Mechanisms of Archean crust formation inferred from high-precision HFSE systematics in TTGs

It has been proposed that Archean tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic magmas (TTGs) formed by melting of mafic crust at high pressures. The residual mineralogy of the TTGs (either (garnet)-amphibolite or rutile-bearing eclogite) is believed to control the trace element budget of TTGs. In particular, ratios of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) can help to discriminate between the different residual lithologies. In order to place constraints on the source mineralogy of TTGs, we performed high-precision HFSE measurements by isotope dilution (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) together with Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd measurements on representative, ca. 3.85-2.8 Ga TTGs and related rock types from southern West Greenland, W-India and from the Superior Province. These measurements are complemented by major and trace element data for the TTGs. Texturally homogeneous early Archean (3.85-3.60 Ga old) and Mesoarchean (ca. 3.1-2.8 Ga old) TTGs have both low Ni (<11 ppm) and Cr contents (<20 ppm), indicating that there was little or no interaction with mantle peridotite during ascent. Ratios of Nb/Ta in juvenile Eoarchean TTGs range from ca. 7 to ca. 24, and in juvenile Mesoarchean TTGs from ca. 14 to ca. 27. Even higher Nb/Ta (14-42) were obtained for migmatitic TTGs and intra-crustal differentiates, most likely mirroring further fractionation of Nb from Ta as a consequence of partial melting, fluid infiltration and migmatisation. In the juvenile TTGs, positive correlations between Nb/Ta and Gd/Yb, La/Yb, Sr/Y, Zr/Sm and Zr/Nb are observed. These compositional arrays are best explained by melting of typical Isua tholeiites in both, the rutile-bearing eclogite stability field (>15 kbar, high Nb/Ta) and the garnet-amphibolite stability field (10-15 kbar, low Nb/Ta). With respect to the low end of Nb/Ta found for TTGs, there is currently some uncertainty between the available experimental datasets for amphibole. Independent of these uncertainties, the TTG compositions found here still require the presence of both endmember residues. A successful geological model for the TTGs therefore has to account for the co-occurrence of both low- and high-Nb/Ta TTGs within the same geologic terrane. An additional feature observed in the Eoarchean samples from Greenland is a systematic co-variation between Nb/Ta and initial εHf(t), which is best explained by a model where TTG-melting occured at progressively increasing pressures in a pile of tectonically thickened mafic crust. The elevated Nb/Ta in migmatitic TTGs and intra-crustal differentiates can shed further light on the role of intra-crustal differentiation processes in the global Nb/Ta cycle. Lower crustal melting processes at granulite facies conditions may generate high-Nb/Ta domains in the middle crust, whereas mid-crustal melting at amphibolite facies conditions may account for the low Nb/Ta generally observed in upper crustal rocks.     

TTGs and adakites: are they both slab melts?

Although both high-Al TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) and adakite show strongly fractionated REE and incompatible element patterns, TTGs have lower Sr, Mg, Ni, Cr, and Nb/Ta than most adakites. These compositional differences cannot be easily related by shallow fractional crystallization. While adakites are probably slab melts, TTGs may be produced by partial melting of hydrous mafic rocks in the lower crust in arc systems or in the Archean, perhaps in the root zones of oceanic plateaus. It is important to emphasize that geochemical data can be used to help constrain tectonic settings, but it cannot be used alone to reconstruct ancient tectonic settings.

Depletion in heavy REE and low Nb/Ta ratios in high-Al TTGs require both garnet and low-Mg amphibole in the restite, whereas moderate to high Sr values allow little, if any, plagioclase in the restite. To meet these requirements requires melting in the hornblende eclogite stability field between 40- and 80-km deep and between 700 and 800 °C.

Some high-Al TTGs produced at 2.7 Ga and perhaps again at about 1.9 Ga show unusually high La/Yb, Sr, Cr, and Ni. These TTGs may reflect catastrophic mantle overturn events at 2.7 and 1.9 Ga, during which a large number of mantle plumes bombarded the base of the lithosphere, producing thick oceanic plateaus that partially melted at depth.     

华北克拉通怀安陆块新太古代低铝和高铝TTG片麻岩的地球化学特征与成因

英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩(简称TTG)是太古宙高级变质地体的主要物质组成,对深入理解早期大陆生长及其机制具有重要的科学意义。目前,人们对其成因过程与机制仍有不同认识。本文以怀安陆块中广泛分布的TTG片麻岩为例,探讨其成因演化和机制。研究区位于华北克拉通中北部,主要由新太古代英云闪长岩及少量奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩组成。我们从该区识别出富硅富重稀土和负铕异常的低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩,形成时代与广泛分布的高铝TTG质片麻岩一致(锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄2.53Ga)。岩石地球化学数据显示,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩的主量元素具有富SiO 2(76%~79%),低Al2O3(11.01%~12.61%)、CaO(1.27%~1.59%)、MgO(0.74%~0.24%)和Mg#(18~53)等特征,而广泛分布的高铝TTG岩系的主量元素含量变化大,例如,SiO 2=63%~77%、Al2O3=13.2%~17.77%、CaO=1.8%~5.78%、MgO=0.18%~3.84%和Mg#=35~64。微量元素方面,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩具有Eu/Eu*负异常(除1个样品为弱正异常1.38外,其余样品分布在0.59~0.44),富集重稀土((La/Yb)N=4~7,(Gd/Yb)N=0.36~1.27),而高铝TTG岩系从弱负铕异常到正异常(Eu/Eu*=0.8~5.35),轻重稀土分馏明显((La/Yb)N=10~103、(Gd/Yb)N=1.97~5.72)。在微量蛛网图中二者的区别除重稀土明显存在区别外,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩显示出Ba、Sr的相对亏损,而高铝TTG岩系则相反。二者Lu/Hf比值差异明显,低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩变化在0.1~0.16,而高铝TTG岩系变化在0.01~0.07。在Lu/Hf与相关元素以及SiO 2与相关元素哈克图解中,二者差异更加明显,表明它们之间不存在直接的成因联系。综合锆石U-Pb、Lu-Hf同位素特征以及岩石地球化学特征,我们认为低铝奥长花岗质片麻岩是低压下由新太古代新生基性地壳物质低程度部分熔融而成,源区残留矿物相以辉石+斜长石为主,岩浆可能存在过独居石的分异作用。高铝TTG岩系主要由新生基性地壳在相对高压下部分熔融而成,源区残留相以石榴石+辉石+角闪石以及无或少量斜长石为特征。岩浆经历过角闪石和辉石分离结晶作用,铕正异常增大的现象可能与斜长石堆晶有关。本区同时形成高铝和低铝TTG岩系的机制还需深入研究。俯冲机制、地幔柱机制以及二者共同作用等机制均能解释TTG的成因。依据本区同期还形成大量辉长质-闪长质岩浆和稍晚(2.5~2.45Ga)形成的钾质花岗岩类岩浆的侵入活动,我们认为本区高铝和低铝TTG岩系分别来自底侵作用导致的下地壳不同深度不同程度的部分熔融有关。引起底侵作用的机制可能与地幔柱或地幔柱与板块俯冲共同作用有关。     

Garnet fractionation,progressive melt loss and bulk composition variations in anatectic metabasites:Complications for interpreting the geodynamic significance of TTGs

Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) suites constitute a large proportion of the Archean geological record;however,the geodynamic processes that generated them,and Archean continental crust in general,remain a subject of debate.The concentrations and ratios of Sr,Y,La,Yb,Nb,and Ta in TTGs are commonly used to determine the depth of melting of their metabasic sources.The trace element composition of melt produced by metabasic source rocks during anatexis is strongly affected by the presence and abundance of pressure-sensitive minerals,such as plagioclase(Sr-bearing),garnet(Y-and HREE-bearing),and rutile(Nb-and Ta-bearing).Elevated Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and low concentrations of Nb and Ta in TTGs are generally considered to indicate melting at high pressures(≥2.0 GPa).The depth of melting is a key factor in determining the origin of TTGs as this provides critical information on the tectonic setting of their generation.We use phase equilibrium and trace element modelling to explore the effects of three potential influences on TTG trace element compositions:fractionation of trace elements into peritectic garnet cores,progressive melt loss from the source,and source bulk composition.We model three different compositions of Archean basalts along thermal gradients of 500℃/GPa,750℃/GPa,and 1000℃/GPa.The models produce maj or and trace element melt compositions that are generally consistent with measured compositions of TTGs.Although Sr/Y,La/Yb,Nb,and Ta exhibit pressure-dependent behaviour,other factors also affect these values.Garnet fractionation causes Sr/Y and La/Yb to reach much greater values and in this scenario,the values also increase with increasing temperature.Source bulk composition has an effect in all scenarios and most strongly influences La/Yb,Nb,and Ta.Overall,these results show that Sr/Y,La/Yb,Nb,and Ta can reach values generally considered to be indicative of high pressure melting at a range of P-T conditions including P 2.0 GPa.Consequently,trace element compositions of TTGs alone may provide a misleading impression of the depth of melting of metabasites and the geodynamic environment of Archean crustal growth and reworking.     

华北克拉通太古宙TTG岩石的时空分布、组成特征及形成演化:综述

华北克拉通具有3.8Ga以上的演化历史,TTG是其地质记录的最重要载体。华北克拉通太古宙(特别是中太古代以前)地质演化在很大程度上与TTG岩石密切相关。在华北克拉通,始太古代(3.6~4.0Ga)TTG岩石仅在鞍本地区被发现,但冀东地区已在多种变质碎屑沉积岩中发现大量3.6~3.88Ga碎屑锆石;古太古代(3.2~3.6Ga)TTG岩石在鞍本、冀东、信阳地区被识别出来;中太古代(2.8~3.2Ga)TTG岩石在鞍本、冀东、胶东、鲁山等地存在;可把新太古代(2.5~2.8Ga)进一步划分为早期和晚期两个阶段:新太古代早期(2.6~2.8Ga)TTG岩石已在10余个地区被发现,新太古代晚期(2.5~2.6Ga)TTG岩石几乎在每一个太古宙基底岩石出露区都存在。野外地质、锆石定年、元素地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素组成研究表明,中太古代以前TTG岩石局部存在,主要分布于Wan et al.(2015)所划分的三个古陆块中;新太古代TTG岩石广泛分布,是陆壳增生最重要时期岩浆作用的产物。TTG岩石类型随时代变化,3.1~3.8Ga和2.7~2.9Ga TTG岩石分别主要为奥长花岗岩和英云闪长岩;2.5~2.6Ga期间花岗闪长岩大规模出现,并有壳源花岗岩广泛分布,表明这时陆壳已有相当的成熟度。奥长花岗岩轻重稀土分异程度从弱到强的时间出现在~3.3Ga;2.5~3.3Ga的TTG岩石轻重稀土分异程度变化很大,表明其形成条件存在很大差异。TTG岩石主要为新生地壳,但也有相当部分为壳内再循环产物或形成过程中受到陆壳物质影响。华北克拉通中太古代以前的主要构造机制是板底垫托或地幔翻转作用,新太古代晚期板块构造体制可能已起作用。     

冈底斯带甲玛矿区花岗斑岩类年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

藏南冈底斯带中新世斑岩成因主要存在残留洋壳的部分熔融、加厚下地壳的部分熔融、陆下岩石圈的部分熔融和俯冲流体交代基性下地壳的部分熔融四种观点.为了进一步阐明该时期的岩浆成因和大地构造背景,对冈底斯带甲玛矿区不同类型的斑岩体进行了岩石学分析和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测试,并运用X荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分别对样品进行了全岩主、微量元素测试.测试结果显示冈底斯带甲玛矿区的斑岩类形成于16.7~14.4 Ma,总体上具有埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征.其中花岗斑岩类来自于藏南加厚的基性新生下地壳的部分熔融,而辉长闪长玢岩来源于富集的岩石圈地幔.早中新世以来（18~13 Ma）青藏高原处于构造转换阶段,含矿的埃达克质岩浆沿断裂通道上升,并且在上升过程中遭受到了中上地壳物质的混染,演化形成甲玛矿区内石英闪长玢岩、花岗闪长斑岩、二长花岗斑岩和花岗斑岩,而近乎同时期来自于岩石圈地幔的岩浆则演化形成辉长闪长玢岩;矿区内含矿热液流体在岩浆热驱动和构造应力作用下,在林布宗组砂板岩、角岩与多底沟组大理岩、灰岩的层间滑脱带或褶皱的构造虚脱空间就位,形成冈底斯带甲玛矽卡岩型铜多金属主矿体.      

琼西抱板群变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

海南岛抱板群变质基性火山岩的岩石学、地球化学、Sr、Nd、Pb同位素及其形成的大地构造环境的综合研究表明 ,抱板群变质基性火山岩具有洋中脊型拉斑玄武岩和岛弧型拉斑玄武岩的双重特征 ,起源于亏损地幔 ,是古俯冲消减带上部岩石圈地幔楔、自消减带卷入地幔楔地壳物质及俯冲洋壳析出的流体构成的三元混合物部分熔融结果 ,产生于扩张弧后 (或弧间 )盆地环境。地球动力学分析表明 ,古中元古代时 ,海南岛西部可能经历了一次由“开”向“合”转变的构造演化史。     

Dehydration melting of a basaltic composition amphibolite at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa: implications for the origin of adakites

This study presents the results of dehydration melting experiments on a basaltic composition amphibolite under conditions appropriate to a hot slab geotherm (1.5 and 2.0 GPa and temperatures of 850 to 1150° C). Dehydration melting produces an omphacitic augite and garnet bearing residue coexisting with rhyolitic to andesitic composition melts. At 1.5 GPa, the amphibolite melts in two stages between 800 and 1025° C. The 2.0 GPa data also define two melting stages. At 2.0 GPa, the first stage involves nearly modal melting of the original amphibolite minerals (qtz, pl, amp) to produce melt + cpx + grt. During the second stage, the eclogite restite melts non-modally (0.86 cpx + 0.14 grt = 1 melt). The experimental results were combined with data from the literature to generate a composite P-T phase diagram for basaltic composition amphibolites over the 800 to 1100° C temperature range for pressures up to 2.0 GPa. Comparison of the major element compositions of the experimentally produced melts with compositions of presumed slab melts (adakites) shows that partial melting of amphibolite at conditions appropriate to a hot-slab geotherm produces melts similar to andesitic and dacitic adakites except for significant MgO and CaO depletions. Trace element modelling of amphibolite dehydration melting using the 2.0 GPa melting reactions produces REE abundances similar to those of adakites at 10–15 wt% batch melting, but the models do not reproduce the high Sr/Y ratios characteristic of adakites. Taken together, the major and trace element results are not consistent with the derivation of adakites by dehydration melting of the subducted slab with little or no interaction with the mantle wedge or crust. If adakites are partial melts of the subducted slab, they must undergo significant interaction with the mantle and/or crust, during which they acquire a number of their distinctive characteristics.     

河南嵩山地区新太古代斜长角闪岩的地球化学特征与成因

嵩山地区登封群是华北克拉通南部古老结晶基底的重要组成部分,由一套火山-沉积成因的表壳岩系组成,形成于新太古代.斜长角闪质岩石广泛发育于登封群表壳岩中,同时,也以包体形式普遍存在于TTG片麻岩体内部.二者主量元素差别不大,SiO_2含量为45%～63%,富Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、CaO,TiO_2(0.5%～1.11%)含量较低,原岩为亚碱性玄武岩、安山岩.二者的微量元素特征稍有差别,登封群斜长角闪岩REE配分形式平坦,轻重稀土基本无分异((La/Yb)_N=0.99～2.07),基本无Eu异常(δEu≈1);Ti负异常,Nb、Ta、Y负异常不明显,Ba、Sr呈现正异常,显示洋中脊和岛弧拉斑玄武岩特征;在Cr-Y、Ta/Yb-Th/Yb、Zr/Y-Nb/Y图解中位于洋中脊向岛弧玄武岩的过渡区域;ε_(Nd)(t)=4.43,显示源岩来自亏损地幔.而TTG片麻岩中斜长角闪岩包体的LREE富集,Eu负异常明显(δEu)=0.46～0.87);大离子亲石元素Rb、Cs、Ba明显高于登封群中的斜长角闪岩,除了Ti含量稍低外,Zr、Nb和Y含量范围和登封群斜长角闪岩相似,Nb、Ta和Y呈负异常,具有岛弧玄武岩特征;ε_(Nd)(t)=2.56和4.08,显示源岩来自亏损地幔,反映有地壳物质的混染.登封群斜长角闪岩及斜长角闪岩包体原岩的源区物质有所不同,在汇聚板块边缘洋壳俯冲条件下,前者是地幔楔部分熔融的产物,形成于弧后盆地环境;后者可能是随着俯冲作用的进行,小部分板片熔融开始发生,形成的熔浆混染亏损地幔部分熔融形成的熔浆.地球化学特征显示登封群形成的地球动力学背景是汇聚板块边缘洋壳的俯冲,反映当时陆壳以水平方式增生.     

西准噶尔别鲁阿嘎希花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学特征及岩石成因

为更深入了解西准噶尔晚古生代岩浆活动和构造背景,对位于西准噶尔中部的别鲁阿嘎希岩体开展了年代学、地球化学以及Sr-Nd同位素研究,讨论了岩石成因、源区性质和构造背景.别鲁阿嘎希花岗闪长岩为钙碱性系列岩石,岩浆锆石结晶年龄为318.7±3.3 Ma.其具相对高的MgO(Mg#=49~59)、Ni、Cr含量,富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Sr和Ba)、亏损高强场元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti),轻重稀土元素分异不明显.Sr-Nd同位素特征显示,其有较低的初始Sr比值(0.704 297~0.704 399),较高的ε_Nd(t)值(5.8~6.5).通过综合分析,认为在晚石炭世早期,达尔布特洋壳(板片)俯冲至地幔楔下部,俯冲洋壳板片脱水所产生的流体在上升过程中与地幔楔共同作用,底侵加热由亏损地幔形成不久的年轻地壳(由洋壳和岛弧组成),使其部分熔融形成了别鲁阿嘎希分异I型花岗岩.      

东昆仑沟里地区暗色包体及其寄主岩石地球化学特征及成因

通过青海东昆仑东部沟里地区阿斯哈岩体中寄主闪长岩和暗色微粒包体的岩相学、全岩地球化学研究,确定了岩石成因及其构造属性。阿斯哈岩体中暗色包体广泛分布,包体岩性主要为角闪辉长岩。包体具有岩浆结构,部分包体具有塑性流变特征,包体中可见寄主岩石矿物的捕掳晶和针状磷灰石,表现出岩浆混合的岩相学特征。主岩及暗色包体同属准铝质、高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列过渡岩石,主量元素在Harker图解及Al₂O₃/K₂O-CaO/K₂O和SiO₂/CaO-K₂O/CaO的共分母协变图上具良好的线性关系,反映两者成分的变化与岩浆混合作用有关。两者的稀土元素配分模式总体一致,显示二者密切的成因联系。两者都富含大离子亲石元素（Rb、K）,相对亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、P、Ti）。暗色包体具有贫硅（w(SiO₂)=50.70%~53.88%）和富镁、铁、钙的地球化学特征,其Mg^#值较高（Mg^#=0.52~0.59）,暗示其来源于俯冲带流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融。主岩的Rb/Sr值为0.22~0.27,接近地壳平均值,Nb/Ta值为14.5~15.2,介于地幔平均值与地壳平均值之间,表明寄主岩石岩浆具有壳源岩浆的性质并经历了幔源岩浆的混合作用。结合区域构造演化及构造判别,认为阿斯哈岩体形成于安第斯型活动大陆边缘的构造环境。早三叠世,阿尼玛卿洋向北俯冲,俯冲带流体交代地幔楔,导致其部分熔融形成基性岩浆,底侵的幔源基性岩浆诱发下地壳部分熔融并与之发生混合形成本区闪长岩,而其中的暗色包体为幔源岩浆混合不彻底的产物。     

一种罕见的岩石——富铁玄武岩/富铁苦橄岩研究进展

高铁镁质岩石(Ferrobasalts/Ferropicrites)较正常镁质岩石高FeO*(通常在14%以上)、贫硅、低碱，具独特主量元素特征，属富铁拉斑玄武岩—富铁苦橄岩。在自然界中与普遍发育的具Bowen趋势的低铁富硅熔体不同，高铁贫硅岩浆(Fenner趋势)非常罕见,也没有直接的现代类比物可以对比以解释其岩石成因。为了解释其岩石成因，前人做过大量的研究，归纳起来主要有以下几种可能的成因类型：①普通洋脊型玄武岩在封闭系统中简单的分离结晶作用；②低压条件下俯冲板片的大比例部分熔融；③地幔柱头前锋富铁组分(Fe rich streaks in mantle plume starting heads)的部分熔融。其成因机制的研究对于理解其岩浆深部构造背景、早期壳—幔演化、下地幔组成不均一性和核幔相互作用有着重要意义；同时，对于最近在我国南太行山地区及其它地区发现的具有高铁镁特征岩石的研究具有极其重要的意义。     

中国东部新生代玄武岩记录古太平洋俯冲带壳幔相互作用

大陆玄武岩通常具有与洋岛玄武岩相似的地球化学成分,其中含有显著的壳源组分.对于洋岛玄武岩来说,虽然其中的壳源组分归咎于深俯冲大洋板片的再循环,但是对板片俯冲过程中的壳幔相互作用缺乏研究.对于大陆玄武岩来说,由于其形成与特定大洋板片在大陆边缘之下的俯冲有关,可以用来确定古大洋板片俯冲的地壳物质再循环.本文总结了我们对中国东部新生代玄武岩所进行的一系列地球化学研究,结果记录了古太平洋板片俯冲析出流体对地幔楔的化学交代作用.这些大陆玄武岩普遍具有与洋岛玄武岩类似的地球化学成分,在微量元素组成上表现为富集LILE和LREE、亏损HREE,但是不亏损HFSE的分布特点,在放射成因同位素组成上表现为亏损至弱富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成.在排除地壳混染效应之后,这些玄武岩的地球化学特征可以由其地幔源区中壳源组分的性质来解释.俯冲大洋地壳部分熔融产生的熔体提供了地幔源区中的壳源组分,其中包括洋壳镁铁质火成岩、海底沉积物和大陆下地壳三种组分.华北和华南新生代大陆玄武岩在Pb同位素组成上存在显著差异,反映它们地幔源区中的壳源组分有所区别.中国东部新生代玄武岩的地幔源区是古太平洋板片于中生代俯冲至亚欧大陆东部之下时,在>200 km的俯冲带深度发生壳幔相互作用的产物.在新生代期间,随着俯冲太平洋板片的回卷引起的中国东部大陆岩石圈拉张和软流圈地幔上涌,那些交代成因的地幔源区发生部分熔融,形成了现今所见的新生代玄武岩.      

华北克拉通中生代破坏前的岩石圈地幔与下地壳

华北克拉通是世界上最古老的克拉通之一,有 38亿年的古老陆壳存在,它经历了复杂的地质变迁,在太古宙末(约2500Ma)基本完成克拉通化,在古元古代(约1900~1850Ma)整体受到了高级变质作用,最终完成了克拉通化。它的东部在中生代发生了重大的构造机制的转变,克拉通基底发生了破坏、置换和再造。在太行山重力梯度带以西的华北克拉通受中生代构造转折的改造程度较低,它们的下地壳和岩石圈地幔结构,大致保持了华北克拉通破坏前的状态。前寒武纪麻粒岩地体代表了掀翻抬升到地表的古元古代下地壳,出露地表的时间大致在1850~1800Ma。中、新生代火山岩中的地幔和麻粒岩捕虏体代表了现代的岩石圈地幔和下地壳的岩石。岩石学、地球化学和地球物理的研究,推测华北克拉通西部的岩石圈厚约200km,地壳厚度约45km~50km,是在古元古代(约1.9Ga)时期终极克拉通化作用形成的,其厚度和结构与全球典型的元古宙克拉通岩石圈相同。而太行山重力梯度带以东的克拉通岩石圈地幔受到程度不等的交代、改造、置换和减薄,下地壳大规模重熔,地壳厚度也发生减薄,指示了强烈的壳幔解耦、物质交换和重新耦合的过程。     

Fluid-mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archaean crustal growth models

We use published and new trace element data to identify element ratios which discriminate between arc magmas from the supra-subduction zone mantle wedge and those formed by direct melting of subducted crust (i.e. adakites). The clearest distinction is obtained with those element ratios which are strongly fractionated during refertilisation of the depleted mantle wedge, ultimately reflecting slab dehydration. Hence, adakites have significantly lower Pb/Nd and B/Be but higher Nb/Ta than typical arc magmas and continental crust as a whole. Although Li and Be are also overenriched in continental crust, behaviour of Li/Yb and Be/Nd is more complex and these ratios do not provide unique signatures of slab melting. Archaean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorites (TTGs) strongly resemble ordinary mantle wedge-derived arc magmas in terms of fluid-mobile trace element content, implying that they did not form by slab melting but that they originated from mantle which was hydrated and enriched in elements lost from slabs during prograde dehydration. We suggest that Archaean TTGs formed by extensive fractional crystallisation from a mafic precursor. It is widely claimed that the time between the creation and subduction of oceanic lithosphere was significantly shorter in the Archaean (i.e. 20 Ma) than it is today. This difference was seen as an attractive explanation for the presumed preponderance of adakitic magmas during the first half of Earth's history. However, when we consider the effects of a higher potential mantle temperature on the thickness of oceanic crust, it follows that the mean age of oceanic lithosphere has remained virtually constant. Formation of adakites has therefore always depended on local plate geometry and not on potential mantle temperature.     

Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous low-Mg adakitic rocks along the southernmost margin of the North China Craton: implications for late Mesozoic crustal evolution

This article reports systematic zircon U–Pb dating, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotopic data for the Early Cretaceous Jialou granitoids along the southernmost margin of the North China Craton (NCC), adjacent to the Tongbai Orogen. These results will provide significant constrains on the crustal evolution of the southern margin of the NCC. Zircon U–Pb analyses, using laser ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, indicate that the Jialou granitoids were emplaced at ~130 Ma. The granitoids have high SiO₂, K₂O, Al₂O₃, Sr, and Ba contents, high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios, and low concentrations of MgO, Y, and heavy rare earth elements, indicating a low-Mg adakitic affinity. They have relatively high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707464–0.708190) and negative εNd(t) values (–11.8 to –15.2), similar to those of the Palaeoproterozoic lower crust in the NCC. These geochemical and isotopic features indicate that the Jialou low-Mg adakitic rocks were derived by partial melting of mafic Palaeoproterozoic lower crust of the NCC at >50 km depth, leaving behind a garnet amphibolite residue. The petrogenesis of the Jialou low-Mg adakitic rocks, plus the petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids and lower crustal xenoliths entrained in the Late Jurassic Xinyang volcaniclastic diatreme, suggests that the continental crust along the southern margin of the NCC was thickened during the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, but thinned after 130 Ma. We propose that crustal thickening was caused by a late Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous intra-continental orogeny, rather than continent–continent collision between the NCC and the Yangtze Craton. We also suggest that crustal thinning and Early Cretaceous magmatism were related to subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate, rather than post-orogenic collapse of the Qinling–Tongbai–Dabie Orogen.     

Petrogenetic link between amphibolites and the banded iron formation of the Yishui region in the North China Craton: implications for Neoarchean plume tectonics

ABSTRACT

Amphibolites have a genetically close relationship with banded iron formations (BIFs) in the North China Craton (NCC). The Yishui amphibolites in the NCC occur interbedded with Algoma–type Yishui BIFs as related wall rocks. A reconstruction of the amphibolite protolith was conducted based on the results of petrologic, mineralogic, and geochemical analyses. The Yishui amphibolites consist of actinolite, ferrohornblende, albite, orthoclase, biotite, quartz, magnetite with minor pyrite, titanite, and ilmenite. Their chemical compositions are mainly SiO₂, Fe₂O₃^T, CaO, and Al₂O₃ with subordinate TiO₂, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, and MnO. The chondrite–normalized rare earth element diagram, characterized by enriched light rare earth elements (La/Yb_CN = 19.51–24.05) with insignificant Eu and Ce anomalies, shows coherent trends. The primitive mantle–normalized multi–element spider diagram is enriched in large ion lithophile elements, high field strength elements, and light rare earth elements which are related to a mantle source. The results of this study, combined with previous literature data, indicate that the Yishui amphibolite protoliths had intraplate alkaline basalt affinities and were derived from an ocean island basalt–type mantle source with no contamination. The results also suggest that the basalts were primarily the product of small amounts of partial melting. Based on the results, it is considered that a mantle plume model is the most appropriate tectonic model as it better explains the amphibolite geochemical signature. Furthermore, this model can provide crucial information regarding the Archaean NCC tectonic evolution and can demonstrate the temporal and spatial relationships between the BIFs and wall rocks.     

鲁山太华群麻粒岩相岩石形成的地球化学限制

鲁山太华群麻粒岩相岩石形成的地球化学限制徐启东，高山，刘庆生（中国地质大学，武汉４３００７４）主题词麻粒岩相岩石，ＬＩＬ元素亏损，下地壳太华群提要河南鲁山太古宙高级区表壳岩中的麻粒岩相岩石及相关的角闪岩相岩石与世界其它地区麻粒岩相岩石相比并没有明显的...     

Geochemical variations of the Late Mesozoic granitoids in the southern margin of North China Craton: A possible link to the tectonic transformation from compression to extension

The composition of the continental crust of the North China Craton (NCC) is more felsic than that of the average bulk crust, which is regarded to be the result of the delamination of the thickened lower crust during Mesozoic. However, whether the thickened continental crust existed and when the delamination event happened along the southern margin of the NCC are still debated. Here, we report geochronological, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic evidence that granitoids from the Late Jurassic Wuzhangshan pluton and the Early Cretaceous Huashani complex were derived by partial melting of the lower crust with different thickness. Our new data shows that the two lithofacies of the Wuzhangshan pluton were mainly formed between ca. 157 and 156 Ma, whereas the five lithofacies of the Huashani complex were mainly emplaced between ca. 132 and 125 Ma. The Wuzhangshan pluton and the earlier four lithofacies granitoids of the Huashani complex (ca. 160–125 Ma) both display adakitic geochemical features, which are characterized by as high SiO₂ (63.26–72.71 wt%), Al₂O₃ (13.97–16.89 wt%) and Sr (413–1218 ppm) contents, and low Y (6.30–14.98 ppm) and Yb_N (1.55–4.43), and high Sr/Y (33−112) and (La/Yb)_N (11.53–29.72) ratios. They also have high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)i (0.7066–0.7086), and low εNd(t) (−9.9 to −18.8) and εHf(t) (−11 to −26) values, and two-stage Nd and Hf model ages ranging from 2.4 to 1.7 Ga and 2.7 to 1.7 Ga, respectively. In contrast, the late Early Cretaceous (ca. 125–110 Ma) granitoids have higher SiO₂ (71.30–76.78 wt%) and lower Sr (64–333 ppm) contents, and lower Sr/Y (17–29) and (La/Yb)_N (13.25–18.36) ratios, and similar εNd(t) (−10 to −16) and relatively higher εHf(t) (−10 to −14) values. These geochemical variations suggest that the ca.160–125 Ma granitoids were most probably produced by partial melting of thickened crust (>45 km) with eclogite, garnet amphibolite or amphibolite residues, whereas that the ca. 125–110 Ma granitoids were formed by partial melting of the thinner crust (<33 km). We thus suggest that the NCC likely underwent a synchronous tectonic transformation at ca. 125 Ma from a compressional setting with thickened crust to an intensive extensional setting with thinner crust at ca. 125 Ma, which demonstrates that the lower crust was most likely delaminated.     

华南新元古代玄武质岩石成因与构造意义：从造山运动到陆内裂谷

华南广泛发育新元古代岩浆岩,深入了解这些新元古代岩浆岩的成因对研究区域大地构造及其在Rodinia超大陆的聚合一裂解演化中的作用有重要意义.目前学术界对这些岩浆岩的成因及其大地构造意义还存在很大的分歧.我们在系统分析华南新元古代玄武质岩石地球化学特征的基础上,通过对这些玄武质岩石的原始熔体成分和熔体温度,探讨其地幔源区的组成和热结构,为其形成的构造背景提供新的约束;结合近期发表的各种地质观察资料和玄武质岩石的研究结果,提出了华南晚中元古代.新元古代中期从造山运动到陆内裂谷的地球动力学演化的模型.