贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(P21)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明:本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg/gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg/gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0%)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

吐哈盆地侏罗系煤中超微类脂体特征和演化

利用共聚焦激光显微镜和透射电镜对吐哈盆地侏罗系煤进行超微层次有机岩石学分析，发现微米级以下超微类脂体普遍存在于无结构镜质体和一些粗粒体之中。常规光学显微镜下难以分辨超微类脂体，在镜质体反射率Ｒｏ０．５０％￣０．７０％时，煤中超微类脂体数量一般为８％￣１２％。超微类脂体的光性演化明显领先于壳质组形态组分孢子体和角质体，它是吐哈侏罗系煤中重要的生油组分。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(R12)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明：本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg／gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg／gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0％)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

华北太原组镜质组中的超微类脂体及其煤性质异常原因

利用超薄切片透射电镜分析技术，对华北太原组和山西组煤中镜质组的超微结构和组分进行了分析，确认太原组镜质组中含有较丰富的超微类脂体，且超微类脂体主要来自菌藻类，山西组和太原组镜质组中超微类脂体数量存在明显差异。证实镜质体中超微类脂体数量和其化学性质紧密相关。从超微组分层次解释了山西组和太原组镜质组性质差异的原因，并分析讨论了太原组煤性质异常性的原因和煤还原程度问题，提出成煤过程中明显菌藻类低等生物贡献是太原组煤性质异常的一个重要原因。     

华北东部太原组镜质组中超微类脂体和太原组煤性质异常性的原因

利用超薄切片透射电镜分析技术，对采自华北东部鲁南和苏北18个矿区的太原组和山西组煤中镜质组的超微结构和组分进行了分析，确认太原组镜质组中含有较丰富的超激类脂体，且超微类脂体主要来自菌藻类。山西组和太原组镜质组中超微类脂体在数量上存在明显差异，证实镜质组中超微类脂体数量与其化学工艺性质紧密相关。从超微组分层次的角度解释了山西组和太原组镜质组性质差异性的原因，并分析讨论了镜质体类型、太原组煤性质异常性的原因，提出成煤过程中明显的菌藻类低等生物贡献是太原组煤性质异常的一个重要原因。     

吐哈盆地及二连盆地侏罗系煤微类脂组分的共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）研究及油气意义

吐哈盆地产出有比较丰富的侏罗系煤成油气田，本文用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜和热解分析等手段研究了煤中类脂组及微类脂组的类型、含量、分布与煤成烃性能和产出的关系。观察分析结果表明：在一般煤岩组分观测中主要含煤的西山窑组和八道湾组煤层类脂组含量很少超过１０％，但是一些煤样的热解分析中Ｓ＿１可高达５－２３ｍｇ／ｇ，Ｓ＿２可达１５０─２００ｍｇ／ｇ，ＨＩ（烃／有机碳）可高达１５０─３５０ｍｇ／ｇ生烃、含烃性能较好。进一步用共聚焦激光显微镜观测结果表明：本区一些薄层状、条带状煤层的基质镜质体和叶结构镜质体中微类脂组含量比较丰富，微区定量统计含量在３％─１８％左右。这种富含微类脂组的基质镜质体和结构镜质体在煤成油气中有重要意义，而且由于多数微类脂体在煤中常成点线状、似层状、充填状、网络状分布，可能有利于煤成油气的运移和聚集。     

从显微煤岩学角度探讨六盘水地区龙潭煤系低煤级煤的生烃 …

从显微煤岩学角度探讨了贵州六盘水地区晚二叠世龙潭煤系煤的生烃状况。研究表明,树皮体和基质镜质体是研究区煤岩显微组成中主要的两种富氢组分,“富质镜体－较富树皮体”是主采煤层典型的煤岩组合特征,在成烃演化过程中,富氢镜质体和树皮体对生烃作出了主要贡献。渗出沥青体充填于镜质体微裂隙或细小孔洞以及丝质体胞腔中,这些微裂隙和胞腔和煤成油的保存,富集和运移起到关键作用。显微组分间的这种配置关系为煤成油藏的形居     

吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中主要组分结构特征与生烃性分析

在高纯度煤岩显微组分分离富集的基础上,应用透射式显微傅里叶红外光谱技术 (Micro FTIR),对吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中的主要组分-镜质体、丝质体、角质体、藻类体的结构组成进行了测定。结果表明 :藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,芳香结构含量相对较少;角质体和基质镜质体中含有较丰富的芳香结构以及长链脂族结构;而丝质体则主要由芳香结构组成,脂族结构含量很少。显微组分的这种结构特征决定了藻类体具有很高的生烃潜力、角质体和镜质体的生烃潜力中等、而丝质体的生烃潜力则很低。对于吐哈盆地煤成油来说,由于藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,并且生烃潜力也高,因此其具有高的液态烃产率、丝质体的产油率最小、角质体和镜质体的液态烃产率中等。由于镜质体是本区煤中含量最高的组分。因此,对于吐哈盆地所形成的具有工业规模的油田来说,镜质体应该是主要的贡献组分之一。但对于富含藻类体的厚层状烛藻煤,由于它类型好,品质高、生烃潜力大、以中长链脂族结构为主,是煤成油最理想的源岩。     

腐殖煤中镜质组—类脂组的过渡显微组分

应用煤岩学对强还原型腐殖煤系列样品(R_0=0.55％～1.01％)研究表明,它们含有较多的镜质组—类脂组过渡显微组分,这种组分的特征是:比基质镜质体反射率低,但荧光强度和生烃潜能较高。据显微特征可将其分为两种亚型——交织型和膨融型。它是荧光基质镜质体的另一种表现形式和强还原型腐殖煤生油的主要母质之一。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤系有机质成烃模式

西北地区侏罗纪煤系地层中主要的生轻显微组分是孢子体、角质体、藻类体、沥青质体、 碎屑类脂体、基质镜质体等,而树脂体、木栓质体等早期低熟竹油组分含量很低。从煤中分离出来的一些主要单显微组分的热解模拟显示它们成烃演化特征基本相似,主要生油窗在模拟温度３６０￣４５０℃,生油高峰在３９０￣４２０℃,分别相应于Ｒ＾０约０．７％￣１．２％和０．９５％￣１．０％左右。显微荧光分析表明,镜质组反射率Ｒ＾０在约０．     

Petrological,geochemical, and mineralogical compositions of the low-Ge coals from the Shengli Coalfield,China: A comparative study with Ge-rich coals and a formation model for coal-hosted Ge ore deposit

To better understand the formation mechanism of coal-hosted Ge ore deposits, this paper reports on the petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions of the low-Ge coals in the Shengli Coalfield (Inner Mongolia, China), using optical microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The samples in the present study closely neighbor the previously-reported Wulantuga coal-hosted Ge ore deposit (both No. 6 Coal). In comparison with the Wulantuga Ge-rich coals, the low-Ge coals of the Shengli field display higher moisture (27.59% on average) and lower pyritic sulfur contents (0.53%). Both the low-Ge and Ge-rich coals are generally high in inertinite, and have varying but relatively low huminite contents. Preservation of fecal pellets as macrinite is notable in both the low-Ge and Ge-rich coals, and the position of the fecal pellets appears to be within tunnels or chambers within the wood. Quartz, kaolinite, pyrite, and gypsum are the major crystalline phases identified in most of the Ge-rich and low-Ge coals, but the low-Ge coals contain significantly less pyrite and are more abundant in non-mineral Ca and Mg. Ca-oxalate of authigenic origin is observed, generally occurring as cell-fillings in the low-Ge coals. Otherwise mineral-free organic matter in the low-Ge coals would be expected to have an inherent ash yield of around 6%, derived from the inorganic elements (mainly non-mineral Ca and Mg) that occur either in the organic matter or as dissolved ions in the pore water and form the sulfate species in low-temperature (oxygen-plasma) ash residues. The highly-elevated trace elements, including Be, Ge, As, Sb, W, Hg, and Tl, that occur in the Ge-rich coals of the Wulantuga deposit, are significantly depleted in the low-Ge coals. Lateral migration of Ge–W- and As–Hg–Sb–Tl-rich solutions through the original peat swamp for the Wulantuga Ge ore deposit has led to significant enrichment of Ge on the margin of the coal basin but decreasing Ge concentrations toward to the inner part of the basin. Such a migration direction is different to those in the previously-reported for the hydrothermal solutions in the Lincang (Yunnan of China) and Spetzugli (Russian Far East) Ge ore deposits, where the solutions migrated vertically from granite to peat along faults and led to a dome-shaped Ge distribution in the relevant coal seam.     

新疆准东煤田中侏罗统煤系镓元素的分布特征及赋存机理探讨

随着大型煤系稀有金属矿产的发现,煤中伴生微量元素的研究受到广泛关注,但目前对我国西北地区的煤系地层中稀有元素的研究程度较低。选取新疆东北部的准东煤田为研究区,基于煤样的煤质分析和微量元素数据,研究了煤中镓的分布规律、赋存特征及富集成因。研究表明：(1)准东煤田的中侏罗统煤层中镓明显富集。12个矿区煤中镓平均含量在20.78~47.98 μg/g,大多高于或接近煤中镓的边界品位(30 μg/g)。(2)煤田中镓的分布规律性明显。平面上,盆地周围煤中Ga含量较中部矿区高,特别是东北部和西南部由于分别受克拉美丽山和博格达山物源区的影响,煤中Ga含量异常高,部分区域超过了60 μg/g,而中部矿区(ZD10740、ZD10464、ZD10407和ZD10841)的煤中Ga含量表现为从矿区边缘向中心逐渐富集;垂向上,大部分矿区煤中Ga含量从中侏罗统底部向上降低,而受到早燕山运动影响,靠近博格达山的矿区(ZD10740)表现相反。(3)煤中Ga主要以高岭石为载体,部分Ga也存在煤的有机质组分中。镓主要以细粒物质(胶体或有机络合物形式)搬运到沉积盆地,在潮湿覆水沉积条件下发生聚积。     

Geochemical and mineralogical anomalies of the late Permian coal in the Zhijin coalfield of southwest China and their volcanic origin

This paper describes the influence of volcanic ash on the concentrations and occurrences of associated elements in coal in the Zhijin Coalfield in western Guizhou Province, China. Our studies reveal that the No. 9 coal seam in the Zhijin Coalfield has very high content of Fe (4.34%), Cu (369.90 μg/g), U (49.6 μg/g), Mo (63.10 μg/g), Zn (33.97 μg/g), and Zr (841.80 μg/g). The studies have also found that elements, such as Fe and Cu, do not occur as sulfides in this coal seam, in sharp contrast to many other coal seams in China. The geochemical and mineralogical anomalies of the coal seam are attributed to synsedimentary volcanic ash. In addition to normal macerals and minerals in coal, a volcanic-influenced material (VIM) derived from volcanic ash, detrital material of terrigenous origin and organic matter was identified under polarized-light reflectance microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer. The volcanic-influenced material is the main carrier of the above elements in this coal. Six types of the volcanic-influenced material (VIM-1, VIM-2, VIM-3, VIM-4, VIM-5, and VIM-6) are further distinguished on the basis of their structures and compositions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that presents a detailed classification of coal components with a high content of volcanic ash.     

塔里木盆地东南缘下—中侏罗统煤层煤岩、煤质特征分析

塔里木盆地东南缘下—中侏罗统煤层沿阿尔金山前断续分布,其煤岩、煤质与典型的西北侏罗纪煤层具有明显不同。通过对和田布雅、于田普鲁、且末红柳沟等煤矿主采煤层样品进行煤岩、煤质鉴定及煤化指标等一系列综合研究分析,结果表明,主采煤层以光亮煤、半亮煤为主,其次是半暗煤、暗淡煤;煤岩组分以镜质组为主,壳质组含量少,具中-高镜惰比。因成煤沼泽的还原程度促进了无机硫分的形成,煤中全硫含量随镜质组含量的增加呈现逐渐增高的趋势,且煤层硫分与灰分整体具有明显的负相关关系。此外,煤层挥发分受不同种类硫分的影响,亦有明显差异性变化。在民丰凹陷中-高硫煤中,硫分以无机硫为主,随着硫分的升高挥发分亦有升高趋势;瓦石峡凹陷中-低硫煤受有机硫控制,对挥发分产率的影响不明显。民丰凹陷煤层的灰分指数高于瓦石峡凹陷,可见后者的成煤沼泽环境潜水面要比前者高得多。针对上述诸多因素分析,进一步揭示塔东南地区煤岩、煤质多样性变化受断陷湖盆以及局部水体较深的还原型沼泽环境控制,最终形成了中-高挥发分、中-低灰分、中-低硫分的煤质及富镜贫惰的煤岩特征。     

Crystal chemistry of suspended matter in a tropical hydrosystem, Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa)

Suspended matter (SM) from the Nyong basin (Cameroon, Africa), a tropical watershed, was collected by tangential flow ultrafiltration to separate particulate (>0.45 μm) and colloidal (<0.45 μm; >20 kDa) fractions. In this basin, two distinctive systems in a selected small catchment (Nsimi–Zoétélé) of the Nyong river basin have been considered: (i) colourless water (groundwater and spring) with a low suspended load (<3 mg/l) and a low total organic carbon content (TOC<1 mg/l) and (ii) coloured water (Mengong brook and Nyong river), which is organic rich (TOC>10 mg/l) and contains higher amounts of SM (10–20 mg/l) than the colourless water. Freeze-dried samples of SM have been analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).

Colourless water mainly contains mineral phases, such as poorly ordered kaolinite, plus quartz and goethite in the particulate fraction, and euhedral kaolinite plus amorphous iron oxyhydroxides in the colloidal fraction. In contrast, the SM in coloured water is mainly organic in nature. The mineral phases in the particulate fraction are similar to those from clear water, but with additional phytoliths and diatom frustules composed of biogenic opal. In the colloidal fraction, complexation of Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ with organic matter is evidenced by EPR, together with significant occurrence of Fe oxyhydroxides associated with organic matter.

The sites of Al, Si, Fe, Mn in colloidal fractions derived from spectroscopic analyses are discussed with reference to chemical analyses performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Most of the observed solid phases or species correspond to those expected from published thermodynamic calculations for the same hydrosystem, except the colloidal iron oxyhydroxides in the coloured water. The presence of such iron phases is emphasised since they are expected to have large sorption capacities for numerous trace elements.

The crystal chemistry of SM is used to discuss the origin of the mineral particles transported from the soil to the main rivers in terms of mechanical and chemical erosion processes.     

Determination of elemental affinities by density fractionation of bulk coal samples from the Chongqing coal district, Southwestern China

The occurrence and distribution of major and trace elements have been investigated in two coal-bearing units in the Chonqing mining district (South China): the Late Permian and Late Triassic coals.The Late Permian coals have higher S contents than the Late Triassic coals due to the fixation of pyrite in marine-influenced coal-forming environments. The occurrence of pyrite accounts for the association of a large number of elements (Fe, S, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn) with sulphides, as deduced from the analysis of the density fractions. The marine influence is probably also responsible for the organic association of B. The REEs, Zr, Nb, and Hf, are enriched by a factor of 2–3 with respect to the highest levels fixed for the usual worldwide concentration ranges in coal for these elements. The content of these elements in the Late Permian coal is higher by a factor of 5–10 with respect to the Late Triassic coal. Furthermore, other elements, such as Cu, P, Th, U, V, and Y, are relatively enriched with respect to the common range values, with maximum values higher than the usual range or close to the maximum levels in coal. The content of these elements in the Late Permian coal is higher than the Late Triassic coal. These geochemical enrichments are the consequence of the occurrence, in relatively high levels, of phosphate minerals, such as apatite, xenotime, and monazite, as deduced from the study of the density fractions obtained from the bulk coal.The Late Triassic coal has a low sulphur content with a major organic affinity. The trace element contents are low when compared with worldwide ranges for coal. In this coal, the trace element distribution is governed by clay minerals, carbonate minerals, and to a lesser extent, by organic matter and sulphide minerals.Major differences found between late Permian and Triassic coals are probably related to the source rocks, given that the main source rock of the late Permian epicontinental marine basin is the Emeishan basalt formation, characterised by a high phosphate content.     

吐哈盆地中下侏罗统源岩和油的生物标志物分布特征——饱和烃馏分

通过对吐哈盆地煤系地层中下侏罗统煤岩、炭质泥岩、原油饱和烃组分的有机组分分析,获得以下认识:具有共同的特征生物标志化合物:γ 羽扇烷、异降松香烷、C24 四环二萜烷、高丰度C29甾烷,表明它们具有相同的高等植物母质来源。较高Pr/Ph比值、以及γ 蜡烷相对丰度很低等指示环境的参数具有一致性,说明它们的早期沉积环境相同,都是水质偏淡的弱氧化—弱还原环境。甾烷异构化参数C29 ββ／（ββ＋αα）在研究的低演化煤岩及炭质泥岩(Ro:0.47~0.53)中显示明显的高比值（0.294~0.489）,显示岩样在成岩过程中曾遭受过比较强烈的微生物作用,因此,煤岩早期的微生物作用可能是煤系地层早期生烃的动因。     

陆相湖盆沉积有机质富集机理研究进展

有机质富集机理的研究对于寻找优质烃源岩、评价盆地的含油气远景具有重要的意义,尤其在日益受到人们重视的页岩气、致密气、油页岩等非常规资源的勘探开发影响下,其研究就显得愈来愈重要和紧迫。而有机质富集机理总体研究程度并不高,对于陆相湖盆有机质的研究相对更为薄弱。以陆相湖盆为研究对象,开展大量国内外关于有机质富集机理的调研,从有机质的生产、有机质分解与保存、有机质的稀释作用三个方面系统总结了陆相湖盆有机质富集的控制因素,并对湖泊与海洋有机质形成的差异性进行了对比分析。研究表明,湖盆有机质的生产受地区光照率、营养盐供给、湖盆地貌、气候环境、湖泊水介质条件、藻类季节性勃发、自养型细菌等的影响;有机质分解与保存受水体分层、细菌生物、无机矿物、水介质条件、黏土矿物、沉积速率等的影响;有机质的稀释作用受沉积速率的影响,并最终得出湖盆中有机质的含量实际上是“有机质生产-有机质分解-有机质稀释”三者相互作用的结果。提出今后值得进一步关注和亟待深入研究的两个方向:自养型细菌在何种环境条件下可以创造高有机质生产力以及不同的水介质条件对有机质分解与保存的影响。     

大同煤田北部中侏罗统煤中伴生元素分布特征及其地质意义

为研究大同煤田中侏罗统煤中伴生元素地球化学特征及地质意义,应用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）、X射线衍射法（XRD）、光学电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等测试方法分析煤田北部9个煤层中伴生元素含量和赋存特征。结果表明:煤中微量元素含量低,其有益元素（Li、Ga）含量均远低于边界品位,不具伴生成矿开发潜力,但2号煤中Co与Zn、9号煤中Tl和11-2号煤中Be等有害元素较为富集,是世界煤平均值的3倍以上,其环境影响值得关注。煤中主要矿物是高岭石与石英,高岭石主要充填在结构镜质体中,指示其同生成因,石英往往具有很好的晶型,指示其自生成因;少量的黄铁矿和方解石充填在显微裂隙中,指示其后生成因;磷灰石与有机质结合。煤中微量元素Ni和Mo可能主要以有机质结合态存在,其他元素主要赋存在无机矿物中,Si主要以石英形式存在,部分Si和Al以及Li、Cr、Ga和Nb存于黏土矿物中,Fe和Mn以及Cd、Zn、Tl赋存于黄铁矿中;Ca和Mg以及Co主要赋存在碳酸盐矿物中;P、Be、Sr和Ba可能存在磷灰石中;Rb赋存在石盐类矿物中。垂向上看,大同组存在2个沉积旋回,每个沉积旋回由下至上,水动力条件逐渐降低,水体由浅到深,陆源碎屑供给越来越少,这2个旋回间可能经历了较强的地质作用。总体看,在成煤期,随沉积作用的进行,聚煤盆地中碎屑物质输入逐渐减少,活性物质逐渐增加。      

云南昆明盆地浅层天然气开发远景

昆明盆地天然气显示遍及各层,但浅层天然气主要赋存于第四系。气源主要来知第四系深灰、灰黑及黑色泥质岩和褐煤层,源岩有机质丰宽高,气源层处于还原－强还原环境。具良好的厌氧生化成气条件,经分析研究,计为该区天然气属甲烷型生物成因气。圈闭类型以岩性圈闭为主,处于凹陷与隆起之间的斜坡是天然气运移和聚集的最有利地带。盆地生储盖条件良好,资源量丰富。