液化地基中桩的破坏机理研究进展

地震诱发的地基液化对桩基础的破坏极大,液化地基中桩的破坏机理是岩土地震工程中的一个重要研究课题。目前地基液化时桩土结构系统的地震性态尚没有认识充分,已有的研究内容较多局限于桩身材料的强度破坏方面,难以考虑液化土体侧向流动、基桩屈曲失稳、以及土与结构动力相互作用等复杂因素的影响。本文重点加强以下3个方面的深入探讨和研究:(1)液化地基中桩的屈曲失稳;(2)液化地基中桩基破坏的数值模拟新方法;(3)液化地基中桩-土-结构的动力相互作用分析。     

地震荷载下长短桩复合地基的群桩效应系数分析

长短桩复合地基中,地震发生时,短桩在降低长桩所受剪力和弯矩影响中起到重要作用。本研究对弹性地基中的钢管桩基础实行了静态有限元分析,以及动态离心模型试验,通过桩径、桩长、桩间距等参数进行剪切波速,长桩剪力弯矩的对比分析,得到一种新的水平向群桩效应系数计算方法,并通过对模型建筑物的模拟,验证了该方法的有效性与实用性。结果表明,静态有限元数值模拟分析和离心模型试验结果有较好拟合,不同震级作用下通过该方法均能给出较为合理的系数。本文结果可为长短桩复合桩基的抗震性能提供重要参考,实际工程中,通过调整桩径,桩长,短桩数量等参数,可以提出更为合理的设计施工方案。     

水平和竖向地震作用下液化场地群桩基础动力响应试验研究

为研究水平和竖向（双向）耦合地震作用下液化场地群桩基础的动力响应,设计了可液化地基—群桩基础—框筒结构动力相互作用体系振动台模型试验。选取不同类型模拟地震波作为振动台试验激励,通过对比水平地震作用和双向耦合地震作用下土体加速度、超孔隙水压力和群桩应变等试验结果,进而分析双向耦合地震作用对可液化地基和群桩基础动力响应的影响。研究结果表明：双向耦合地震作用下,液化场地土体竖向加速度峰值随土体埋深高度的减小而逐渐增大;饱和砂土的液化效应与双向耦合地震作用和输入地震波的类型有关;相比水平地震作用,不同种类波双向耦合地震作用下群桩基础桩身中部和底部的应变峰值增大,桩顶应变峰值变化略有不同;双向耦合地震作用加剧了建筑结构群桩体系的摇摆和倾斜。研究结果对可液化地基上群桩基础的抗震设计和防灾减灾具有十分重要的研究意义。     

水平和竖向地震作用下液化场地群桩基础动力响应试验研究

为研究水平和竖向(双向)耦合地震作用下液化场地群桩基础的动力响应,设计了可液化地基-群桩基础-框筒结构动力相互作用体系振动台模型试验。选取不同类型模拟地震波作为振动台试验激励,通过对比水平地震作用和双向耦合地震作用下土体加速度、超孔隙水压力和群桩应变等试验结果,进而分析双向耦合地震作用对可液化地基和群桩基础动力响应的影响。研究结果表明:双向耦合地震作用下,液化场地土体竖向加速度峰值随土体埋深高度的减小而逐渐增大;饱和砂土的液化效应与双向耦合地震作用和输入地震波的类型有关;相比水平地震作用,不同种类波双向耦合地震作用下群桩基础桩身中部和底部的应变峰值增大,桩顶应变峰值变化略有不同;双向耦合地震作用加剧了建筑结构群桩体系的摇摆和倾斜。研究结果对可液化地基上群桩基础的抗震设计和防灾减灾具有十分重要的研究意义。     

覆水砂土场地中桥梁群桩基础地震响应离心试验研究

为探究覆水饱和砂土场地中土-群桩基础-桥梁结构体系动力相互作用规律,自主设计并制作了直（斜）群桩基础-桥梁结构物理相似模型,开展了不同地震动强度和不同特性地震波输入下的离心机振动台试验,分析了群桩基础-桥梁结构动力特性指标,探究了覆水饱和砂土地基超孔隙水压力发展规律和桩-土相互作用动力响应特性。研究结果表明：覆水的存在对地基土-桥梁结构体系的基本周期和阻尼影响很小,但会导致直群桩基础桥梁结构的振动幅值增加20%,而斜群桩基础桥梁结构的振动幅值降低10%;斜群桩基础模型阻尼比是直群桩基础模型的2倍。上覆水导致饱和砂土地基由受低频振动液化深度更大变为受高频振动地基液化深度更大,同时导致小震作用下促进超孔隙水压力发展,而大震作用下则反之。上覆水会增大桥梁上部结构的动力响应和桩身弯矩。上述研究结果可为覆水场地中桥梁工程抗震设计提供关键参考依据。     

钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日有限元方法研究

依据模拟钻井船在黏土层中插桩对邻近桩影响的离心模型试验结果,研究了通过耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）有限元计算并结合非线性地基梁有限元计算,分析钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响问题的可行性。CEL有限元方法将产生大变形的土体设为欧拉体,采用欧拉有限元方法计算该区域的变形响应,计算过程中,欧拉体的空间网格形状、大小位置保持不变,物质可在网格之间运动;其他土体设为拉格朗日体,采用拉格朗日有限元方法计算变形响应,计算过程中,物质的运动和网格的变形保持一致。运用罚函数方法实现欧拉体与拉格朗日体的耦合。通过CEL有限元计算,可以确定钻井船插桩导致的邻近桩桩身水平位移。进一步通过非线性地基梁有限元模型计算确定桩身弯矩。计算结果表明,利用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法计算出的桩身位移和弯矩沿桩长的变化与离心模型试验结果基本一致。说明采用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法分析黏土层中插桩对邻近桩的影响问题是可行的。CEL有限元模型中欧拉土体范围的设置对计算结果有明显影响。研究表明,若插桩深度小于0.75倍桩靴直径,可将欧拉土体范围设置成1.00～1.25倍桩靴直径;若插桩深度大于0.75倍桩靴直径,将欧拉土体范围取为插桩深度以下0.5倍桩靴直径是恰当的。     

往复荷载下层状地基柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析

提出一种层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩共同作用分析方法,探讨筏板刚度对桩筏基础沉降的影响,并成功预测了往复荷载下桩筏基础的长期沉降。筏板刚度采用Mindlin板理论的有限单元法分析;桩-土体系的刚度矩阵中,桩顶面-桩顶面、桩顶面-土表面以及土表面-土表面的相互作用分析采用层状剪切位移法借助层状地基的Burmister位移解求得。基于层状地基中柔性筏板-群桩的沉降计算方法以及往复荷载下土体压缩模量的衰减特性得到了桩筏基础的长期沉降预测方法。与已有文献方法和离心模型试验结果的对比分析表明,柔性筏板-群桩共同作用方法得到的沉降值具有较高的精度。     

基于有限杆单元法的斜桩受力变形分析

为探讨斜桩基础受力变形分析的理论计算方法,首先,在现有斜桩研究的基础上总结斜桩承载机制及其受力变形特性;提出斜桩简化力学模型,并假定桩顶倾斜荷载沿桩体轴向及其垂直方向分解,进而提出地基反力确定方法并推导其控制微分方程;其次,对传统有限杆单元进行改进,以考虑二阶效应及桩-土相互作用的影响,并以MATLAB为平台编制求解程序用于斜桩基础受力变形分析;最后,引入模型试验与现场试验,通过对比理论计算结果与试验实测值,验证改进有限杆单元方法用于斜桩受力变形分析的可行性,总结出一些规律性的结论。以上分析可为斜桩工程设计提供参考,具有一定的理论及工程价值。     

深厚软基上多(高)层建筑桩基础的共同作用分析

探讨了深厚软弱地基上多（高）层建筑桩基础的共同作用分析方法,建立了桩土相互作用的界面模型,采用子结构法考虑上部结构刚度对基础变形和地基沉降的影响,同时考虑地基为弹塑性的,并采用无限元法考虑远场区域的影响。通过一个工程实例验证了模型的合理性,计算结果表明,计算方法能反应深厚软弱地基上桩基础的沉降特性。     

黏土中超大直径钢管桩内侧摩阻力研究

随着当前海上风电装机容量逐渐增加,超大直径钢管桩基础得到了广泛应用。桩径的增加改变了桩-土相互作用模式,现行规范中钢管桩内侧摩阻力计算方法的适用性有待商榷。通过离心模型试验,采用双壁板桩和管桩模型揭示了黏土中有限范围土压力与不同桩径的内侧摩阻力发挥规律;采用有限元数值分析方法,开展了内侧摩阻力发挥规律的影响因素分析,建立了钢管桩内侧摩阻力计算方法,并与离心机试验结果进行了对比验证。结果表明：随着桩径增大,桩内壁土压力增大,内侧摩阻力也随之增大,并沿桩深呈指数型分布,其发挥范围为距桩端5倍桩径以内;提出的钢管桩内壁侧摩阻力计算方法与离心机试验结果吻合良好。     

Centrifuge shaking table tests on 4 × 4 pile groups in liquefiable ground

A series of centrifuge shaking table model tests are conducted on 4?×?4 pile groups in liquefiable ground in this study, achieving horizontal–vertical bidirectional shaking in centrifuge tests on piles for the first time. The dynamic distribution of forces on piles within the pile groups is analysed, showing the internal piles to be subjected to greater bending moment compared with external piles, the mechanism of which is discussed. The roles of superstructure–pile inertial interaction and soil–pile kinematic interaction in the seismic response of the piles within the pile groups are investigated through cross-correlation analysis between pile bending moment, soil displacement, and structure acceleration time histories and by comparing the test results on pile groups with and without superstructures. Soil–pile kinematic interaction is shown to have a dominant effect on the seismic response of pile groups in liquefiable ground. Comparison of the pile response in two tests with and without vertical input ground motion shows that the vertical ground motion does not significantly influence the pile bending moment in liquefiable ground, as the dynamic vertical total stress increment is mainly carried by the excess pore water pressure. The influence of previous liquefaction history during a sequence of seismic events is also analysed, suggesting that liquefaction history could in certain cases lead to an increase in liquefaction susceptibility of sand and also an increase in dynamic forces on the piles.     

Analysis of pile behaviour in liquefying sloping ground

In this paper, a numerical procedure based on the finite element method is outlined to investigate pile behaviour in sloping ground, which involves two main steps. First a free-field ground response analysis is carried out using an effective stress based stress path model to obtain the ground displacements, and the degraded soil stiffness and strength over the depth of the soil deposit. Next a dynamic analysis is carried out for the pile. The interaction coefficients and ultimate lateral pressure of soil at the pile–soil interface are calculated using degraded soil stiffness and strength due to build-up of pore pressures, and the soil in the far field is represented by the displacements calculated from the free-field ground response analysis. Pore pressure generation and liquefaction strength of the soil predicted by the stress path model used in the free-field ground response analysis are compared with a series of simple shear tests performed on loose sand with and without an initial static shear stress simulating sloping and level ground conditions, respectively. Also the numerical procedure utilised for the analysis of pile behaviour has been verified using centrifuge data, where soil liquefaction has been observed in laterally spreading sloping ground. It is demonstrated that the new method gives good estimate of pile behaviour, despite its relative simplicity.     

液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应大型振动台模型试验研究

采用大型振动台进行液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应模型试验,很好再现了自然地震触发场地液化及结构破坏的各种宏观现象。0.15gEl Centro波输入下,上部砂层局部液化,桩-柱墩加速度主要表现为低频反应,桩动应变幅值自下而上很快增大、到达地表则大幅度减小。0.5gEl Centro波输入下,整个砂层全部液化,桩被折断且加速度也主要表现为低频反应,桩动应变幅值自下而上很快增大、到达地表则大幅度减小。砂层液化与否,对桩-柱墩动力反应影响很大。     

可液化地基上地铁车站结构地震反应特征有效应力分析

采用Byrne简化的Martin-Finn振动孔压增量模型描述土体的液化特性,采用Davidenkov黏弹性本构模型描述土体的非线性特性,建立了可液化地基-地铁车站结构非线性静、动力耦合相互作用的二维分析模型,采用动力有效应力分析方法对可液化地基上两层三跨岛式地铁车站结构的地震动反应进行了数值分析,并与动力总应力方法分析的结果进行对比,结果表明：地铁车站结构两侧及底部邻近位置的土体较易液化,地基土的液化对地下结构邻近地表的加速度反应有明显的影响,且在地基土液化的影响下地下结构有明显上浮的趋势,并呈现出中部上凸的变形特征,地下结构的破坏型式为上层顶板和底板两端的受拉破坏、下层底板边跨跨中的上拱弯曲破坏、中柱的受压破坏、侧墙底端的弯曲破坏。     

基于随机地震反应的桥墩-群桩-土相互作用研究

考虑地震动的随机性,利用复反应分析技术,采用随机地震反应计算方法对某一特大型桥梁群桩基础与土动力相互作用效应进行了数值试验研究。将土与群桩体系视为一个整体进行有限元离散,采用等效线性化方法考虑土体的动力非线性性能。将桥墩-群桩-土相互作用体系与自由场随机地震反应进行比较,结果表明：相互作用效应的影响与桩土模量差异以及土体与群桩基础距离有关;软土层剪应变水平及分布发生了显著变化,群桩基础两侧附近土域剪应变呈现明显的弧形分布;地表及浅层土体最大地震加速度反应有所减小,但覆盖层中下部土体加速度反应峰值明显增大,增幅达5 %～30 %左右;此外,地震地面运动的频谱成分存在显著差别。桥梁桩基础抗震设计中应充分考虑桥梁结构-群桩-土相互作用效应。     

Numerical analysis of the seismic inertial and kinematic effects on pile bending moment in liquefiable soils

In an effort to study the seismic pile moment induced by the combined structure–pile inertial and soil–pile kinematic effects for single piles and pile groups in liquefiable ground, an extensive series of 3D finite element simulations are conducted in this paper. The roles that lateral inertial and kinematic interactions play on the pile moment are found to differ in different soil–pile–structure systems. Inertial structure force and kinematic soil displacement of the same direction could cause pile head moments of the same or opposite directions depending on the rotational constraint at the pile head. Kinematic interaction has a dominating influence on the pile moment for pile foundations with pile head rotation constrained by the existence of a pile cap, while inertial interaction is strongly influential for free-head piles. The coupling of inertial and kinematic interactions depends on the soil–pile–structure system configuration and the magnitudes of the inertial structure force and the kinematic soil displacement. Many current pseudo-static methods for calculating the seismic pile moment through summing a percentage of the kinematic induced moment with another percentage of the inertial induced moment could produce very inaccurate results under certain conditions.     

Elementary empirical model to assess seismic soil liquefaction

Liquefaction potential (LP) assessment plays a significant role in damages due to earthquake. The spirit underlying the present work is the evaluation of LP by correlating most significant parameters reflecting the dynamic response of soil with actual field behavior wherein an attempt of integrating the effect of dynamic soil properties and ground motion parameters simulating the actual site conditions is being made. Accordingly, a dynamic response–based Elementary Empirical Liquefaction Model (EELM) is proposed by processing a total of 314 reported case records covering a wide range of parameters demarcating “yes” and “no” zones of liquefaction. The method to develop the EELM essentially consists of evaluation of liquefaction potential, defining functional form of EELM representing dynamic response of soil to earthquake shaking, collection of data, computation of model parameters and formulation followed by validation of the model. The proposed empirical model though in fundamental form is found to perform fairly well resulting into an overall success rate of 86 % for both liquefaction and non-liquefaction points with significantly high success rate of 98 % for liquefied cases. Comparison of predictive performance of the proposed EELM with other approaches shows higher efficiency and thus signifies the theme of employing integrated approach.     

Influence of seismic motions on behavior of piles in liquefied soils

In the present study an analytical procedure based on finite element technique is proposed to investigate the influence of vertical load on deflection and bending moment of a laterally loaded pile embedded in liquefiable soil, subjected to permanent ground displacement. The degradation of subgrade modulus due to soil liquefaction and effect of nonlinearity are also considered. A free headed vertical concrete elastic nonyielding pile with a floating tip subjected to vertical compressive loading, lateral load, and permanent ground displacement due to earthquake motions, in liquefiable soil underlain by nonliquefiable stratum, is considered. The input seismic motions, having varying range of ground motion parameters, considered here include 1989 Loma Gilroy, 1995 Kobe, 2001 Bhuj, and 2011 Sikkim motions. It is calculated that maximum bending moment occurred at the interface of liquefiable and nonliquefiable soil layers and when thickness of liquefiable soil layer is around 60% of total pile length. Maximum bending moment of 1210 kNm and pile head deflection of 110 cm is observed because of 1995 Kobe motion, while 2001 Bhuj and 2011 Sikkim motions amplify the pile head deflection by 14.2 and 14.4 times and bending moment approximately by 4 times, when compared to nonliquefiable soil. Further, the presence of inertial load at the pile head increases bending moment and deflection by approximately 52% when subjected to 1995 Kobe motion. Thus, it is necessary to have a proper assessment of both kinematic and inertial interactions due to free field seismic motions and vertical loads for evaluating pile response in liquefiable soil.     

土-地下结构体系地震反应的简化分析方法

基于Penzien提出的土-结构动力相互作用分析的集中质量模型,考虑等价土体的层间剪切刚度与阻尼效应,提出了土-地下结构动力相互作用体系地震反应分析的简化分析方法,选取具有不同地震动特性的Taft波、汶川地震什邡八角波和松潘波作为基岩水平向输入地震动,采用该简化方法和二维有限元法对土-地铁地下车站结构体系的地震加速度反应特性进行了对比分析,结果表明：简化方法计算的地铁地下车站结构峰值加速度反应大于二维有限元法计算的地铁地下车站结构峰值加速度反应,两者的差异与输入地震动特性有关,但其随地铁地下车站结构高度变化的总体趋势较为一致;随着输入地震动强度的增大,其差异程度也有所加大。该简化方法可合理反映土-地下结构体系的动力相互作用效应,可作为地下结构抗震设计分析的一种辅助方法。