生了较明显的弱化。（3）小圆桩C₂的侧表面积是F₂的0.66倍,但其极限抗拔力是F₂的0.8倍,这进一步说明五星形截面形式对抗拔侧摩阻力有一定程度的弱化。但F₂的极限抗拔力是C₂的1.25倍,可见桩的截面形式由圆形转变为五星形可一定程度地提高抗拔承载能力。（4）抗拔侧摩阻力与上拔位移呈双曲线分布,仅需较小位移就可达到极值。     

上海地区抗拔承载力系数λ取值的探讨

对抗拔承载力系数λ进行简要评述,通过对3个工程实例的Q-s曲线进行数学方法拟合,得出其极限抗拔承载力,同时按照规范方法计算其单桩极限抗拔承载力,然后对两者关系进行比较。对抗拔桩设计中的抗拔承载力系数λ取值及桩侧摩阻力f。的取值进行了探讨,所得结论将进一步对抗拔桩工程设计提供有益的参考依据。     

螺旋桩基础抗拔试验研究

异型的桩体几何形式增加了抗拔螺旋桩的桩土相互作用复杂性,抗拔试验研究有利于了解螺旋桩基础的承载机制和影响因素。通过16次原型桩抗拔试验,实测了单桩上拔荷载-位移曲线（U-Z曲线）,该曲线表现出多拐点、渐进型特点,采用单位荷载的桩顶位移变化率、桩顶位移增量以及结合地基变形特征的方法判定了3种桩型的抗拔极限荷载。用U-Z曲线、lgU-Z曲线和P/Pu-Z曲线初步分析了桩体埋深、深宽比、首层叶片埋置深度以及叶片距宽比等参数对螺旋桩基础抗拔承载性状的影响。试验表明,抗拔螺旋桩的埋深、首层叶片埋置深度和叶片距宽比存在临界点,影响桩土的工作性状和破坏模式。     

抗拔（浮）桩的发展历程和研究方向

综述了由最初的普通钢筋混凝土抗拔（浮）桩发展到预应力抗拔（浮）桩的历程；总结了对于抗拔桩性能研究的3种方法：现场试验、模型试验和理论分析法。在此基础上为了降低成本，方便施工，环保高效，提出了一种新型的预应力抗拔（浮）桩，即部分粘接预应力抗拔（浮）桩，这将是预应力抗拔（浮）桩一个有意义的发展方向。     

多年冻土区灌注桩竖向抗拔承载力试验研究

为研究多年冻土区桥梁及建筑物桩基抗冻拔的能力和变形性质,结合青藏铁路试验段工程,对青藏高原高温细颗粒多年冻土区钻孔灌注扩底桩和直孔桩现场抗拔力试验进行了研究,得到了两种桩型在同一地质和地温条件下的抗拔承载力及变形的试验结果。依据地温测试资料的分析,给出了桩-土体系回冻时间及地温变化特征。研究成果可为类似条件下抗冻拔桩基础设计与施工提供参考。     

水泥土复合管桩抗拔设计的探讨

结合工程实例，介绍了水泥土复合管桩抗拔的基本原理和特性。为了便于抗拔承载力及经济效益的对比，在同一场地，试桩方案设计水泥土复合管桩2种桩型共6根，以及钻孔灌注桩2种桩型共5根，对其分别进行单桩抗拔静力载荷试验，通过对试验结果和基桩施工造价的分析后认为，在提供相同抗拔承载力特征值时，水泥土复合管桩上拔位移量是钻孔灌注桩的1/3，而造价仅为钻孔灌注桩的80%；管桩的顶部连接采用张拉机械套筒连接是安全可靠的。采用水泥土复合管桩以达到降低工程投资、提高施工质量和保护环境的目的。     

沉管挤密抗拔防浮碎石桩的抗拔承载力计算分析

基于现场试验检测结果,分析了沉管干振挤密抗拔防浮碎石桩在砂土中的抗拔破坏模式和应力传递机理,运用极限平衡原理研究了抗拔承载力,得到了极限抗拔承载力计算公式,并利用公式对工程实测结果进行了分析比较,表明两者较为一致。现场试验表明,未达破坏荷载前,抗拔碎石桩的抗拔承载力与变形有较明显的线性关系;抗拔碎石桩破坏性状明显,能明确得到抗拔碎石桩的破坏荷载。     

基于极限承载力试验的扩底抗拔桩承载特性数值模拟分析

基于天津于家堡南地下车库工程扩底桩抗拔极限承载力试验,结合数值模拟手段对扩底桩抗拔承载特性、破坏模式和受力机制开展了分析研究。计算分析表明,扩底桩（有效桩长19 m）相比等截面桩抗拔极限承载力提高约50%,材料增加仅8.5%,扩底桩扩大头周边土体提供的抗力显著提高了抗拔承载力;荷载较小时抗拔力主要由等截面段侧摩阻力提供,扩头段抗拔力占桩顶加载的比值随加载近似呈线性增加;扩底桩等截面段沿桩土界面先发生剪切破坏,扩头段周边土体后发生受压破坏,抗拔承载力达到极限;扩头段位于同一土层时,不同桩长扩头段提供的极限抗拔力相差不大,桩长越长,扩头段抗拔力贡献率越低;扩头段抗拔力主要由自重、扩头段法向力竖向分力和侧摩阻力组成,其中法向力竖向分量提供了扩头段的主要抗拔力,占扩头段总抗拔力约70%。     

支盘桩抗压和抗拔特性的研究

在前期研究的基础上,分析了支盘桩高承载力和低沉降量的内涵。通过分析得出:在轴向压力作用下,支盘承受较大的荷载,支盘力占总荷载大约60 %以上,说明在承力上,支盘力控制着单桩承载力和沉降量的大小。在抗拔方面,由于支盘上方土阻力的作用,使支盘桩的抗拔力大幅度提升。     

等截面单桩抗拔承载性状试验研究

在基坑中对等截面单桩进行了抗拔静载试验，在桩身设置应变式钢筋计，成功测得桩身各截面的应变数据。分析试验所得数据，对试验抗拔桩抗拔系数的取值、侧摩阻力的发挥、混凝土桩身的开裂等进行了探讨，相应给出了抗拔桩的设计建议。     

长江中游荆江段非均匀悬沙恢复饱和系数

三峡工程运行后,长江中游荆江河段含沙量大幅度降低,次饱和水流冲刷河床使含沙量在沿程逐渐恢复,但其恢复特点由于沿程床沙组成差异而有所不同。本文基于Markov随机过程及泥沙起动理论,推导非均匀悬沙的泥沙落距表达式;结合悬移质扩散理论,修正非均匀悬沙恢复饱和系数公式。在此基础上,基于荆江河段实测输沙过程,提出考虑床沙组成影响的分组悬沙恢复饱和系数计算方法;该方法主要与泥沙粒径、悬浮指标、床沙组成及止滚概率、止悬概率等因素有关,无需考虑非饱和调整系数的影响。计算结果表明:①不考虑床沙组成时,沙市、监利站恢复饱和系数计算值均在区间0.12~0.27内变化,而考虑床沙组成时分别为0.000 3~0.171 8和0.003 5~0.157 9。②不考虑床沙组成时,分组悬沙恢复饱和系数计算值细沙>中沙>粗沙;考虑床沙组成时细沙 < 中沙 < 粗沙;除落水期外,沙市站粗沙的恢复速度均大于监利站。③沙市、监利站恢复饱和系数在各计算时段的变化过程对悬沙分组具有敏感性,其中洪水期恢复饱和系数大于枯水期、涨水期和落水期。采用河床变形方程反算分组悬沙恢复饱和系数,并与本文计算结果进行对比;通过比较分析,本文公式能够用于描述荆江河段分组悬沙恢复特性,可为三峡工程下游非均匀悬沙沿程恢复过程研究提供参考。     

温度时序资料确定地下水流速解析模型灵敏度分析

不同深度处的含水介质温度时序资料振幅比或相位滞后能用来计算地下水垂向流速,典型的解析模型是Hatch模型。为了评价Hatch模型的参数灵敏度,采用局部灵敏度分析方法确定该模型的主要影响因子及相关参数与模型响应的依存关系,再由全局灵敏度分析方法评价参数共同作用对模型计算结果的影响。灵敏度分析结果表明:Hatch模型精度的主要影响因子是测点距离（Δz）,其次是介质比热容（ρ_sc_s）和有效孔隙度（n_e）,而基准热传导系数（λ₀）和热弥散度（β）的影响甚微。基准热传导系数和热弥散度与计算流速呈负相关,其余参数则与之呈正相关。因此在实践中,需保证测点距离的准确性,而对基准热传导系数和热弥散度可取经验值。     

江西南部东坑盆地流纹岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

东坑盆地位于南岭构造带东段,其中的流纹岩为该带燕山期最早的“流纹岩—玄武岩”双峰式火山岩组合的酸性端元.主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-O-Hf同位素研究表明,流纹岩富硅、钾,贫镁、钙、钛,属亚碱性弱过铝质岩石;稀土元素富集,轻重稀土分异和铕负异常明显,表现典型的M型稀土元素4分组效应,富集高场强元素Ta、Hf、Zr、Nb、Ce、Y和大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Ba、Ga,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,具有A型流纹岩和高Sr-Ba流纹岩的微量元素特征;(87Sr/86Sr)i较高,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i和(208Pb/204Pb)i较低,εNd(t)、εHf(t)和δ18OV-SMOW较高,TDM2(Nd)和TDM2(Hf)较小.这些特征表明,东坑盆地流纹岩是拉张构造环境下源于新元古代亏损地幔和少量古老下地壳物质混合而成年轻下地壳部分熔融的产物,为早侏罗世早期南岭构造带东段处于拉张构造环境、地壳属正常厚度提供了岩石学证据.     

Geochemistry and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic composition of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) in Guyana and Guinea

The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is one of the largest igneous provinces on Earth, extending more than 5000 km north to south, on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Its emplacement occurred about 200 Ma ago, at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary, and is linked to the initial breakup of Pangaea. Two areas of the province are studied here: French Guyana/Surinam (South America) and Guinea (West Africa), in order to document the petrogenesis and geodynamical significance of high-Ti and low-Ti basaltic magmas from the CAMP.

In Guyana, doleritic and gabbroic dykes are located on the edge of the Guiana Shield, and represent limited volumes of magma. They display low SiO₂ (47–50%), high TiO₂ (2.5–3.5%) and high FeO tholeiitic trends and show variably enriched trace element patterns ((La/Yb)_n=1.5–5.1). Their isotopic signature and ratios of very incompatible elements (εNd_i=+5.8 to +4.2, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.703–0.705, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i=15.46–15.64) match a depleted PREMA (prevalent mantle)-like source. Their genesis can be modeled by ca. 15% partial melting of a lherzolite source, and a subsequent limited fractional crystallization (5–10%) or a slight upper crustal assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC, r=0.1, Proterozoic contaminant). In Guinea, in contrast, huge volumes of CAMP magmas were intruded along the Rockelides suture and the West African craton, forming the Fouta Djalon sills and the Kakoulima laccolith. The laccolith is more than 1000 m thick. These features consist of gabbros, dolerites, diorites and mafic (gabbro) and ultramafic (dunite, wherlite) cumulates. Guinean tholeiites show high SiO₂ (51–58%), low TiO₂ (0.7–1.2%) and FeO trends, with high LILE/HFSE ratios and slight negative Nb–Ta anomalies. Isotopic signatures (εNd_i=+0.4 to −5.3, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705–0.710, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i=15.57–15.66) indicate a more enriched source than for Guyana as well as a higher rate of magma–upper crust interaction through an AFC process (r=0.3, Birimian crust contaminant) and, probably, an additional upper crustal contamination for the most differentiated sample.

This geochemical study supports the prevalence in Guinea, as for other low-Ti CAMP tholeiites, of a lithospheric mantle source, previously enriched during ancient subduction events, and preferentially reactivated in late Triassic times by edge-driven convection between cratonic and mobile belt domains. A larger contribution from a depleted asthenospheric source is required to generate high-Ti tholeiites in Guyana, which may reflect the development of CAMP rifting towards the initiation of the Central Atlantic oceanic crust.     

Petrology, geochemistry and geodynamic implications of Jurassic island arc magmatism as revealed by mafic volcanic rocks in the Mesozoic low-grade sequence, eastern Rhodope, Bulgaria

In the eastern Bulgarian Rhodope, mafic extrusive rocks and underlying greenschists are found in the Mesozoic low-grade unit, which represents the northern extension of similar sequences including the Evros ophiolites in Thrace (Greece). Both rock types define a suite of low-Ti tholeiitic basalts to transitional boninitic basaltic andesites and andesites and associated metapyroclastites (greenschists), intruded at its base by diorite dikes of a boninitic affinity. Mafic lavas and greenschists display large ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment relative to high-field strength elements (HFSE), flat REE patterns of a slight light REE depletion, a strong island arc tholeiite (IAT) and weak MORB-like signature. All these rocks are characterized by negative Nb anomalies ascribed to arc lavas. They have positive Nd_i values in the range of + 4.87 to + 6.09, approaching the lower limit of MORB-like source, and relatively high (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (15.57–15.663) at low (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (18.13–18.54) ratios. The Nd isotopic compositions coupled with trace element data imply a dominantly depleted MORB-like mantle source and a contribution of subduction modified LILE-enriched component derived from the mantle wedge. The diorite dike has a low Nd_i value of − 2.61 and is slightly more Pb radiogenic (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (15.64) and (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (18.56), respectively, reflecting crustal contamination. Petrologic and geochemical data indicate that the greenschists and mafic extrusive rocks represent a magmatic assemblage formed in an island arc setting. The magmatic suite is interpreted as representing an island arc–accretionary complex related to the southward subduction of the Meliata–Maliac ocean under the supra-subduction back-arc Vardar ocean/island arc system. Magmatic activity appears to have initiated in the north during the inception of the island arc system by the Early–Middle Jurassic time in the eastern Rhodope that most likely graded to back-arc spreading southwards as represented by the Late Jurassic MORB-type Samothraki Island ophiolites. This tectonic scenario is further constrained by paleotectonic reconstructions. The arc–trench system collided with the Rhodope in the Late Jurassic times.     

Geochemical constraints on the origin of Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes from the North China Craton and tectonic implications

Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes are widespread in the southern portion of the North China Craton and can provide some important constraints on the evolution of the Mesozoic lithosphere beneath the region. Three selected intrusive complexes (Tongshi, Hongshan, and Longbaoshan) are generally high in alkalis (K₂O+Na₂O=913 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (1421.6 wt.%) and low in CaO and TiO₂ (<0.6 wt.%), with high and variable SiO₂ contents. Rocks from these complexes are all enriched in LREE and LILE (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th), depleted in Nb and Ti, have a highly positive Pb anomaly, and are characterized by lack of a clear Eu anomaly despite trace element abundances and isotopic ratios that vary greatly between complexes. The Tongshi complex has high Cs (2.68.5 ppm) and REE abundances (∑REE=112.6297 ppm, (La/Yb)_N=13.130.9) and MORB-like Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i<0.704; ε_Nd>0; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i>18). The Hongshan complex has low REE concentrations (∑REE=28.2118.7 ppm, (La/Yb)_N=4.614.7) and is moderately enriched as demonstrated by their Sr–Nd isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i>0.706; ε_Nd<−7). The Longbaoshan complex is extremely REE enriched (∑REE=211.3392.6 ppm, (La/Yb)_N=32.460.9) and has an EM2-like Sr–Nd isotopic character ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i>0.7078; ε_Nd<−11). We suggest that the Tongshi complex originated from the asthenosphere and the Hongshan complex and the Longbaoshan complex were derived from the partial melting of previously subduction-modified lithospheric mantle, in response to post-collisional lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling. The occurrence of these alkaline intrusive complexes demonstrates that the lithosphere beneath the region must have been considerably thinned at the time of intrusion of these complexes. This study also shed light on the temporal evolution of the Mesozoic lithosphere and the timing of the lithospheric thinning.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷营城组粗面岩成因与隐爆机制

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩中含有粗面质岩石,是深层天然气重要储层之一。岩心、钻井及地震资料研究表明,粗面岩具有高位喷发、低位充填的特征,在火山口附近厚度大,远离火山口厚度小。粗面岩主量、微量及同位素地球化学显示其属于钾玄岩系列,富集稀土元素,强不相容元素Rb、Ba、Th、U质量分数较高。粗面岩的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.704 321~0.705 395,ε_Nd(t)为正值（3.36 ~ 3.83）,Pb同位素比值相对集中,(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i、(²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i、(²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i平均值分别为18.43、15.51和38.23。研究表明,粗面质岩浆由区域年轻地壳组分部分熔融形成,经历了一定程度的分离结晶作用,地壳混染作用不显著。粗面质岩浆多期次喷发后形成粗面岩,热液气体不断聚集发生隐蔽爆破形成角砾,未固结的角砾被岩浆期后热液“胶结”,形成隐爆角砾岩,构成了粗面质岩石重要的储层类型。     

龙首山中段芨岭花岗岩体Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征及意义

龙首山中段芨岭早古生代花岗岩体与碱交代型铀矿化关系密切,是龙首山花岗质岩浆活动带重要组成部分,但人们对芨岭岩体的成因、岩浆源区性质以及与铀成矿之间的关系还了解得不多.花岗岩体Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究结果表明,不同期次花岗岩(早古生代第一次灰白色二长花岗岩、第二次肉红色二长花岗岩、晚古生代肉红色细粒(钾长)花岗岩)的(87Sr/86Sr)_i值均介于大陆地壳范围内(0.706~0.718),同时有(87Sr/86Sr)_i均值先升后降(0.707 12→0.710 00→0.707 89)、ε_Nd(t)均值先降后增(-7.00→-8.09→-4.65) 的特征.不同期次花岗岩体t_DM2均值分别为1 735.50 Ma、1 814.66 Ma、1 737.50 Ma,接近残留地壳年龄,表明岩体的主要物质来源为古元古代龙首山群地层,并有部分幔源组分或年轻地壳物质的加入.岩体的Pb同位素比值较高,灰白色二长花岗岩的206Pb/204Pb=18.328~19.240,207Pb/204Pb=15.549~15.619,208Pb/204Pb=38.390~39.075,μ=9.37~9.43(平均为9.40);肉红色二长花岗岩的206Pb/204Pb=30.209~43.529,207Pb/204Pb=16.097~25.076,208Pb/204Pb=39.107~39.420,μ=18.47~30.24(平均为24.355);肉红色细粒(钾长)花岗岩的206Pb/204Pb=19.071~19.767,207Pb/204Pb=15.577~25.438,208Pb/204Pb=38.682~42.593,μ=9.36~9.49(平均为9.41),显示为高放射性成因铅同位素特征,表明岩体的铅为混合来源但以壳源为主.Sr-Nd-Pb同位素对比研究表明,钠交代岩(矿石)的(87Sr/86Sr)_i、ε_Nd(t)与早古生代第二次侵入的肉红色斑状二长花岗岩极为相似,在(87Sr/86Sr)_i-ε_Nd(t)图解投影点也吻合,表明研究区碱交代型铀成矿主要与早古生代第二次侵入有关.其他期次花岗岩体同样具有高铀背景值,表明其可能也提供了一定的铀源.      

利用油包裹体微束荧光光谱判识油气充注期次

基于石油的荧光性, 通过常规荧光光谱方法, 对油包裹体的荧光光谱进行定量化描述, 利用其主峰波长、最大荧光强度及红/绿商等属性参数, 根据主峰波长与最大荧光强度、主峰波长与红/绿商的相关关系特征, 可以便捷而有效地开展油气充注期次的判识.民丰洼陷沙三段岩性油气藏储层的15块流体包裹体样品检测结果表明, 发黄色荧光的油包裹体荧光光谱结构和形态相似, 其主峰波长一致; 而发蓝白色荧光的油包裹体荧光光谱具有2种类型: 一类与黄色荧光油包裹体荧光光谱结构和形态相似, 主峰波长一致, 表现出同源特征; 另一类明显发生"蓝移", 表现出异源特征.主峰波长与最大荧光强度, 以及主峰波长与红/绿商的相关关系均表现出3种特征类型.因此, 可判定民丰洼陷沙三段岩性油气藏在其地质历史时期共经历了3期油气充注.      

硬脆性流纹岩变形分析的综合刚度法

天然岩石在压缩荷载作用下内部裂隙的闭合、张开、扩展过程直接影响岩石的力学性能。在经典移动点回归法的基础上,引入泊松比进行修正提出了一种6阶段变形划分方法——综合刚度法。不同加载路径下流纹岩的单轴压缩试验结果分析表明:（1）采用综合刚度法可以准确获得硬脆性岩石试样接触应变ε₀、裂隙闭合应变ε_c、弹性应变ε_e、裂隙稳定扩展应变ε_i、裂隙不稳定扩展应变ε_d和峰后应变值ε_f;（2）单轴压缩下流纹岩试样裂隙闭合应变达到峰前总应变的44.2%,峰前裂隙扩展应变和峰后应变均较小,脆性特征明显;（3）单轴压缩弹性阶段加卸载试验表明,采用综合刚度法能更准确剔除试样接触应变,获得裂隙闭合应变。综合刚度法更加适用于硬脆性岩石的变形分析,可以准确剔除试样接触应变并获得更准确的各阶段应变,特别是裂隙闭合应变,可以作为评价岩石内裂隙密度的定量参数。