我国西部低煤级煤的液化性能

我国西部地区中新生代赋存着丰富的低煤级(R_max<0.8%)煤炭资源,且绝大部分为低灰、低硫、低磷的优质煤,这为煤的洁净利用提供了最佳的液化原料。从煤质和煤岩基本性质出发,探讨了研究区低煤级煤的液化性能。通过高压釜在溶剂和催化剂条件下的加氢液化试验可知,在氢耗量5%左右时,煤的液化转化率达90%以上,油产率达55%以上,这表明我国西部低煤级煤可作为重要的液化用煤资源。同时,通过分析影响本区煤液化性能的控制因素,发现煤的挥发分产率、碳氢原子比、活性组分含量和镜质体反射率等指标可直接影响煤的液化性能。      

煤的液化性能与煤质关系研究进展

煤的液化潜力与煤岩成分和煤化作用程度有着密切的关系,更进一步研究煤岩成分中不同显微组分对液化的影响,探讨显微组分的结构,将对优质液化煤的讦价起重大作用。煤中不同的显微组分具有不同的光性特征,镜质体反射率是划分煤阶的主要参数,但是煤的全显微组分反射率的研究把煤岩成分与煤阶结合起来,对液化煤进行综合评价。本文介绍了国外这方面最近的一些研究成果:1．镜质组和壳质组具有非常类似的转化率,但是抽提产物中族组分却存在显著的差异,镜质组主要出现前沥青烯和沥青烯,而壳质组主要出现油和气。2．低反射率惰性组显微组分虽然转化率较低,但是主要产出油和气。3．相对未凝胶化的显微组分具有较高的油产率,而较高凝胶化程度的显微组分油产率却较低。4．煤的全显微组分反射率分布可以预测煤的液化潜力。     

新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征及其研究意义

通过分析显微图像的光学性质和测定煤的反射率等方法,研究了新疆中生代煤中半镜质组特征。结果表明:新疆中生代煤中含有一定量的半镜质组;均质半镜质体占总体(均质镜质体与均质半镜质体之和)的49%~64%,均质半镜质体的最大反射率(R_max)比均质镜质体的高0.08%~0.13%;均质半镜质体的R_max介于均质镜质体和结构镜质体之间,结构半镜质体的R_max比结构镜质体的高0.28%~0.34%。由此可以得出:在三大组分划分方案中,应将均质半镜质体归入镜质组的均质体中,同时认为,按显微组分三大组分划分方案中,将结构半镜质体归入惰质组的半丝质体中更合理;在测定煤的反射率时,不能将均质半镜质体作为反射率的测定对象。本项研究结果对于指导本地区煤炭的炼焦配煤、煤炭液化和深加工利用等具有重要意义。      

华北地区煤的显微组分结焦性热台试验

为探讨煤的显微组分的结焦性，对不同变质程度煤的镜质组、壳质组和惰性组分别进行了显微镜热台加热试验．在加热过程中，活性组分经历了３个明显不同的变化阶段，即变形阶段、胶质体形成阶段以及固化阶段．随煤变质程度的增加，镜质组的初变温度和胶质体形成时的温度逐渐增大，而固结温度变化规律不明显；壳质组在低变质阶段因受热而挥发掉，但随煤级增高其变形程度减弱；半镜质组在受热过程中也有变形和少量胶质体形成，而惰性组只发生微弱变化．在低变质阶段，活性显微组分形成的焦炭显微结构以各向同性为主；随变质程度的增高，焦炭显微结构中各向异性成分比例增大     

内蒙古白音乌拉矿区6~#煤层特征及液化性能

通过对白音乌拉矿区内6~#煤层的煤岩、煤质特征的研究,初步评价了该区煤炭液化性能。结果表明:有机显微组分中镜质组含量64.11%,惰质组含量33.98%,含少量壳质组(1.91%);无机组分以黏土矿物为主。本区煤为中灰、中-中高硫、高热值褐煤。煤的挥发份高,化学反应性好,有机硫含量一般在1%以上,适合煤的液化,但从煤岩组分来看,惰质组含量较高,对液化不利。     

山西省太原组和山西组煤的煤岩特征分析

在收集和整理大量山西省煤岩资料的基础上,分析了该省太原组和山西组煤的显微煤岩组分,并对各煤田太原组和山西组煤的R0,max的变化规律进行了研究。研究表明：山西省太原组和山西组煤中显微组分一般以镜质组为主,并且有从北向南有不断增加的趋势,惰质组次之,其趋势与镜质组相反,壳质组最少;太原组反射率值在0.6%～3.9%,整体上呈北低南高、西低东高的趋势,煤级从中煤级煤Ⅰ到高煤级煤Ⅱ都有赋存;山西组反射率值在0.6%～4.2%,其反射率变化趋势和煤级赋存特征与山西组类似。研究结果为评价和利用山西省的煤炭资源提供了依据。     

硫含量对煤直接液化性能的影响

利用实验室高压反应釜,研究了榆林横山樊河长焰煤中硫含量对煤直接加氢液化反应的影响。结果表明:随着煤中硫含量的增加,油产率和总转化率均先增加再减小;当硫的质量分数为6.65%和4.37%时,油产率和总转化率分别达到最大值49.79%和86.38%;水产率无明显变化规律;除1号煤样,气产率和氢耗量随硫含量的增加而增加;煤中硫、矿物质及体系中氢共同作用催化了煤的加氢液化反应。      

新疆和什托洛盖煤田白杨河矿区煤质特征及煤相分析

据煤岩学和煤化学分析结果,分析研究区煤质特征和煤相类型。结果表明,研究区煤以高挥发分产率、低灰分产率和低水分含量为特征;显微组分以镜质组为主,惰质组次之和壳质组少见,揭示沼泽覆水较深,具相对还原的低位沼泽特征;煤相类型以潮湿森林沼泽相为主,湿地草本沼泽相次之,干燥森林沼泽相仅出现于中上部煤层。潮湿森林沼泽相和湿地草本沼泽相以相对富镜质组、具较高灰分产率和挥发分产率为特征;干燥森林沼泽相以相对贫镜质组、具较低灰分产率和挥发分产率为特征。     

中国泥盆纪煤煤岩研究

中国泥盆纪煤是形成于一定地质历史条件下的特种煤、显微组成以富含角质本为特征，其它壳质组分、镜质组、惰性组含量均低。泥盆纪煤阶的确定可用角质体荧光参数、角质体反射率及富氢镜质组的反射率。     

东濮凹陷及其周缘地区上古生界煤系沉积有机相及煤成烃潜力

东濮凹陷上古生界具有优越的煤成烃物质基础,油气生成潜力取决于沉积有机相。通过对东濮凹陷及其周缘地区煤系沉积有机相的类型和分布特征的研究,结合烃源岩生烃热模拟实验,探讨了东濮凹陷上古生界煤成烃的潜力。研究表明:东濮凹陷上古生界沉积有机相可划分为6种类型,镜质腐殖有机相是研究区主要的有机相类型,太原组下部和太原组上部–山西组下部还发育少量的含腐泥腐殖有机相和壳质腐殖有机相等富氢有机相类型,山西组上部较发育惰质腐殖有机相,东濮凹陷北部发育富氢有机相,特别是庆古2井区和毛4、毛8井区有机相类型好,而南部则发育镜质腐殖有机相和惰质腐殖有机相。不同有机相成烃潜力存在明显差异,镜质腐殖有机相的生油气潜力可与我国典型的煤成油气盆地相媲美,而富氢有机相的生烃潜力更高。但由于东濮凹陷上古生界热演化程度的差异,各个区块油气生成可能存在较大差异,毛4井区成熟度低,油气产率低;庆古2井区R_max在1.0%左右,处于液态烃类生成高峰期,煤成油产率较高,文古1井区处于成熟–高熟区,有较高的煤成气产率,但仍未达煤成气产率的高峰;南部马古5井处于高过成熟,具有较高的煤成气潜力,但由于南部遭受岩浆作用的影响,其煤成气潜力需要评估岩浆作用影响的程度。      

从各向异性壳质组的发现论壳质组在煤化过程中的光性演变

通过对我国几个典型煤田300多块煤光片的详细煤岩研究,发现煤中存在一种高反射具强烈各向异性的有机显微组分,有些保存了完好的壳质组外形和结构.可称之为各向异性壳质组,它广泛分布于长焰煤以上各煤级煤中,它的发现进一步说明了壳质组的煤化历程是复杂的。有些在煤化过程中几乎全部裂解为烃类而消失,绝大多数光性与共生镜质组同化,还有一少部分转变成了各向异性壳质组。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000879

Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin,northwestern China.The huge reserves of this high quality coal have a high commercial value.We studied the coal’s petrologic characteristics and its maceral distribution to determine the maceral’s contribution to generation of oil and gas.The results show that the Jurassic coals in the Ordos Basin have special penological features because of the Basin’s unique depositional environment which was mainly a series of high-stand swamps in the upper fluvial system.These petrographic features are a result of the development of typical inland lakes where some sand bodies were formed by migrating rivers.After burial,the peat continued to undergo oxidizing conditions,this process generated extensive higher inertinile contents in the coals and the vitrinite components were altered to semi-vitrinite.The macroscopic petrographic types of these Jurassic coals are mainly semi-dull coal,dull coal,semilustrous and lustrous coal.The proportions of semi-dull coal and dull coal are higher in the basin margins,especially in the area near the northern margin.The numbers of semilustrous and lustrous coals increase southwards and towards the central basin.This situation indicates that different coal-forming swamp environments have major controlling effects on the coal components.Another observation is that in the Ordos" coal sequences,especially in the lower part,some sandstone beds are thick,up to 20 m with a coarse grain size.The higher fusinite content in the macerals accompanies a higher semi-vitrinite content with more complete and regular plant cell structure.The fusinite structure is clear and well preserved.After burial,the lithology of the roof and floor rocks can continue to affect the evolution of coal petrology.The sand bodies in the roof and floor exhibit good physical conditions so that pore water can maintain a long-term state of oxidation,circulation and connection to the coal.So coal components remain in an oxidation environment for a long time.Conversely,in the basin center,lacustrine facies developed and peat was rapidly covered by mudstone after burial and subsequent coal beds rapidly entered a reducing environment.As a result,abundant gelatification occurred and the vitrinite content increased.Exinite often accumulated in a specific position in the coal bed.Although the average exinite content is not high on the whole,it does significantly contribute to the total hydrocarbon generation. The exinite content has been underestimated,especially the amorphous bituminous fluid and its importance is emphasized here.The reason is that the fluid flows easily into fusinite which has strong rigidity,or flows into some fissures,where it is commonly neglected.     

Organic petrology and source rock potential of sediments in the Eromanga Basin, South Australia

Cuttings and cores from the Poolowanna 1 well, Eromanga Basin, South Australia (in which oil was discovered in Lower Jurassic reservoirs) and the Macumba 1 well (no oil) have been analyzed petrographically to assess the nature of the coals and dispersed organic matter present. The Jurassic and Cretaceous coals have medium to high vitrinite contents, low to relatively high exinite, and medium to low inertinite contents. The dispersed organic matter has comparatively less vitrinite, more exinite and/or more inertinite than the associated coals. The microlithotype compositions of the coals indicate that the original vegetation was largely woody in character and was buried before much oxidation had occurred.The Jurassic sediments contain up to 2% dispersed organic matter by volume, 0–75% of which is exinite, including alginite. Vitrinite reflectances range from 0.5 to 0.7%. Where sufficiently mature, the Jurassic sediments are good potential source rocks for hydrocarbons.Statistical testing of the analytical results for the Jurassic Poolowanna Formation using Kendall's τ as a measure of dependence shows that there is a significant association between the macerals in coal and dispersed organic matter. The ratio of exinite to inertinite in dispersed organic matter is reasonably well predicted by the corresponding ratio in the associated coal.     

Petrographical and thermo-chemical investigation of some North East Indian high sulphur coals

The Tertiary North East Indian coals, classified as sub-bituminous rank, have found less industrial application owing to their physico-chemical attributes. These coals are characterized by low ash (<15%), high volatile matter (>35%) and high sulphur (2.9-4.46%). Majority of the sulphur occurs in organic form affixed to the coal matrix owing to marine influence, is difficult to remove. The coal maceral analysis shows the dominance of vitrinite (>75%) with lesser amounts of liptinite and inertinite. Reflectance measurements (Rmax) of these sub-bituminous coals fall in the range of 0.57 to 0.65. In this study, the petrographical (maceral), thermal and other physico-chemical analyses of some low rank Tertiary sub-bituminous coals from north-east India were carried out to assess their potential for combustion, liquefaction and coal bed methane formation. The petrofactor, conversion (%) and oil yield (%), combustion efficiency of the coal samples were determined. The respective linear correlations of conversion (%) of the coals with their vitrinite contents, petrofactor and oil yield values have been discussed. The relative combustion efficiency of the coals was measured from the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) of coals. The influence of maceral composition upon gas adsorption characteristics of these high volatile coals showed the increase in methane adsorption with vitrinite enrichment. Both the maceral and mineral matter contents were observed to have important influence on the gas adsorption characteristics.     

Petrological and geochemical considerations to predict oil potential of Rajpardi and Vastan lignite deposits of Gujarat, western India

This paper entails the results of the investigations undertaken to assess the oil potential of two lignite deposits, Rajpardi and Vastan, from Gujarat, western India. They are ‘Low rank B’ type lignite. Petrographically, they are enriched in huminite and are low in liptinite and inertinite. Their elevated hydrogen content, in relation to carbon, has probably made them perhydrous in nature and oil prone. The reactivity of these coals during liquefaction has also been discussed in the light of petrofactor. Good correlation has been noticed between oil yield and conversion (r² = 0.999) in both the lignite deposits. The VRr (0.24–0.35% in both lignites), H/C atomic ratio (0.11–1.39 in Rajpardi and 1.09–1.88 in Vastan), reactive maceral content (91.6–99.8 vol % mmf in Rajpardi lignite and 75.5–99.7 vol % in Vastan lignite) and VM_daf (64.8–67.9 wt % in Rajpardi lignite and 42.1–80.0 wt % in Vastan lignite) of these lignites have a favourable range required for a coal to generate oil. Huminite is seen to play a vital role in conversion and maintains a good correlation with it. The calculations show that these lignites have a high conversion (> 95%) and oil yield (> 65%).     

河北南部石炭一二叠纪煤层气烃源岩特征

河北南部地区石炭一二叠系煤层煤种丰富,峰峰、邯郸矿区煤层的宏观煤岩类型以半亮煤和半暗煤为主;显微煤岩类型为微镜煤、微镜惰煤及微暗煤;煤的结构以细、中宽条带状结构为主,在半亮煤和半暗煤中最多;有机显微组分以镜质组最高,一般可占50％～91％,惰质组占10％～35％,壳质组含量一般不超过5％,对煤层气来说,这是比较有利的烃源条件：区内大淑村矿2煤的矿物质含量最低,其煤的吸附能力较其它矿区高;主煤层镜质组最大反射率具有北高南低的分布规律,揭示了煤的生烃强度具有由南向北逐渐增高的趋势。该区煤层气源岩不仅影响煤的生烃能力,还影响着煤层对甲烷的吸附能力和煤层气的开采能力。     

Characteristics of hydrocarbon generation from organic macerals in Jurassic coal measures, Xinjiang, China

The Jurassic coals of the Junggar and Turpan-Hami basins, Xinjiang, China, are characterized by abundant vitrinite. Microscopic analysis of Junggar coal samples indicates that they contain desmocollinite and hydrogen-rich vitrinite with a low reflectivity. The hydrocarbon-generating potential of various macerais follows the decreasing order of exinite > vitrinite > inertinite. However, desmocollinite is a principal maceral for hydrocarbon generation in this area because the content of vitrinite is higher than that of exinite. Data from simulating experiments and infrared spectra show that the hydrocarbon-generating process occurred primarily at the lower-mature stage in the Middle-Lower Jurassic coal measures. Generally, crude oil from the Qigu oilfield has a close similarity in hopanoid distribution to the vitrinite and exinite from the Jurassic strata with C₂₃-C₃₂ pentacyclic triterpanes and γ-lupane being present. The distribution of steranes is also similar. C₂₉-sitostane is dominant and Q₂₇ ergostane is subordinate. Only a trace amount of cholestane is present. All this suggests that the crude oil from the Qigu oilfield was derived from Jurassic coal measures.     

准噶尔盆地南缘煤成油的地球化学特征

齐古油田的原油来源于准噶尔盆地南缘中、下侏罗统的煤系地层.具有饱和烃与芳烃含量高,Pr/Ph>2.5的特征.原油与母岩的碳同位素组成有较好的一致性,都富集重组分.色质分析结果表明,离子特征峰具有典型陆源高等植物输入的标志.泥岩有机质的显微富氢组分占20%以上,它们富集于河流三角洲和水下冲积扇等地.在弱还原-还原环境的低演化阶段形成天然气,也能形成石油,在该盆地沿边缘呈带状分布。