唐山大震区深部构造的初步研究

本文介绍利用地震转换波测深法研究1976年7.8级唐山大震区深部构造的某些结果,得出了沿两条测线的深部构造剖面图。发现在极震区的数十公里的范围内,地壳和上地幔具有异常结构,在地壳中部比震区外围多出一个中间层位,埋深约12-20km,地壳上部界面向上挠曲,而莫霍面和上地幔顶部界面却强烈地向下挠曲,引起了震区岩石圈厚度的加大,在震区存在深浅不等的深部断裂。深部构造与震源分布的对比表明,唐山主震和绝大多数余震均分布在壳内中间层之上,有的甚至就分布在壳内中间层的上、下界面附近。转换波测深结果表明,本区地壳上地幔中强烈的升降差异运动可能是唐山大震的重要促发因素。     

地震转换波法探测海城震区地壳上地幔结构

为了研究地震转换波法的探测效果,增加海城震区地壳深部及上地幔结构的信息,在辽南海城震区沿深地震测深剖面布设了两条转换波测深剖面.资料解释结果表明:海城震区地壳深部为层状结构,Moho界面的埋深为南浅(32-33km)、北深(36-38km),在辽南上地幔隆起的位置及其埋深、测区的深大断裂等重要地质构造的探测效果与深地震测深方法基本一致,并获得了上地幔结构的一些信息.     

根据接收函数反演得到的首都圈地壳上地幔三维S波速度结构

利用2002~2003年中国地震局地质研究所台阵实验室以唐山大震区为中心布设的40个流动宽频带地震台站和首都圈数字台网的33个宽频带台站的远震数据,采用接收函数非线性反演方法得到其中72个宽频带台站下方60 km深度范围内的S波速度结构.根据得到的各台站下方地壳上地幔的S波速度结构,并综合刘启元等（1997）用接收函数非线性反演方法得到的延怀盆地15个宽频带流动台站下方的地壳上地幔S波速度结构模型,给出了39°N～41°N,114°E~119.5°E区域内沿不同走向、不同深度S波速度分布.由于综合了利用首都圈数字地震台网的宽频带台站以及流动地震台阵的观测数据,本文给出了较前人同类研究空间分辨率更好的结果.结果表明: (1)研究区的速度结构,特别是怀来以东的速度结构十分复杂.在10~20 km深度范围内,研究区地壳具有高速和低速异常块体的交错结构.研究区中上地壳速度结构主要被与张渤地震带大体重合的NW向高速条带和穿越唐山大震区的NE向高速条带所控制,而其中下地壳的速度结构主要为延怀—三河—唐山地区上地幔隆起所控制.(2)研究区内存在若干壳内S波低速体,它们主要分布在唐山,三河及延怀盆地等地区.在这些地区,壳内低速体伴随着壳幔界面的隆起和上地幔顶部速度结构的横向变化.(3)地表断层分布与地壳速度结构分区有较好的相关性,表明断层对不同块体有明显的控制作用.其中,宝坻断裂,香河断裂和唐山断裂均为超壳断裂.(4)首都圈内大地震的分布与壳内低速体及上地幔顶部的速度结构有密切关系.对于唐山大地震的成因,仅考虑板块作用引起的水平应力场是不够的,有必要充分重视由于上地幔变形引起的地壳垂直变形和上地幔物质侵入造成的热效应.     

大同 阳高震区及其邻区壳幔速度结构与深部构造

利用通过本区６条宽角反射／折射剖面资料对大同 阳高震区及邻区地壳上地幔速度结构与构造进行了详细的研究。结果表明,地壳上地幔速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。浅部基底断裂发育,而在其深部,根据波组特征、壳内界面及速度等值线起伏变化和低速异常体的边界等推测有３处地壳深断裂带。本区最明显的上地壳低速体位于大同—阳原附近,其南界存在地壳深断裂,大同 阳高地震群与该低速异常体和深断裂有关     

大同—阳高震区深部构造背景

利用通过本区的宽角反射／折射剖面资料对大同－阳高震区及邻区地壳上地幔速度结构与构造进行了详细的研究,结果表明,地壳上地幔速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性,浅部基底断裂发育,对应其深部,根据波组特征,壳内界面及速度等值线起伏变化和低速异常体的边界等推测了地壳深断裂带,区内最明显的上地壳低速体位于大同－阳原附近,其南界存在地壳断裂,大同－阳高地震群与该低速异常体和深断裂有关。     

南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层速度结构特征研究

本文利用重力数据采用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演了南北构造带及邻域地区的地壳厚度,同时采用体波地震层析成像方法反演了研究区的地壳至上地幔的三维速度结构.根据计算结果对研究区的地壳及岩石层结构进行了探讨,力图揭示南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层变形特征,并且对青藏高原边缘活动带壳幔构造演化的深部成因、研究区的上地幔流变性及其动力学意义进行了相应的讨论.通过分析研究表明南北构造带地区为地壳厚度剧变区,西侧为地壳增厚区,东侧的鄂尔多斯、四川盆地为地壳稳定区,而再向东为地壳逐渐减薄区.中国岩石层减薄与增厚的边界基本被限定在大兴安岭—太行山—秦岭—大巴山—武陵山一带,这也是东部陆缘带和中部扬子、鄂尔多斯克拉通地区深部构造边界的分界线,其两侧不仅浅层地质构造存在较大的差异,上地幔深部的物性状态和热活动也明显不同,这说明研究区的岩石层和软流层结构以及深部物质的分布存在横向非均匀性.中部地区和青藏高原深部构造边界的分界线位于东经100°—102°左右.     

大同阳高震区及其邻区壳幔速度结构与深部构造

利用通过本区６条宽角反射／折射剖面资料对大同阳高震区及邻区地壳上地幔速度结构与构造进行了详细的研究。结果表明,地壳上地幔速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。浅部基底断裂发育,而在其深部,根据波组特征、壳内界面及速度等值线起伏变化和低速异常体的边界等推测有３处地壳深断裂带。本区最明显的上地壳低速体位于大同—阳原附近,其南界存在地壳深断裂,大同阳高地震群与该低速异常体和深断裂有关。     

环渤海地区的地震层析成像与地壳上地幔结构

利用环渤海地区的天然地震P波到时资料，采用纬度和经度方向分别为05°×06°的网格划分，反演了该地区地壳上地幔的三维P波速度结构.初步结果表明，环渤海地区地壳上地幔的速度结构具有明显的横向不均匀性：京津唐地区地壳中上部的速度异常反映了浅表层的地质构造特征，造山带和隆起区对应于高速异常，坳陷区和沉积盆地对应于低速异常；地壳下部出现大规模的低速异常与华北地区广泛存在的高导层相对应，估计与壳内的滑脱层和局部熔融、岩浆活动有关；莫霍面附近的速度异常反映了地壳厚度的变化及壳幔边界附近热状态的差异；上地幔顶部大范围的低速异常可能是上地幔软流层热物质大规模上涌所致.     

邢台震源区及相邻地区地壳上地幔速度结构研究

通过邢台震源区的两条相互垂直的折射剖面所揭示的壳幔速度结构和深部构造显示出的异常变化，Pg波在震区表现出随距离的强烈衰减；隆尧至太行山山前地带观测到21.0 km深度上的一组强反射，而通常以强振幅出现的Pm波在该段不明显．震区的下方及其西侧，地壳呈高低速相间的结构特征；上地幔顶部的速度由华北平原向山西高原递减．地壳厚度由华北平原向山西高原加厚了11 km．莫霍面在震区局部隆起．震区的超壳断裂和莫霍面不连续地段可能是岩浆入侵的通道和区域．上地幔的隆起和岩浆的侵入是形成震区异常壳幔结构和产生扩张盆地及发生邢台地震的主要原因．      

华北地壳上地幔结构及其大地震深部构造成因

华北克拉通是中国大陆东部的一个重要的大地构造单元.20世纪60~70年代,华北地区发生了一系列强烈地震.近半个世纪以来,中国地震学家对华北地区地壳上地幔结构开展了大量的探测和研究,在地壳上地幔结构以及与强烈地震相关的深部构造环境等重大地球科学问题上取得了显著的进展.华北大震区的深地震剖面探测显示了地壳上部铲式正断层和低角度的滑脱构造与震源下方贯通下地壳直至莫霍面的高角度深断裂共存的复杂构造图像.地震层析成像揭示,华北大震大多都发生在高速与低速区的过渡带上,而唐山地震区中-下地壳存在明显的低速异常.震源区下方的低速异常带,地壳深浅构造不一致,高角度超壳深断裂,上地幔顶部速度偏低,以及莫霍界面局部隆起等,是华北伸展构造区深部孕震环境的共同特征,表明华北岩石圈结构具有高度不均匀性.华北克拉通现今的强烈地震活动性以及偏低的下地壳速度,显著区别于世界上其他稳定克拉通.所有这些都是华北克拉通破坏的重要证据.尽管深地震探测和地震层析成像研究大大丰富了深部构造和孕震环境的知识,一些深层次的问题需要进一步的研究.     

从地震折射和反射剖面结果讨论唐山地震成因

通过唐山震中的地震测深以及深反射剖面,揭示了唐山震源区的浅部及深部构造图象,它与以往的推测很不相同。 唐山东面的开平向斜属中生代构造,探测的结果表明,向斜轴是一近于直立的地壳断裂。唐山地震时的水平地形变主要是由开平地壳断裂的位移引起的,它是北北东-南南西向右旋走滑断裂。开平地壳断裂西面的陡河断层是一自地表向南东方向下插的正断层,断层倾角为26°,延伸至5km深处。陡河正断层刚好插到唐山市震中区的正下方。唐山地震时的垂直地形变主要是由陡河正断层的滑动引起的。 野鸡坨-丰台断层通过震源区的西部边缘,断层以西的第四纪沉积层,在过去一百万年间曾经沿北北东方向水平滑移15km,表明它也是一个右旋的走滑断层。但是它在近代数百年间并无地震活动,唐山地震时该断层的滑动亦不明显。 开平地壳断裂和陡河正断层在唐山地震时同时滑动,说明地震的作用力除区域水平构造力外,地壳上方还存在一个附加的引张力。在开平断裂处,上部地壳的反射面倾角杂乱,而且在它的正下方,莫霍界面明显错断,因此,地幔顶部的热物质可能自开平地壳断裂中上升。热物质产生的热应力在地壳上方可表现为张应力,而在地壳下方却表现为压应力,这与反射地震剖面图的现象相符合。开平地壳断裂中热物质的上升对地震的产生有     

THE 3-D VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE

It is important to detect the fine velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle to understand the regional tectonic evolution, earthquake generation processes, and to conduct earthquake risk assessment. The inversion of uppermost mantle velocity and Moho depth are strongly influenced by crustal velocity heterogeneity. In this study, we collected first arrivals of Pg and Pn and secondary arrivals of Pg wave from the seismograms recorded at Fujian provincial seismic network stations. New 3-D P-wave velocities were inverted by multi-phase joint inversion method in Fujian Province. Our results show that the fault zones in Fujian Province have various velocity patterns. The shallow crust is characterized by high velocity that represents mountains, while the mid-lower crust shows low velocities. The anomalous velocities are correlated closely with tectonic faults in Fujian Province. Velocity anomalies mainly show NE-trending distribution, especially in the mid-lower crust and uppermost mantle, which is consistent with the NE-trending of the regional main fault zones. Meanwhile, a part of velocity patterns show NW trending, which is related to the secondary NW-oriented faults. Such velocity distribution also shows a geological structural pattern of "zoning in east-west direction and blocking in north-south direction" in Fujian area. In the crust, a low velocity zone is found along Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone as mentioned by previous study, however our result shows the low velocity exists at depth of 20~30km in mid-lower crust. Compared with previous study, this low velocity zone is larger and deeper both in range and depth. The crustal thickness of 28~35km from our joint inversion is similar to the results from the receiver functions of previous studies. The thinnest crust(28km)is observed at offshore in the north of Quanzhou; while the thickest crust(35km)is located west of Zhangzhou near the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone. Generally, thinner crustal thickness is found in offshore of Fujian Province, and thicker crustal thickness is in the mainland. However, we also found that crustal thickness becomes thinner along the east side of Yongan-Jinjiang Fault. The values of Pn velocities in the region vary from 7.71 to 8.26km/s. The velocity distribution of the uppermost mantle presents a large inhomogeneity, which is correlated with the distribution of the fault zone. High Pn velocity anomalies are found mainly along the west side of the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone(F₂), and the east side of the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone(F₁), which is strip-shaped throughout the central part of Fujian. Low Pn velocity anomalies are observed along the coast and Taiwan Straits, including the Changle-Zhaoan fault zone, the coastal fault zone, and the Fuzhou Basin. We also found a low Pn velocity anomaly zone, which extends to the coast, in the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone at the junction of the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the west of Taiwan Straits, both high and low Pn velocity anomalies are observed. Our results show that the historical strong earthquakes(larger than magnitude 6.0) are mainly distributed between positive and negative anomaly zones at different depth profiles of the crust, and similar anomalies distribution also exists at the uppermost mantle, suggesting that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the region is not only related to the anomalous crustal velocity structure, but also affected by the velocity anomaly structure from the uppermost mantle.     

华北盆地强震的震源模型兼论强震和盆地的成因

华北盆地自第三纪以来产生不均匀沉降,形成众多凹陷和隆起.传统的热张裂模型或是拉一分模型均不适用于华北盆地.我们根据反射和折射地震探测以及地震体波层析成象的结果,说明震源区附近存在Moho界面断裂,而且有明显的迹象表明,上地幔高温物质（低速度）向地壳下部入侵.因此,作者提出华北盆地强震以及凹陷形成的新模型,即在水平板块构造应力场的背景中,上地幔热物质向地壳下部入侵,它所产生的扰动应力场不仅在横向是不均匀的,而且在垂向也是不均匀的.它能够在地壳上部产生足够大的伸张应力场,同时在地壳中部或下部产生水平切应力场.这个新模型也能解释华北盆地的地壳厚度没有减薄,而地面热流又较大的现象. 由于地壳中力学性质随深度而改变,所以强震可能是由中部地壳的塑性形变以及上部地壳的脆性断层所组成的,即所谓两层破裂的震源模型.     

唐山地震区地壳上地幔结构特征——二维非均匀介质中理论地震图计算和结果分析

研究具有弯曲介面、各向同性、完全弹性的二维非均匀介质中波的传播问题, 在一定条件下, 弹性动力学方程的射线级数逼近法的高频渐近解可以对波场作近似计算。采用标准数字程序(龙克-库塔法)求解具有初始条件的两点射线追踪, 用改进了的Euler法求解两个一阶线性微分方程计算几何扩散因子。整个计算过程由Seis83程序包实现。本文利用Seis83程序包, 对通过唐山地震区相互交叉的柏各庄——丰南——丰宁——正兰旗剖面和沧州——天津——喀左剖面的实测资料进行解释, 进一步获得唐山地震区地壳上地幔的构造特征, 以及与地震活动较为关系密切的壳内低速度层的速度分布规律。      

华北强烈地震深部构造环境的探测与研究

20世纪六七十年代以来, 华北地区发生了一系列强烈地震． 强烈地震的孕育、 发生和发展与深部构造密切相关． 近50年来, 我国地震科学领域在强烈地震的地震构造和深部环境方面开展了大量的研究． 深部地球物理探测和地震层析成像结果揭示了华北地区地壳结构的基本特征, 并在强烈地震发生的深部构造环境等问题上取得了重要进展． 本文在回顾华北地区地壳上地幔结构探测的基础上, 对1966年邢台M_S7.2, 1976年唐山M_S7.8, 1975年海城M_S7.3和1679年三河—平谷M8.0地震的地震构造和深部构造环境进行评述． 深部地球物理数据的综合分析表明, 震源下方的低速异常带, 高角度超壳深断裂, 地壳深浅构造的不一致, 偏低的上地幔顶部速度和局部隆起的莫霍界面, 是华北伸展构造区深部孕震环境的共同特征．      

大别─苏鲁碰撞造山带的地震层析成像研究──岩石圈三维速度结构

对包含大别－苏鲁碰撞造山带在内的东经 １１２°－１２４°,北纬２８°－３９°区域进行地 震层析成像研究,重建其地壳及上部地幔的三维速度图像．结果表明：造山带岩石圈速度横 向不均匀性显著;大别造山带以商城－麻城断裂为界,东侧的大别地块与西侧红安地块在地 壳速度上是两个不同的速度块体;中地壳 １５-２５ｋｍ深度范围内存在低速带,与伸展滑脱构造 有关;南、北大别构造单元之下,莫霍面下凹,地壳内发育了速度为６．５－６．６ｋｍ／ｓ、向北倾斜的 相对高速体,与超高压变质岩体相对应;在大别－苏鲁造山带下方的上部地幔中存在向北倾 斜的板片状高速体,结合已有地质、地球化学证据推测,它是三叠纪俯冲的扬子地块的残留 体;俯冲板片在深部发生了断离．本文利用地震层析成像方法揭示的造山带岩石圈速度结构 细节,对研究与地表地质有关的地球动力学无疑是十分重要的．     

辽宁及邻区地壳构造应力场及其与地震活动关系的三维有限元数值模拟研究

依据最新的辽宁及其邻近地区地壳上地幔三维地震波速结构，并考虑地质构造、断裂以及地壳深部的构造环境等因素，建立研究区的三维地质模型；结合震源机制解与原地应力测量资料，分析区域现代地应力场特征，确定了研究区的边界约束和动力边界条件．在以上基础上，采用线弹性介质模型进行研究区三维构造应力场的有限元数值模拟，探讨研究区地壳应力场的基本特征．对比分析表明，本区地壳内应力场的三维有限元数值模拟结果与已发生的地震有着较好的对应关系，并指出了值得注意的有潜在发震可能的地震危险区．      

S-wave velocity structure in Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas from joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion*

Using the seismic records of 83 temporary and 17 permanent broadband seismic stations deployed in Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas (39°N–41.5°N, 115.5°E–119.5°E), we conducted a nonlinear joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion. We obtained some detailed information about the Tangshan earthquake region and its adjacent areas, including sedimentary thickness, Moho depth, and crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity. Meanwhile, we also obtained the v_P/v_S structure along two sections across the Tangshan region. The results show that: (1) the Moho depth ranges from 30 km to 38 km, and it becomes shallower from Yanshan uplift area to North China basin; (2) the thickness of sedimentary layer ranges from 0 km to 3 km, and it thickens from Yanshan uplift region to North China basin; (3) the S-wave velocity structure shows that the velocity distribution of the upper crust has obvious correlation with the surface geological structure, while the velocity characteristics of the middle and lower crust are opposite to that of the upper crust. Compared with the upper crust, the heterogeneity of the middle and lower crust is more obvious; (4) the discontinuity of Moho on the two sides of Tangshan fault suggests that Tangshan fault cut the whole crust, and the low v_S and high v_P/v_S beneath the Tangshan earthquake region may reflect the invasion of mantle thermal material through Tangshan fault.     

JOINT INVERSION OF AMBIENT NOISE AND SURFACE WAVE FOR S-WAVE VELOCITY OF THE CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE BENEATH WEIHE BASIN AND ITS ADJACENT AREA

The Weihe Basin is the main component of the extrusion and escape shear zone between the ancient North China craton block in Ordos and the ancient Yangtze platform in Sichuan Basin, and carries the dynamic transmission from the main power source of the Qinghai-Tibet Block in the west to the North China and South China regions in the east. The basin itself plays multi roles in the east-west and north-south tectonic movement, and is an excellent site for studying the structural interlacing, dynamic transformation and transmission. At the same time, Weihe Basin is also a famous strong earthquake zone in China. Historically, there was a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 1/4 occurring in Huaxian County in 1556, causing huge casualties and property losses. In view of the special geological structures and the characteristics of modern seismicity activities in the Weihe fault-depression zone, it is necessary to carry out fine three-dimensional velocity structure detection in the deep part of Weihe Basin and its adjacent areas, so as to study the relationship between velocity structure and geological structural units and their evolution process, as well as the deep medium environment where earth￣quakes develop and occur. We investigate the S-wave velocity structure beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions based on continuous background noise data and teleseismic data recorded by 257 broadband stations in Shaanxi Province and its adjacent regions and China Seismological Science Array Exploration Project, and by adopting seismic surface wave inter-station method and background noise cross-correlation method, a total of 10 049 fundamental-mode Rayleigh surface wave phase velocity dispersion curves in the periods of 5~70s are obtained. Firstly, using the average dispersion curve in this study area, we obtain the one-dimensional average S-wave velocity structure model of the study area, and then we apply the ray-tracing surface-wave-dispersion direct inversion method to obtain the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle (3~80km) beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions. The test results of a 1°×1° grid checker board show that the recovery is good, except for the areas east of 111° and south of 32° of the study area, where there is almost no resolution. The imaging results show that the velocity structure beneath each tectonic unit in the study area has a certain distribution rule, and there is a good correlation between surface geological structure and deep velocity structure. Based on the analysis of velocity slices at different depths and S-wave velocity structures of three profiles, and combined with existing geological structures, geophysics and other deep exploration research results, we obtain the following knowledge and conclusions:1)The thick sedimentary layer covering the top of Weihe Basin is the cause of low velocity anomaly in its shallow crust, the middle and upper crust of the basin are of low velocity structure, and the low-velocity zone extends about 25km, the Moho interface uplifts abruptly relative to both the Ordos Block and the Qinling orogenic belt on opposite sides, and high-speed materials from the upper mantle intrude into the lower crust, which may be related to the underplating of mafic-ultramafic materials from the upper mantle in Mesozoic-Cenozoic period; 2)The south Ordos Block is not a homogeneous whole, the low-velocity structure of the shallow crust in southern Ordos Block is thin in east and thick in west, which may be related to the overall tilting of the Ordos Basin since the Phanerozoic, as well as the differential uplift and strong and uneven denudation of the Ordos Block since the Late Cretaceous. The crustal structure of the south Ordos Block is relatively simple and homogeneous. There is no significant low-velocity structure in the curst of the block, which shows that the low-velocity structure in the crust does not penetrate the whole Ordos block. We speculate that the southern Ordos Block still maintains the stable craton property, and has not been reformed significantly so far; 3)The variation characteristics of deep structure of the Qinling orogenic belt reflect the deep crustal structure and tectonic deformation characteristics of the orogenic belt which are strongly reformed by land-land collision and suture between North China plate and Yangtze plate, intracontinental orogeny, uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its northeastern expansion since the Late Hercynian-Indosinian period. The deep structure beneath the eastern and western Qinling orogenic belt is different and has the characteristics of segmentation. The low-velocity anomaly at the bottom of the lower crust of the orogenic belt may be affected by tectonic activities such as uplift and outward extension of the NE Tibetan plateau, and the analysis considers that there is little possibility of the existence of lower crustal circulation channel for the eastward flowing of Tibetan plateau materials in the Qinling orogenic belt. However, since the maximum depth from the inversion of this paper is 80km, which is located at the top of the upper mantle, our results cannot prove that there exists a mantle flow channel for the eastward flow of Tibetan plateau material beneath the Qinling orogenic belt.