RESERVOIRCHARACTERIZATIONOFINTEGRATINGSEISMIC,LOG,ANDGEOLOGY—ACASEOFDAQINGOILFIELD

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寒武—奥陶系,奥陶—志留系,二叠—三叠系界线研究

寒武系与奥陶系界线、奥陶系与志留系界线、二叠系与三叠系界线研究,是国际上开展的全球各系界线层型研究的重大课题,一旦被正式确定为国际界线层型剖面,可作为全世界对比的标准,这是国家的荣誉,也是今后世界各国地层古生物工作者都要参观研究的胜地。     

The Tin—Bearing Topaz—Quartz Porphyry,Yangbin Area,Taishun County,Zhejiang Province—A Fluid Inclusion Study

The tin-bearing topaz-quartz porphyry in the Yanbin area is subvolcanic in origin,derved from granitic residual magma through strong crystallization differentiation.The rock contains various types of inclusions(hydroxyyl-melt,vapor-rich,halite-bearing multiphase,and liquid-rich),which permits us to trace the evolutionary path of the fluid.It is suggested that immiscibility took place in a pulsating manner between melts and fluids during the rock-forming process with the homogenization temperatures ranging from 580℃to180℃ and the salinities varying from low through high to low(5.1-10.5→6.9-21.4→20-48→16-22→2-10 in wt% NaCl).The hydroxyl-melt inclusions are considered as evidence of magma-hydrothermal transition。     

Mineralization Zoning in Yindongzi—Daxigou Barite—Siderite,Silver—Polymetallic Deposits in the Qinling Orogen,China

The Yindongzi-Daxigou strata-bound barite-siderite,silver-polymetallic deposits discovered in the Qinling orogen are hosted within flysch facies in a deep-water fault-controlled basin on the passive northern margin of the Qinling microplate.The orebodies occur in a series of hydrothermal depositonal rocks.Mineralization zoning is characterized by Fe-Ba←Ba-Cu←Pb-Ab→Cu-Ag→Pb→Au.This is obviously a gradational transition mineralization from ventproximal mineralization to more distal mineralization.In this gradational transition between Chefanggou and Yindongzi,vent-proximal mineralization consists of silver-polymetallic orebodies(Pb-Ag),which is the center of hydrothermal mineralization.The Chefanggou Ba-Cu ore district in the west and the Yindongzi Cu-Ag ore district in the east represent vent lateral mineralization.Distal mineralization in the west is represented by the Daxigou Fe-Ba ore district while distal mineralization in te east is represented by the Pb ore district.Thick massive,laminated barren albite chert and jasperite,sometimes with minor silver-ploymetallic mineralization of commercial importance,and pyritization in rocks feature more distal mineralization.Geochemical anomalies of Au-As associations are found in ankerite phyllite and muddy sandstone.Actually,Au deposits are dominantly controlled by the late brittle-ductile shear zone.     

Study on a Terrestrial Permian—Triassic Boundary Section—Zhejue Section, Weining County,Guizhou Province, China

The Zhejue Section is an excellent terrestrial permian-Triassic boundary (TPTB) section not only for its convenient accessibility and good outcrop, but also for its abundant fossils. In addition, there are two claystone beds that were formed by events across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) at this section. The claystones provide a bridge for high-resolution correlation between marine and terrestrial PTBs. Another advantage is that the PTB at the Zhejue Section can be correlated with that of littoral and neritic facies by tracing estwards. Synthesized stratigraphic studies, including biostratigraphy, eventostratigraphy )susceptibilities and carbon isotopes across the TPTB, and microspherules found in the boundary claystones) and sequence stratigraphy, are carried out at this section.     

Strate—bound Anorthites in the Dachang Sn—Polymetallic Ore Field,Guangxi,China

From the petrological study of ore-hosting focks which contain large anorthits crystals and the occurrence and chemical composition of anorthites and related minerals,the authors consider that the large anorthite crystals are of authigenic origin. The distribution characteristics of anorthites,i.e.,they are distributed along the bedding and structurally weak zones but not restricted to synsedimentary slump structures,and the relationship for some elements between anorthites and other minerals indicate that anorthites have resulted from reaction of circulating alkaline solutions rich in Al and Si with carbonated during the Indosinian orogeny.The results of this work suggest that the association of authigenic anorthites with bedded orebodies in the Dachang ore field may be the evidence that the mineralization is related to circulating underground hot waters.     

Weathering of the black limestone of historical monuments (Ljubljana,Slovenia): Oxygen and sulfur isotope composition of sulfate salts

The black limestone widely used in Slovenian monuments, particularly in the baroque architecture, is deteriorating extensively due to salt crystallization. Samples of soluble salts from two important historical monuments (in Ljubljana, Slovenia) were investigated in terms of their mineral and isotopic (S and O) compositions. Results revealed the presence of gypsum and soluble salts of the MgSO₄·nH₂O series, such as starkeyite (MgSO₄·4H₂O), pentahydrite (MgSO₄·5H₂O) and hexahydrite (MgSO₄·6H₂O). Whereas black crusts and subflorescences consisted of gypsum, efflorescences appeared to be an assemblage of gypsum and MgSO₄ hydrates. Sample δ¹⁸O_sulfate values varied from ?1.9‰ to +5.5‰ vs. V-SMOW and δ³⁴S_sulfate values from ?19.8‰ to +3.2‰ vs. V-CDT. The respective isotopic composition of analysed outdoor and indoor monument samples indicated different sources of contamination.     

Fluid inclusion and isotope geochemistry of the Yangla copper deposit,Yunnan, China

The Yangla copper deposit, with Cu reserves of 1.2 Mt, is located between a series of thrust faults in the Jinshajiang–Lancangjiang–Nujiang region, Yunnan, China, and has been mined since 2007. Fluid inclusion trapping conditions ranged from 1.32 to 2.10 kbar at 373–409 °C. Laser Raman spectroscopy confirms that the vapour phase in these inclusions consists of CO₂, CH₄, N₂ and H₂O. The gas phases in the inclusions are H₂O and CO₂, with minor amounts of N₂, O₂, CO, CH₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, and C₂H₆. Within the liquid phase, the main cations are Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ while the main anions are SO₄ ^2? and Cl^?. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluids (?3.05‰?≤?δ¹⁸O_H2O?≤?2.5‰; ?100‰?≤?δD?≤??120‰) indicate that they were derived from magma and evolved by mixing with local meteoric water. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides range from ?4.20‰ to 1.85‰(average on ?0.85‰), supporting a magmatic origin. Five molybdenite samples taken from the copper deposit yield a well-constrained ¹⁸⁷Re–¹⁸⁷Os isochron age of 232.8?±?2.4 Ma. Given that the Yangla granodiorite formed between 235.6?±?1.2 Ma and 234.1?±?1.2 Ma, the Cu metallogenesis is slightly younger than the crystallization age of the parent magma. A tectonic model that combines hydrothermal fluid flow and isotope compositions is proposed to explain the formation of the Yangla copper deposit. At first, westward subduction of the Jinshajiang Oceanic Plate in the Early Permian resulted in the development of a series of thrust faults. This was accompanied by fractional melting beneath the overriding plate, triggering magma ascent and extensive volcanism. The thrust faults, which were then placed under tension during a change in tectonic mode from compression to extension in the Late Triassic, formed favorable pathways for the magmatic ore-forming fluids. These fluids precipitated copper-sulfides to form the Yangla deposit.     

Geochemistry and modification of oilfield brines in surface pits in Northern Kuwait

Oilfield brines (produced water) are produced as a waste product daily at the gathering centers (GCs) in Kuwait oilfields. The geochemical evolution of the water produced at the GC (fresh brine) to stagnant pit water (evaporate) has been investigated in the northern fields of Kuwait, and a model is presented showing time-dependent variations. Kuwait oilfield brines are globally similar to others in other large sedimentary basins (USA, Canada), but modifications have occurred due to seawater injection practices performed episodically during the oil extraction process. Brine water chemistry changes from generally average brine chemistry (based on cations and anions) to saturated mixture of seawater, oilfield brine, and anthropogenic chemical pollutants. The objective of this study was to harmonize the database of brine waters in terms of regional identity by comparison with oilfield brines elsewhere, identify water–rock interaction, and statistically treat daily recordings from the pits in order to identify injection peaks and troughs. Laboratory analysis of major and minor cations and anions from the Rawdatayn samples gave the following concentration ranges in parts per million (ppm): (Na⁺, 11,698–203,977), (Ca²⁺, 2,216–98,514), (Mg²⁺, 1,602–28,885), (K⁺, 1,528–16,573), (Sr²⁺, 70–502), (Ba²⁺, 0.01–18.04), (Fe²⁺, 0.01–8.93), (Li⁺, 0.09–6.48), (Si²⁺, 0.00–13.18), (B³⁺, 0.05–37.45), (SO ₄ ²⁺ , 330–3100). For the Sabriyah oilfield samples, the major and minor cations and anions concentration ranges in ppm are: (Na⁺, 9,807–274,947), (Ca²⁺, 2,555–77,992), (Mg²⁺, 1,415–28,183), (K⁺, 764–19,201), (Sr²⁺, 77.84–641), (Ba²⁺, 0.15–6.76), (Fe²⁺, 0.016–38.88), (Li⁺, 0.05–6.83), (Si²⁺, 0.0195–16.84), (B³⁺, 7.17–55.33), (SO ₄ ²⁺ , 44,812–135,264). The stable isotopic analysis of five samples indicates normal trends in oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that classify the waters as “connate” which follow an evaporation trend. Carbon isotopic signatures are normal for hydrocarbon fields and average out around GC15, δ¹⁸O‰?=?1.4, δD‰?=??10, δ¹³C‰?=??3.6; while for GC23, δ¹⁸O‰?=?2.3, δD‰?=??4, δ¹³C‰?=??2.5; for GC25, δ¹⁸O‰?=??2.0, δD‰?=??14, δ¹³C‰?=??4.6; for pit1, δ¹⁸O‰?=?2.3, δD‰?=??5, δ¹³C‰?=??18.3; and for pit 2, δ¹⁸O‰?=?2.5, δD‰?=??4, δ¹³C‰?=??17.8. Carbon isotope average values for all brine samples from the GCs is?=??56 which falls within normal hydrocarbon formation water category. Data spikes coincide with injection periods at the following times (A: May–Jun, 2006), (B: Sep–Oct, 2006), (C: Jan–Feb, 2007), (D: Mar, 2007), (E: May–Jun, 2007), (F: Feb, 2006), (G: Mar–Apr, 2006) and, subsequently the decay to “normal” brine occurs over a period of several weeks. The database was large enough to apply a principal component statistical analysis (PCA). PCA and geo-statistical techniques reveal several distinct population groups. The main chemical groups in the data are as follows: plateau, spike groups, and pit evaporation group. The spike periods correlate closely with seawater injection periods (Jan–Feb, Mar–Apr, May–Jun, and Sep–Oct). The pit chemistry reveals exceptionally high evaporation processes coinciding with summer peak temperature. PCA results show distinct groupings centered around the major elements reminiscent of other oilfields, but with the added evaporation trend strongly enhanced.     

Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Study on the Water-Rock Interaction of the Yinshan (Cu-) Pb-Zn-Ag Ore Deposit, Jiangxi Province

The δ18O values of vein quartz of different stages from the Yinshan ore deposit are constant around 16‰ and the calculated δ18OH2O values attain 8‰± ; the δDH2O values of fluid inclu-sions in vein quartz are constant at about-60‰. From the surface down to 1200 m below the δ18O values of altered rocks gradually decrease from 15‰± to 11‰± . Various water-rock inversion calculations indicate that the ore fluids were formed by the interaction between meteoric water and phyllite at 350℃ and the effective W/ R value of around 0.1. When the water-rock exchange in the upper mineralization system took place, the effective W / R value increased to 5.0 or more. As a result, an evolution and mineralization model of a buffered open system with two-stage water-rock interactions is proposed in this study.     

Isotopic constraints on growth conditions of multiphase calcite–pyrite–barite concretions in Carboniferous mudstones

Carbonate concretions in the Lower Carboniferous Caton Shale Formation contain diagenetic pyrite, calcite and barite in the concretion matrix or in different generations of septarian fissures. Pyrite was formed by sulphate reduction throughout the sediment before concretionary growth, then continued to form mainly in the concretion centres. The septarian calcites show a continuous isotopic trend from δ¹³C=?28·7‰ PDB and δ¹⁸O=?1·6‰ PDB through to δ¹³C=?6·9‰ PDB and δ¹⁸O=?14·6‰ PDB. This trend arises from (1) a carbonate source initially from sulphate reduction, to which was added increasing contributions of methanogenic carbonate; and (2) burial/temperature effects or the addition of isotopically light oxygen from meteoric water. The concretionary matrix carbonates must have at least partially predated the earliest septarian cements, and thus used the same carbonate sources. Consequently, their isotopic composition (δ¹³C=?12·0 to ?10·1‰ PDB and δ¹⁸O=?5·7 to ?5·6‰ PDB) can only result from mixing a carbonate cement derived from sulphate reduction with cements containing increasing proportions of carbonate from methanogenesis and, directly or indirectly, also from skeletal carbonate. Concretionary growth was therefore pervasive, with cements being added progressively throughout the concretion body during growth. The concretions contain barite in the concretion matrix and in septarian fissures. Barite in the earlier matrix phase has an isotopic composition (δ³⁴S=+24·8‰ CDT and δ¹⁸O=+16·4‰ SMOW), indicating formation from near‐surface, sulphate‐depleted porewaters. Barites in the later septarian phase have unusual isotopic compositions (δ³⁴S=+6 to +11‰ CDT and δ¹⁸O=+8 to +11‰ SMOW), which require the late addition of isotopically light sulphate to the porewaters, either from anoxic sulphide oxidation (using ferric iron) or from sulphate dissolved in meteoric water. Carbon isotope and biomarker data indicate that oil trapped within septarian fissures was derived from the maturation of kerogen in the enclosing sediments.     

Palaeoproterozoic magnesite: lithological and isotopic evidence for playa/sabkha environments

Magnesite forms a series of 1‐ to 15‐m‐thick beds within the ≈2·0 Ga (Palaeoproterozoic) Tulomozerskaya Formation, NW Fennoscandian Shield, Russia. Drillcore material together with natural exposures reveal that the 680‐m‐thick formation is composed of a stromatolite–dolomite–‘red bed’ sequence formed in a complex combination of shallow‐marine and non‐marine, evaporitic environments. Dolomite‐collapse breccia, stromatolitic and micritic dolostones and sparry allochemical dolostones are the principal rocks hosting the magnesite beds. All dolomite lithologies are marked by δ¹³C values from +7·1‰ to +11·6‰ (V‐PDB) and δ¹⁸O ranging from 17·4‰ to 26·3‰ (V‐SMOW). Magnesite occurs in different forms: finely laminated micritic; stromatolitic magnesite; and structureless micritic, crystalline and coarsely crystalline magnesite. All varieties exhibit anomalously high δ¹³C values ranging from +9·0‰ to +11·6‰ and δ¹⁸O values of 20·0–25·7‰. Laminated and structureless micritic magnesite forms as a secondary phase replacing dolomite during early diagenesis, and replaced dolomite before the major phase of burial. Crystalline and coarsely crystalline magnesite replacing micritic magnesite formed late in the diagenetic/metamorphic history. Magnesite apparently precipitated from sea water‐derived brine, diluted by meteoric fluids. Magnesitization was accomplished under evaporitic conditions (sabkha to playa lake environment) proposed to be similar to the Coorong or Lake Walyungup coastal playa magnesite. Magnesite and host dolostones formed in evaporative and partly restricted environments; consequently, extremely high δ¹³C values reflect a combined contribution from both global and local carbon reservoirs. A ¹³C‐rich global carbon reservoir (δ¹³C at around +5‰) is related to the perturbation of the carbon cycle at 2·0 Ga, whereas the local enhancement in ¹³C (up to +12‰) is associated with evaporative and restricted environments with high bioproductivity.     

四川成都盆地某深层富钾卤水的地球化学特征及成因

本文报道了四川成都盆地某深层富钾层卤水的化学组成，氧、氢、硫和硼同位素组成以及２５℃等温蒸发析盐过程中，从卤水中获得的固相物质组成。在此基础上讨论了卤水的成因，认为该卤水是蒸发浓缩的海相卤水、非海相卤水以及埋藏成岩过程中封存卤水对地层中海相蒸发盐溶滤作用形成的混合水。     

Early diagenetic siderite as an indicator of depositional environment in the Triassic Rewan Group, southern Bowen Basin, eastern Australia

Early concretionary and non-concretionary siderites are common in subsurface Triassic sandstones and mudrocks of the Rewan Group, southern Bowen Basin. A detailed petrological and stable isotopic study was carried out on these siderites in order to provide information on the depositional environment of the host rocks. The siderites are extremely pure, containing 85–97 mol% FeCO₃, and are commonly enriched in manganese. δ¹³C (PDB) values are highly variable, ranging from - 18·4 to +2·9‰, whereas δ¹⁸O (PDB) values are very consistent, ranging from - 14·0 to - 10·2‰ (mean= - 11·9 ± 1·0‰). The elemental and oxygen isotopic composition of the siderites indicates that only meteoric porewaters were involved in siderite formation, implying that host rocks accumulated in totally non-marine environments. The carbon isotopic composition of the siderites is interpreted to reflect mixing of bicarbonate/carbon dioxide generated by methane oxidation and methanogenesis. Very low δ¹³C values demonstrate that, contrary to current views, highly ¹³C-depleted siderite can be produced at shallow burial depths in anoxic non-marine sediments.     

Ore-forming process of the Huijiabao gold district,southwestern Guizhou Province,China: Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Huijiabao gold district is one of the major producers for Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, including Taipingdong, Zimudang, Shuiyindong, Bojitian and other gold deposits/occurrences. Petrographic observation, microthermometric study and Laser Raman spectroscopy were carried out on the fluid inclusions within representative minerals in various mineralization stages from these four gold deposits. Five types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in hydrothermal minerals of different ore-forming stages: aqueous inclusions, CO₂ inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, hydrocarbon inclusions, and hydrocarbon–H₂O inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by a H₂O + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ system with medium to low temperature and low salinity. From early mineralization stage to later ones, the compositions of the ore-forming fluids experienced an evolution of H₂O + NaCl → H₂O + NaCl + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ → H₂O + NaCl ± CH₄ ± CO₂ with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity. The δ¹⁸O values of the main-stage quartz vary from 15.2‰ to 24.1‰, while the δD_H2O and calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −56.9 to −116.3‰ and from 2.12‰ to 12.7‰, respectively. The δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of hydrothermal calcite change in the range of −9.1‰ to −0.5‰ and 11.1–23.2‰, respectively. Stable isotopic characteristics indicate that the ore-forming fluid was mainly composed of ore- and hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluid. The dynamic fractionation of the sulfur in the diagenetic pyrite is controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates. The hydrothermal sulfides and the diagenetic pyrite from the host rocks are very similar in their sulfur isotopic composition, suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from dissolution of diagenetic pyrite. The study of fluid inclusions indicates that immiscibility of H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and enrichment of gold.     

Origin of brines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) inferred from stable isotope and chemical data

Brines in the Miocene formations of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin have isotopic composition close to SMOW, which identifies them as the connate marine water. However, controversies exist on the origin of brines in the Carboniferous formations. Isotopic and hydrochemical data exclude any relationship to marine water and enrichment by evaporation. The most common brine which occurs at great depths can be identified as the oldest infiltration in a very hot climate (δ¹⁸O ⋟ −2‰, δD ⋟ −20‰, Cl⁻ content 34 to 140 g/L). This brine is free of SO₄²⁻ and U, and rich in Ba²⁺ and²²⁶Ra. Its salinity is probably related to the leaching of evaporites and intensive weathering of rocks during the Rotliegendes.Other brines are difficult to identify because their isotopic contents are within the range of mixing between the oldest brine and the Quaternary waters (δ¹⁸O ⋟ 10‰, δD ⋟ 70‰). Isotopic and hydrochemical data allow identification of several occurrences of brine formed by meteoric water of a warm Tertiary climate, after the last marine transgression in the Tortonian. That brine is rich in SO₄²⁻ and contains moderate contents of²²⁶Ra and U. Its salinity is thought to result from leaching of Miocene evaporites. Two other identified types of brines can be related to some infiltration periods before the last marine transgression. The sources in salinity of these 2 types remain unknown. Mining activity results in a common occurrence of mixed brines. When the Quaternary component dominates, its identification is easy from the isotopic composition, whereas the end brine component can ususally be identified by chosen ion ratios and the presence or lack of sulphates.