北半球春季大气臭氧变化特征及其对大气温度和环流场的影响

该文利用美国1978～1993年TOMS臭氧资料以及NCEP提供的全球再分析资料,研究北半球大气臭氧变化特征及其对大气温度和环流的影响.研究表明1987年前后北半球40°N以北的中高纬地区春季大气臭氧柱总量的趋势变化存在明显的突变,大部分地区突然减少,与其相对应的对流层(平流层)平均温度突然升高(降低),300 hPa(30 hPa)层位势高度也突然增高(下降).但是在北大西洋北部和哈德逊湾地区大气臭氧柱总量却突然增加,与其相对应的对流层(平流层)平均温度突然降低(升高),300 hPa(30 hPa)位势高度突然下降(增高),平均温度突然升高(降低 )1～2°C.研究还表明,大气温度和环流的趋势变化主要是由于大气臭氧的趋势变化所引起.另一方面,在同一地区1979～1992年春季大气臭氧柱总量强弱异常年的大气温度场和环流场的差异也存在相同的分布特征,这一事实进一步说明大气臭氧柱总量的多少是决定大气温度场和环流场差异的重要原因.     

南亚高压对青藏高原臭氧谷的动力作用

利用臭氧观测光谱仪/太阳紫外线后向散射仪(TOMS/SBUV)的臭氧总量资料和SAGEⅡ臭氧廓线资料计算了青藏高原区纬向偏差(一个量减去该量的纬圈平均值,定义为该量的纬向偏差)臭氧总量的逐月变化和高原区150-50 hPa高度纬向偏差臭氧量的变化,二者相关显著,相关系数为0.977.由于在150-50 hPa高度,夏季青藏高原臭氧谷最强,南亚高压最活跃,因此,青藏高原臭氧谷与南亚高压可能存在联系.在运行WACCM3模式时,将青藏高原地形高度削减至1500 m,在150-50 hPa高度南亚高压和青藏高原臭氧谷仍存在;该高度上南亚高压强度变小,青藏高原臭氧谷也减弱;南亚高压季节移动发生改变,青藏高原臭氧谷季节变化也随之改变.因此,推测南亚高压可能对青藏高原臭氧谷有重要作用.接着分析了模式输出的青藏高原区经向、纬向和垂直方向的臭氧输送.在南亚高压季节变化的不同阶段和不同方向上,环流对青藏高原臭氧谷的作用明显不同.150-50 hPa,南亚高压上高原时,纬(经)向输送使青藏高原臭氧谷加深(变浅),垂直输送在低(高)层使青藏高原臭氧谷加深(变浅),总的动力作用使青藏高原臭氧谷减弱;南亚高压稳定在高原上空时,纬(经)向输送使青藏高原臭氧谷变浅(加深),垂直输送在中(底和顶)层使青藏高原臭氧谷加深(变浅),总的动力作用使青藏高原臭氧谷加深;在南亚高压从高原撤退时,纬(经)向作用使青藏高原臭氧谷加深(变浅),垂直作用使青藏高原臭氧谷变浅,总的动力作用使青藏高原臭氧谷中(底和顶)层加深;当南亚高压移至热带太平洋时,南亚高压对高原区臭氧影响较弱.     

乌鲁木齐暴雪天气的环流配置及中尺度系统特征*

利用1980-2018年ERA-5全球再分析资料，对汉江流域汉中地区典型暴雨发生前纬向风场变化及天气尺度瞬变波活动(Eliassen-Palm通量特征)进行分析。结果表明：瞬变波EP通量特征分析为汉江流域暴雨潜势预报提供一个有利的参考指标；暴雨发生前，33°N附近200hPa附近有纬向风减速中心，对应200hPa为EP通量辐散区，这种垂直分布模型是暴雨前期有利形势，随着纬向风减速趋势加强，EP通量辐散区扩展并加强，有利于暴雨的发生；7月较之8月，暴雨强度更强、暴雨范围更广、纬向风变化更明显、200hPa以上EP通量辐散更强。若简单地将盛夏暴雨整体进行研究，会影响对不同月份瞬变波活动及大气环流变化趋势的诊断，造成诊断偏差且难以准确反映瞬变波与暴雨的联系。因此在讨论盛夏季天气尺度瞬变波与对流层环流的相互作用时，应针对不同月份分开进行讨论。     

冬季黑潮海域异常加热与北太平洋大气环流的耦合关系

利用NCEP/NCAR和OAFlux月平均资料,采用SVD方法分析冬季黑潮海域的热通量和北太平洋500 hPa位势高度场之间的关系。第1对奇异向量占总方差的86.24%,表现为黑潮北部海域异常多的放热和北太平洋中西部的500 hPa位势高度场异常低。将正负异常年的各气象要素的距平场进行合成分析后表明：当阿留申低压增强（减弱）时,黑潮海域上空的西北风增强（减弱）,导致近地面层大气温度降低（升高）,使得热通量异常释放增加（减少）,从而降低（升高）了海表面温度。在黑潮海域及其下游,温度场在纬向垂直方向是斜压结构,位势高度场是相当正压结构,反映的是冷低压（暖脊）结构。通过分析风场无旋分量和垂直速度的距平发现,在中纬度地区存在距平的纬向环流圈：大气在北太平洋中部的低层上升（下沉）,在对流层高层（低层）分别向西、向东运动,在黑潮海域和北美西部下沉（上升）,增强（减弱）了中纬度纬向环流圈（MZC）。     

2018年春季内蒙古气温异常及大气环流特征分析

采用内蒙古自治区101个国家级地面气象站1961—2018年春季平均气温观测资料、美国国家NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和国家气候中心环流监测指数资料,分析了内蒙古春季气温异常及大气环流异常特征。分析表明:欧亚大陆中高纬500hPa高度呈现"两槽一脊"型分布,乌拉尔山附近高度场为负距平,贝加尔湖附近为正距平控制,有利于内蒙古春季气温偏高;此外,东亚大槽偏弱、亚洲纬向环流异常偏强、青藏高原高度场异常偏高及西伯利亚高压异常偏弱,容易造成春季气温偏高。     

河北省旱涝的变化特征及其相关的海气异常型分析

利用河北省及邻近区域73个气象站1961—2009年逐年降水资料,同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,NOAA太平洋海温等资料,分析了河北省干旱的时空变化特征,并应用奇异值分解、合成分析等方法,研究了河北省典型旱涝年份与同期太平洋海温场和环流场的异常特征.结果表明：河北省旱涝异常的空间型分布主要有2种,这些空间型的时间变化除了具有明显的年际变化外,还存在显著的年代际变化.SVD（奇异值分解）分析揭示的河北省旱涝和海气异常的关系表明,当赤道东太平洋年平均海温异常偏低,北太平洋海盆中部年平均海温异常偏高的年份,河北省大部分地区容易偏涝,反之,易干旱.典型干旱年,500 hPa平均高度场上贝加尔湖西南部以及极地500 hPa年平均高度场为正异常,阿留申地区南部为负异常;亚洲中高纬地区环流从西到东呈现-+-的环流异常纬向分布.而典型雨涝年500 hPa平均高度场上贝加尔湖西南部以及极地500 hPa年平均高度场为负异常,阿留申地区南部为正异常;亚洲中高纬地区环流从西到东呈现-+的环流异常纬向分布.     

山东5月降水异常环流型及其与海温异常的联系

利用 1981—2019 年 NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和观测降水资料,对山东5月降水多（少）雨年环流特征进行分型,分析前期海温影响大气环流进而影响降水的过程。结果表明：典型多（少）雨年,亚洲中高纬环流呈“－、＋”（“＋、－” ）距平分布,盛行纬（经）向环流,东亚大槽偏弱（强）。前期冬春季黑潮区和热带印度洋海温是影响山东5月降水的关键外强迫因子,黑潮区海温偏暖（冷）时,其上空500 hPa高度场为明显正（负）距平,低层风场呈现异常反气旋（气旋）,山东受异常东南风（偏西风）控制,加强（削弱）了水汽输送, 利于降水偏多（少）。热带印度洋偏暖年,山东地区 500 hPa高度场上表现为西低东高,低层处于异常反气旋后部的东南气流中,这与典型多雨年的环流特征基本一致,印度洋偏冷年对应环流特征与偏暖年大致相反。     

宁夏多、少沙尘暴年4月平均环流特征的对比分析

对宁夏春季多、少沙尘暴年4月平均大气环流特征进行了对比分析。结果表明，宁夏春季多沙尘暴年，500hPa东半球极涡偏强，大气环流的经向度加大，我国北方高空纬向西风偏强；少沙尘暴年，则极涡弱，大气环流经向度减小，我国北方高空纬向西风偏弱。不仅如此，西太平洋副高北侧的位势高度距平在偏多年和偏少年也发生了截然相反的分布，说明宁夏乃至我国北方的沙尘暴天气的发生可能还与低纬大气环流有一定的联系。     

1990年代末东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送年代际变化特征及其影响机制

利用1983～2011年降水量、环流和海温的再分析资料,探讨了东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送的年代际变化特征,并分析了前冬北大西洋海温对东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送与大气环流的可能影响。研究结果表明,20世纪90年代末期东亚北部地区夏季整层水汽与降水年代际的变化特征相一致,整层水汽通量的年代际变化主要是由于纬向水汽输送异常作用的结果。东亚北部地区（35°～55°N,90°～145°E）西边界的水汽输送通量由多变少,东边界的水汽输送通量由少变多特征则直接导致了该地区降水由偏多转为偏少的年代际变化。就外强迫海温角度来说,前冬北大西洋海温跟东亚北部地区夏季500 hPa高度场、850 hPa风场和850 hPa比湿均显著相关。同时,在20世纪90年代中后期前冬北大西洋海温也表现出由偏低向偏高转变的年代际变化特征,且由于海温自身的记忆性前冬的海温异常一直延续到夏季。并在夏季激发出横跨北大西洋和欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的大西洋-欧亚（AEA）遥相关结构,并进一步影响东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送。     

长江中下游6—7月降水异常与500 hPa大气环流的关系

利用1951—2004年全国160站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR500hPa月平均资料,从中纬度西风环流、位势高度、纬向风、经向风、垂直速度场等方面,分析了长江中下游地区6—7月降水与500hPa大气环流的关系。结果表明,欧亚中纬度地区西风带多雨、少雨年均表现为长波的两槽两脊形势,但是槽脊系统差异显著。长江中下游地区降水与东亚500hPa上空位势高度场、纬向风、经向风、垂直速度场均有显著的关系,进一步证明了长江中下游地区6—7月降水与500hPa大气环流有密切关系。     

Formation of spring warm water southwest of the Philippine Islands: Winter monsoon wake effects

From satellite observations and the reanalysis data, the late spring formation of warm water with temperature higher than 30 °C to the southwest of the Philippine Islands (8–18°N, 115–120°E) is investigated. Our analysis suggests that the blockage of the winter monsoon by the Philippine Islands results in this “Luzon warm water” (LWW) to the southwest of the Luzon Island and the “Vietnam cold tongue” (VCT) to the southeast of the Vietnam coast during winter and early spring in the South China Sea (SCS). The VCT is formed by the southward cold advection by the western boundary current and surface heat loss in the SCS. During the winter monsoon, the LWW first forms due to weak winds southwest of the Philippine Islands and the countering effect of warm Ekman advection against cold geostrophic advection. In spring its temperature exceeds 30 °C (LWW30), helped by strong solar radiation and the winter monsoon wake effect lee of the Philippine Islands. With the winter monsoon weakening, LWW30 extends southwestward in late spring but disappears quickly after the summer monsoon onset. Reduced latent heat flux in the winter monsoon wake is the dominant factor for the spring fast warming southwest of the Philippine Islands.Both VCT and LWW persist from winter to early spring as the Philippine Islands block the winter monsoon. Their interannual variations are correlated with the variation of the LWW30 since the blockage of the winter monsoon by the Philippine Islands modifies surface latent heat flux and ocean advection from winter to early spring. These results strongly suggest that the LWW30 is a result of land–sea–winter monsoon interaction.     

Response of the tropical Indian Ocean SST to decay phase of La Niña and associated processes

Delayed impact of El Niño on Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variations and associated physical mechanisms are well documented by several studies. However, TIO SST evolution during the decay phase of La Niña and related processes are not adequately addressed before. Strong cooling associated with La Niña decay over the TIO could influence climate over the Indian Oceanic rim including Indian summer monsoon circulation and remotely northwest Pacific circulation. Thus understanding the TIO basin-wide cooling and related physical mechanisms during decaying La Niña years is important. Composite analyses revealed that negative SST anomalies allied to La Niña gradually dissipate from its mature phase (winter) till subsequent summer in central and eastern Pacific. In contrast, magnitude of negative SST anomalies in TIO, induced by La Niña, starts increasing from winter and attains their peak values in early summer. It is found that variations in heat flux play an important role in SST cooling over the central and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and part of Arabian Sea from late winter to early summer during the decay phase of La Niña. Ocean dynamical processes are mainly responsible for the evolution of southern TIO SST cooling. Strong signals of westward propagating upwelling Rossby waves between 10°S to 20°S are noted throughout (the decaying phase of La Niña) spring and summer. Anomalous cyclonic wind stress curl to the south of the equator is responsible for triggering upwelling Rossby waves over the southeastern TIO. Further, upwelling Rossby waves are also apparent in the Arabian Sea from spring to summer and partly contributing to the SST cooling. Heat budget analysis reveals that negative SST/MLT (mixed layer temperature) anomalies over the Arabian Sea are mostly controlled by heat flux from winter to spring and vertical advection plays an important role during early summer. Vertical and horizontal advection terms primarily contribute to the SST cooling anomalies over southern TIO and the Bay of Bengal cooling is primarily dominated by heat flux. Further we have discussed influence of TIO cooling on local rainfall variations.     

青藏高原地面感热异常对西北地区东部夏季降水的影响

本文利用1961~2012年夏季西北地区东部(32~40°N,100~110°E)156个站点逐日降水资料,以及1982~2012年青藏高原70个站点的地面感热观测资料,采用EOF、相关分析等方法分析了西北地区东部夏季降水、青藏高原冬末春初(2~4月)地面感热的时空变化特征,讨论了西北地区东部夏季降水对于青藏高原冬末春初地面感热异常的响应,通过环流场分析高原感热异常对西北东部夏季降水的影响成因。结果表明:高原东部冬末春初地面感热偏强时,西北东部地区北部降水偏少,东南部和西南部降水偏多;反之,西北东部北部降水偏多,东南部和西南部降水偏少。      

东亚气温前冬与后冬反相的变化特征及可能影响因子

东亚冬季气温除了季节平均外,其显著的季内起伏也对国民生活及经济活动有着深远影响。本文利用1959～2018年台站及再分析资料,使用S-EOF（Season-reliant Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法提取东亚冬季气温季内起伏的主要年际变化模态,其主要模态表现为前冬暖（冷）、后冬冷（暖）,即为前、后冬反相,其方差贡献达到31.1%。这种前后冬反相的特征并非局地现象,在北半球大尺度均存在。环流场上它表现为欧亚遥相关型波列（Eurasian teleconnection, EU）从前冬12月的负位相（正位相）向后冬2月正位相（负位相）的转变,相伴随的是低层西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压的强度在前、后冬转折,高层副热带急流的变化也与之匹配。分析发现,欧亚遥相关型的季内转向可能与北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic oscillation, NAO）在前冬12月与后冬2月的转向有关,后者通过北大西洋热通量作用进而影响下游EU波列的转向。此外,宽窄厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation, ENSO）事件也有一定贡献,当厄尔尼诺（El Ni?o）发生时,经向上更宽（窄）的海温异常利于前冬气温偏高（低）向后冬气温偏低（高）的转向;而当拉尼娜（La Ni?a）事件发生时,情况与厄尔尼诺年相反。     

The cause of the spring strengthening of the Antarctic polar vortex

The stratospheric polar vortex strengthening from late winter to spring plays a crucial role in polar ozone depletion. The Arctic polar vortex reaches its peak intensity in mid-winter, whereas the Antarctic vortex usually strengthens in early spring. As a result, the strong ozone depletion is observed every year over the Antarctic, while over the Arctic short-term ozone loss occasionally occurs in late winter or early spring. However, the cause of such a difference in the life cycles of the Arctic and Antarctic polar vortices is still not completely clear. Based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data, we show a high agreement between the seasonal variations of temperature in the subtropical lower stratosphere and zonal wind in the subpolar and polar lower stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere. Thus, the spring strengthening of the Antarctic polar vortex can occur due to the seasonal temperature increase in the subtropical lower stratosphere in this period.     

Linking the Atmospheric Boundary Layer to the Amundsen Gulf Sea-Ice Cover: A Mesoscale to Synoptic-Scale Perspective from Winter to Summer 2008

The link between the sea-ice cover of the Amundsen Gulf and the overlying atmospheric boundary layer was explored on a weekly timestep from winter to summer 2008. The total sea-ice cover was around 97% (3% leads) from 7 January to 21 April. From 28 April to 12 May, the total sea-ice cover approached 100%. From May 19, the total sea-ice declined rapidly to its July minimum of 3%. During the winter, a turbulent internal boundary layer (IBL), attributed to the upward flux of sensible heat (mean = 46 W m⁻²), was present in most of the mean daily potential temperature profiles. The mean latent heat flux was 1.7 Wm⁻². A turbulent IBL was also present in most of the mean daily profiles for early spring. Surface fluxes were not estimated. During late spring and early summer, a stable IBL, attributed to the downward flux of sensible heat (mean = −19 W m⁻²), was present in most of the potential temperature profiles. Both downward and upward fluxes of latent heat occurred in this period (means = −3.3 and 1.1 W m⁻²). The sensible heat flux estimates are consistent with the results of others; however, the latent heat flux estimates may be too small due to condensation/deposition within the IBL. The unconsolidated nature of the pack ice in the Amundsen Gulf, and the low sea-surface temperatures following break-up, were critical factors controlling the presence and type of IBL.     

东中国海黑潮海洋锋的季节变化特征及其成因

利用高分辨率海洋和大气再分析资料研究了东中国海黑潮海洋锋的季节变化特征及其成因。研究表明,东海黑潮海洋锋存在明显的季节变化,从冬季到次年春季逐渐增强,并在春季达到最强,初夏以后强度逐渐减弱,9—10月达到全年最弱。通过诊断混合层热流量方程发现,东海黑潮区一年四季均表现为暖的温度平流,有利于海洋锋的形成和维持,该暖平流也存在季节变化并在春季达到最大,对海洋锋在春季达到最强起了重要作用。海气界面净热通量在秋冬季对海洋锋的形成有促进作用,有利于海洋锋增强,而在春夏季则起抑制作用,促进海洋锋消亡。温度垂直输送全年对海洋锋起一定程度的抑制作用。总之,在海温水平平流和海表净热通量的共同作用下导致海洋锋春季达到最强,而夏秋季海表净热通量和温度垂直输送作用的共同作用致使海洋锋减弱并最后消失。因此,海洋的动力和热力共同作用导致了东海黑潮海洋锋的季节变化,其中海温水平平流和海表净热通量对海洋锋的季节变化起主要作用,而温度垂直输送项对海洋锋的发展起抑制作用,但影响相对较小。     

The seasonal cycle of stratosphere-troposphere coupling at southern high latitudes associated with the semi-annual oscillation in sea-level pressure

The semi-annual oscillation (SAO) in sea-level pressure at high southern latitudes is the consequence of a twice-yearly contraction (and strengthening) and expansion (and weakening) of the storm track between 50 and 65°S, with the contracted phases in spring and autumn. In this study the extent to which inter-annual variability of the SAO is correlated with inter-annual variability in mid- to lower-stratospheric circulation at 60°S was determined using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 data for the period 1979?C2009. The second harmonic of the annual cycle of an SAO index was used to assess SAO amplitude and phase (the date of the first peak of the second harmonic). Zonal mean zonal wind at 60°S was used as an index for atmospheric circulation. The results show that year-to-year variability in the SAO amplitude is significantly correlated with mid-stratospheric (10?hPa) circulation variability in late summer/early autumn (February?CMarch) and late winter/early spring (August?CSeptember). However, variability in the SAO phase is significantly correlated with mid-stratospheric circulation variability in spring (September?CNovember). These maxima in significant correlations at 10?hPa propagate down to the surface in approximately one month. The characteristics of upward planetary wave propagation alone do not explain the late summer/early autumn and spring maxima in correlations. Evidence is shown that internal reflection of stationary wave-number 1 is important for explaining the strong correlations in late summer/early autumn, but that large variability during polar vortex break-up dominates the spring correlations. The results may be important for understanding seasonal differences in how stratospheric ozone depletion influences tropospheric circulation.     

西北太平洋冷海温对东亚初夏大气环流影响的数值研究

利用改进的NCAR CCM3气候模式, 研究了1992年西北太平洋持续冷海温对东亚初夏季节大气环流的影响。西北太平洋冷海温不利于初夏东亚南支西风急流季节性北移, 引起亚洲东部沿海低槽明显加深, 东亚大槽平均高度场降低了4.66 dagpm, 从而也不利于西太平洋副热带高压的西伸加强。西北太平洋冷海温还不利于我国大陆初夏温度场回升, 特别是引起我国东北地区近地面温度下降2~5 ℃, 是影响东北冷夏现象的重要原因之一。模拟结果表明, 1992年初夏江淮入梅期较常年偏晚, 降水异常偏少, 与紧邻东亚大陆的西北太平洋持续冷海温有关。     

Role of Western Pacific Oceanic Variability in the Onset of the Bay of Bengal Summer Monsoon

The influence of the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean heat content on the onset of the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon(BOBSM) onset was investigated using atmospheric data from the NCEP and ocean subsurface temperature data from the Japan Metorology Agency(JMA).Results showed that the onset time of the BOBSM is highly related to the tropical Pacific upper ocean heat content(HC),especially in the key region of the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP),during the preceding winter and spring.When the HC anomalies in the WPWP are positive(negative),the onset of the BOBSM is usually early(late).Accompanied by the variation of the convection activity over the WPWP,mainly induced by the underlying ocean temperature anomalies,the Walker circulation becomes stronger or weaker.This enhances or weakens the westerly over the tropical Indian Ocean flowing into the BOB in the boreal spring,which is essential to BOBSM onset.The possible mechanism of influence of cyclonic/anti-cyclonic circulation over the northwestern tropical Pacific on BOBSM onset is also discussed.