青海循化盆地晚渐新世沉积物中坡缕石的特征及其古气候指示意义

采用X射线衍射和扫描电子分析方法,对青海循化盆地晚渐新世沉积物的矿物组成、坡缕石的矿物学特征以及古气候指示作用进行了深入的研究。结果表明,晚渐新世循化盆地沉积物中粘土矿物组成主要有蒙脱石、伊利石、坡缕石和绿泥石等;坡缕石一般呈纤维状或者针状,沿片状蒙脱石的边缘及表面交代生长,为典型自生成因的坡缕石。坡缕石是干旱-半干旱气候条件的特征矿物,其出现表明循化地区晚渐新世气候特征较为干旱,与粘土矿物组合及伊利石结晶度所反映的气候环境信息相吻合;沉积物中坡缕石相对含量及有序度自下而上逐渐增大,说明循化地区的干旱化逐渐加剧。循化地区晚渐新世(～23 Ma)的干旱化可能与青藏高原隆升或者全球气候变冷事件密切相关。     

临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中坡缕石的发现及其环境气候意义

为揭示临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物的矿物组成对环境气候的指示意义, 利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微分析方法, 对临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物的矿物组成以及坡缕石的矿物学特征进行了深入的研究.结果表明, 沉积物中的坡缕石主要为自生成因, 极少量具有碎屑成因.自生成因的坡缕石呈细长丝状的形态特征, 往往沿片状的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物颗粒的边缘交代、生长;碎屑成因的坡缕石呈平直细纤维状的, 以单颗粒形式产出, 与细小的粘土矿物颗粒混杂, 或叠合在片状粘土矿物颗粒的表面.在临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 下段岩层中的粘土矿物组合为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石;中段岩层的为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土;而上段岩层则为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和绿泥石, 反映在盆地形成之后, 气候演化经历从湿润→冷干的变化过程.而沉积物中坡缕石的含量自下而上逐渐增多, 其分布特征与粘土矿物组合所反映的气候环境变化趋势相吻合.伊利石和伊/蒙混层粘土普遍存在于临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石的共存表明这些粘土矿物具有不同的来源.坡缕石是干旱、半干旱地区泥灰岩风化以及风成沙漠尘土沉积物的特征矿物, 临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物中碎屑成因坡缕石的发现, 表明自~9Ma以来便出现风成黄土的沉积.      

循化盆地晚渐新世-早中新世沉积物中黏土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜分析方法,对青海循化盆地晚渐新世-早中新世沉积物中黏土矿物的微观形貌、体积分数、结晶度及其古气候指示作用进行了深入的研究。分析结果表明,晚渐新世盆地沉积物中的黏土矿物主要为蒙脱石、伊利石、坡缕石和绿泥石,以蒙脱石为主,指示循化地区总体为相对温暖潮湿的气候条件,蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石相对体积分数及伊利石、蒙脱石结晶度值均出现明显的周期性波动,表明循化地区气候经历了干旱-温暖潮湿交替的变化;早中新世盆地沉积物中的黏土矿物主要为伊利石、蒙脱石和绿泥石,以伊利石为主,各黏土矿物体积分数及伊利石、蒙脱石结晶度值的变化范围不大,表明循化地区气候以相对持续冷干为特征。从晚渐新世到早中新世,气候条件由相对温暖潮湿到相对冷干的转变,揭示其间(约21.3Ma)出现了一次极端的降温事件,可能与青藏高原隆升及亚洲沙漠化密切相关。     

西昆仑山前陆盆地粘土矿物特征及其地质意义

为重建西昆仑山地区晚新生代的地质构造及环境演变过程,本文利用X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电子显微分析（SEM）方法,对西昆仑山前陆盆地（叶城盆地）该时期沉积的一套磨拉石建造中的粘土矿物进行了研究。结果表明,在整个晚中新世到早更新世的沉积物地层中,粘土矿物的种类始终以伊利石和蒙脱石为主,含少量的绿泥石和高岭石。但伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石的相对含量,以及伊利石结晶度值等均显示出明显的变化。在8~3.5 Ma B.P.期间,伊利石相对含量值和结晶度值均比较高,而蒙脱石相对含量低,并有少量的高岭石产出;在3.5~3.3 Ma B.P.期间,伊利石相对含量值和伊利石结晶度值均急剧降低,而相反,蒙脱石相对含量值急剧升高,高岭石基本消失;3.3~2.8 Ma B.P.期间沉积物的粘土矿物参数与8~3.5 Ma B.P.时期的粘土矿物参数非常接近;而2.8~1.8 Ma B.P.期间沉积物的粘土矿物参数则与3.5~3.3 Ma B.P.期间的粘土矿物参数相类似。根据沉积物中的粘土矿物特征变化规律可以推断,物源区母岩成分的变化是粘土矿物特征变化的主要原因,古气候古环境变化则是次要影响因素。粘土矿物特征的变化规律显示西昆仑山体在晚新生代具有不均匀的阶段性隆升的特点,在3.5 Ma B.P.、3.3 Ma B.P.、2.8 Ma B.P.左右分别发生了三次明显的构造隆升事件,而且总伴随着风化母岩成分的变化。物源区在早更新世中期（12.5 Ma B.P.)很可能处于干旱的古气候古环境中。     

青藏高原新生代以来气候环境演化的粘土矿物学特征

为探究青藏高原的气候环境演化, 对青藏高原不同部位的盆地沉积物的粘土矿物特征进行深入系统的研究.结果表明, 古新世阶段—始新世阶段时期, 青藏高原古气候以行星风系居主导地位, 青藏高原北部以温暖和季节性干旱为特征.柴达木地区在~36 Ma的降温事件则明显早于全球降温事件(~34 Ma)近2 Ma.在渐新世(34~23 Ma)期间, 古气候以干旱炎热为特征, 但气温相对要低于始新世.在中新世—上新世(23.0~2.6 Ma)期间, 青藏高原北缘的柴达木、循化盆地均在~21.5 Ma发生气候变冷事件, 而8~7 Ma的气候变化事件遍及整个青藏高原.在藏南的吉隆盆地、青藏高原西北部的叶城盆地, ~1.8 Ma之前的盆地沉积物中仍然有相当高含量的蒙脱石, 说明这些地区在~1.8 Ma之前, 虽然总体上气候变冷、变干, 但仍然处于一种相对湿润的气候环境.      

青藏高原东北缘早渐新世—早中新世干旱化的粘土矿物学证据——以兰州盆地为例

为揭示青藏高原东北缘早渐新世—早中新世气候环境演化及干旱化事件,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微分析(SEM)等现代测试技术,对甘肃兰州盆地早渐新世—早中新世沉积物中粘土矿物的微观形貌、相对含量、V(Ill+Chl)/V(Sme)比值等参数进行了系统研究。结果表明,早渐新世—早中新世沉积物中粘土矿物主要有伊利石、绿泥石、蒙脱石以及少量的伊-蒙混层粘土矿物,指示该时间段气候总体以干旱为特征,局部出现相对温暖潮湿的气候。根据粘土矿物相对含量及V(Ill+Chl)/V(Sme)比值变化特征将兰州地区早渐新世—早中新世的气候环境演化划分为以下4个阶段:(Ⅰ)31.5~28.8 Ma相对温干偏湿的气候阶段;(Ⅱ)28.8~26.2 Ma相对冷干的气候阶段;(Ⅲ)26.2~22.1 Ma相对温暖潮湿的气候阶段;(Ⅳ)22.1~16.5 Ma相对温干偏湿的气候阶段。扫描电子显微分析表明,在相对温暖潮湿的时期,粘土矿物溶蚀较明显;在相对干旱的时期,粘土矿物表现显著的物理风化特征。以上粘土矿物学特征所揭示的阶段性干旱可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆升相对应。     

循化盆地中新世沉积物粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示

为揭示循化盆地沉积物对古气候及青藏高原隆升过程的指示作用, 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)方法对循化盆地中新世沉积物中粘土矿物组成、微观形貌进行了深入研究.结果表明, 沉积物中粘土矿物以伊利石、蒙脱石为主, 绿泥石、高岭石和坡缕石含量较低; 粘土矿物相对含量及伊利石结晶度变化特征指示, 在23.1~21.2 Ma期间, 古气候以温暖潮湿为主; 21.2~14.3 Ma期间古气候以冷干为主, 出现短暂的相对暖湿时段; 14.3~10.6 Ma期间, 古气候以相对暖湿为主; 10.6~9.3 Ma时期, 气候以冷干为主; 9.3~5.2 Ma期间, 气候虽有冷干与暖湿波动, 但总体上以暖湿为主.在21.2 Ma和5.8 Ma时期发生的明显强降温事件, 可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆升有关.      

西藏伦坡拉盆地晚始新世—早渐新世黏土矿物特征及古气候意义

始新世—渐新世是新生代气候从“温室”向“冰室”转变的重要节点，也是青藏高原及邻区气候格局发生重大变革的关键时期。为了重建高原中部腹地始新世—渐新世的古气候演变特征，探讨古气候变化的控制因素，利用X射线衍射分析对高原中部伦坡拉盆地382道班剖面的黏土矿物特征进行了综合研究，结果显示，伦坡拉盆地在始新世—渐新世牛堡组二段沉积的黏土矿物主要以伊利石为主，伊/蒙混层次之，高岭石与绿泥石含量极少，蒙脱石仅出现在极少样品中。黏土矿物类型及组合特征指示伦坡拉盆地在该时期整体处于寒冷干旱的气候条件，但在长周期趋势下伊利石相对含量逐渐减少，伊/蒙混层逐渐增多，显示出青藏高原中部地区的气候系统在晚始新世—早渐新世时期存在向更加湿润的气候条件转变，这种气候系统的改变可能与南亚季风在晚始新世的演化所带来的更多水汽条件和青藏高原中部中央分水岭的形成有关，但在始新世与渐新世之交，伊利石含量陡然增多，而伊/蒙混层含量则减少，且两者频繁波动，这反映了该盆地在EOT时期受到全球降温的影响。     

临夏盆地晚更新世沉积物粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示

利用X射线衍射、扫描电子分析方法,对临夏地区塔湾黄土沉积物的粘土矿物学特征及其古气候指示作用进行了深入研究。结果表明：晚更新世的黄土沉积物风成黄土或经过表生风化改造形成的古土壤,其粘土矿物组成主要为伊利石、绿泥石、伊/蒙混层粘土矿物、高岭石和少量的坡缕石,沉积物中高岭石、伊利石/蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石矿物组合,指示物源区经历了气候从湿润变为冷干的转变。沉积物中伊利石结晶度的测量结果显示,其（001）衍射峰的半高宽在0.23°~0.86°之间,不同岩性层中伊利石结晶度存在明显的差别,伊利石结晶度存在着两个明显的峰值区,这表明临夏地区晚更新世的气候变化经历了从湿润→冷干→湿润→冷干的两个周期性的演化,而且晚期与早期相比更加湿润同时又更为冷干。沉积物中既有自生成因的坡缕石,又有碎屑成因的坡缕石。沉积物中自生成因坡缕石和碎屑成因坡缕石均稳定存在的现象表明,本区晚更新世的古气候是以干旱为特征,年均降雨量在300 mm左右。     

吐鲁番盆地古近纪和新近纪的气候变化

新疆吐鲁番盆地的连木沁剖面古近系与新近系的沉积厚度约1770m,是研究吐鲁番盆地这一时段古气候的良好载体。通过对连木沁剖面沉积物中常量元素地球化学分析,表明吐鲁番盆地在晚古新世阶段和晚始新世阶段,气候炎热湿润,但后者波动比较频繁。在渐新世,气候温暖干旱。中新世的气候变化明显可分为两个阶段,早期气候炎热潮湿,而晚期阶段温暖干旱。到上新世,气候显著干旱化。      

南雄盆地晚白垩世-古新世陆源沉积组份变化的古气候指示

利用陆源沉积中的碎屑组份(泥岩中的碎屑黏土矿物种类和砂岩中砂、粉砂碎屑类型)相对含量变化,对广东北部和江西南部的南雄盆地晚白垩世-古新世古气候进行了分析.结果显示,砂岩碎屑组份含量气候指数(长石/石英比,F/Q)介于0.02~0.14之间;(碎屑)黏土矿物组合主要以伊利石为主,平均79%;伊利石结晶度指数与化学指数分别为0.25~0.39、0.31~0.7.进一步分析表明,研究区这一时期以干旱气候为主,存在暖湿气候间断,古气候演化可分为三个阶段:晚白垩世马斯特里赫特期以干旱-半干旱性气候为主,古新世丹尼期早期转变为相对湿热或与干旱-半干旱气候交替,古新世丹尼期晚期恢复到半干旱性气候,但比第一阶段湿度可能稍有增加.这一总体干旱-半干旱气候格局及其变化总体与同期全球气候变化一致.     

Occurrence of palygorskite and sepiolite in upper Paleocene–middle Eocene marine deep sediments of the Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines—Italy): Paleoenvironmental and provenance inferences

A mineralogical and geochemical study of clay lithologies and a biostratigraphic analysis of the carbonates from the deep-sea Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines—Italy) have been carried out to deduce in general the provenance of clay sediments and their paleoenvironmental conditions and particular to recognize the signature of the Paleocene–Eocene climatic global warming. The analysed succession comprising a wide stratigraphic interval of the Sannio Unit, spanning between Albian to the upper Oligocene–lower Miocene, is exposed near Accettura and Stigliano villages. Eighteen clay samples were analysed by XRD, XRF, SEM, TG-DTA. Their age was framed by biostratigraphic analyses carried out on carbonate sediments. Mineral assemblage of the clay sediments includes quartz, carbonates (calcite and dolomite), feldspars (plagioclase and k-feldspars), hematite, randomly illite/smectite mixed layers with a low illite percentage, kaolinite, discrete illite–muscovite, chlorite, palygorskite and sepiolite. The low illite percentage in randomly illite/smectite mixed layers indicates low diagenetic conditions for the studied successions. These features are unique for the Cretaceous–Tertiary successions of the Lagonegro domain and are particularly significant for the preservation of the native mineralogical assemblage useful to determine the provenance and paleoenvironmental conditions of the clayey sediments. Palygorskite and sepiolite are concentrated in the upper Paleocene–middle Eocene stratigraphic interval and particularly in the upper part of the early Eocene—lower part of the middle Eocene (biozone of Blow P 9–12). Clay sediments rich in palygorskite and sepiolite show a higher P₂O₅ amount and a lower kaolinite percentage, compatible with warm and arid climatic conditions typical of the global warming event well recorded in the southern tethyan margin. Likely palygorskite and sepiolite formed in lagoonal environment in nearby carbonate platform margins and then they were transported into the Lagonegro Basin as indicated by the well developed habitus of palygorskite. During the Paleogene the Lagonegro Basin and the nearby carbonate platforms represented a key sector the southern paleodomains of the Tethys. The discovery of these minerals gives a contribution to the reconstruction paleoenvironmental conditions of the Tethian paleo-margin during the early–middle Eocene.     

Clay Mineralogy and its Paleoclimatic Significance of the OligoceneMiocene Sediments in the Gerze Basin,Tibet

This study collected the early Oligocene to middle Miocene sediments from the Gerze Basin of Tibet, and used X-Ray diffraction （XRD） and Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） to discuss their clay mineralolgy, clay indices, better understand the clay mineralogy and its paleoclimatic significance. The results show that clay minerals of the Gerze Basin sediments are mainly composed of iilite and chlorite, with minor amounts of smectite and kaolinite, and their relative content varies along the section. Variations of relative contents and clay indices suggest that the Gerze Basin has experienced three-stage evolution of paleoclimate： I ） high ilUte and chlorite contents, with fluctuant smectite and low （I＋Ch）/（K＋S） ratio, indicative of a dominant seasonal arid climate from the early Oligoeene to late Oligocene; Ⅱ） higher illite and chlorite contents and larger （I＋Ch）/（K＋S） ratio but absence of kaolinite, indicating a colder and drier climate from the late Oligocene to early Miocene; Ⅲ） high iilite and chlorite contents with fluctuant （I＋Ch）/（K＋S） ratios and occasional occurrence of kaolinite, suggesting that the climate became warmer and more humid compared with that of stage Ⅱ in the mid-Miocene. These conclusions were also reinforced by the clay morphology, which suggests that physical weathering dominated in stage Ⅱ, while relatively strong chemical weathering was dominant in stages Ⅰ and Ⅲ Clay minerals of the sediments mainly consist of illite and chlorite, indicating that the source rock played a significant role in clay origin. It is inferred that global cooling and the enhancement of denudation and obstruction of northward moisture due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were responsible for the provenance of iUite and chlorite under weak chemical weathering. Though the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau reached a certain elevation by the mid-Miocene, yet the mid-Miocene widespread warming might have largely impacted the Gerze climate.     

Origin of fibrous clays in Tunisian Paleogene continental deposits

This paper presents mineralogical and geochemical data from several continental sequences located in Central (Ain Ghréwiss and Kébar) and Central-Southern Tunisia (Selja, Kef Schefeir, Shib, Oum El Kcheb and Haidoudi). These sequences vary in age from Late Palaeocene to Early Oligocene and contain considerable quantities of fibrous clays (up to 75% palygorskite and 90% sepiolite). These clays appear in assocation with carbonates (mainly dolomite), detrital aluminosilicates (illite, Al smectites, mixed-layers illite–smectite and kaolinite), quartz and lesser quantities of gypsum and halite. The textural characteristics observed by electron microscopy, the trace and rare earth elements contents and their distribution in the various mineral phases, together with the isotopic composition of dolomite and fibrous clays, provide good clues as to the genesis of the neoformed minerals. Thus, the sepiolite would have precipitated directly in lacustrine, playa-lake or sebka environments under alkaline conditions, high Si and Mg and low Al activity, and arid to semiarid climate. On the other hand, the palygorskite would have formed by transformation of already existing illite and/or smectite type aluminosilicates in solutions in equilibrium with isotopically heavier and, therefore, more evaporated solutions than the sepiolite.