Iverya averyi gen.nov.and sp.nov.,a New Triadotypomorphan Species from the Middle Triassic at Picton,New South Wales,Australia

<正>A new specimen assigned to the species Iverya averyi gen.nov.and sp.nov.is described.This species is considered as a triadotypomorphan insect,a poorly known group of Triassic stem-odonatans.Like other triadotypomorphans,this species exhibits an area between MA and MP that is comparatively broad,and a cubitoanal area involving an AA stem distinct from CuA+CuP+AA emitting several posterior branches.Diagnostic character states of the new species are listed.Although incomplete,the specimen provides new information on the wing morphology of triadotypomorphans.This discovery might contribute to better assessment of the phylogenetic position of triadotypomorphan species with respect to other stem-odonatans.     

The morphological dynamics of intertidal megaripples in the Mawddach Estuary, North Wales, and the implications for palaeoflow reconstructions

The morphology and migration rate of tidal bedforms are important because of their use in interpretation of modern and ancient sediment transport regimes. Tidal flow, megaripple morphology and migration were studied in the mesotidal Mawddach Estuary, North Wales, to examine the veracity of published flow-bedform relationships, quantify spatial variations in migration and assess consequences for palaeoflow reconstruction. Two transects were surveyed along a megarippled intertidal shoal (mean grain size 280 μm) for a period of 22 semi-diurnal tidal cycles. A vertical array of current meters recorded tidal current profiles at the centre of one of the transects. Flood tidal currents dominate at Fegla Fach shoal, with peak velocities over 1 m s^?1 at spring tides, and 0.5 m s ^?1 at neaps, and bed sediment transport was also flood-dominated. Over the lunar cycle, the morphology of the megaripples on the survey lines was divisible into three phases: 1 the neap mode-consisting of near-moribund two-dimensional (2-D) flood-orientated megaripples of wavelength c. 6 m and height c. 0.2 m; 2 a transitional mode-where, on rising tidal ranges, scour pits formed and developed into 3-D megaripples which underwent net migration with the flood tide; 3 the spring mode-consisting of 3-D megaripples of wavelength c. 4 m and height c. 0.2 m. Despite complete re-orientation by the ebb tide, these were recognizable from one low water survey to the next, and net migration was c. 1 m per tide with the flood tide. We infer the presence of the equilibrium ‘spring tidal form’ occurring as flood-orientated megaripples during the flood tide. The data support previously reported separation of 2-D and 3-D megaripples at a depth to grain size ratio of 8000, and at a depth-mean velocity of the dominant tide (U_maxdom) of 0.75-0.8 m s^?1. A migration threshold exists at U_maxdom of c. 0.53-0.57 m s^?1. Measures of migration which might be used on preserved sections have been applied to the data. These measures systematically overestimated bedform migration at most stages of the lunar cycle (by <25% at spring tides and <140% in the post-spring transition period), but were accurate when the megaripples had developed into their 'spring tidal form’. There is significant variation of migration rates within the survey populations. We conclude that whilst the occurrence of megaripple cross-sets may be used as a palaeoflow indicator, and sedimentary structures associated with 2-D to 3-D transitions may also be indicative of palaeoflows, there are likely to be significant uncertainties involved in using tidal bundles as an indication of sediment transport rates.     

滇西保山西邑地区香山组一段牙形石的发现及其时代意义

保山西邑铅锌矿区香山组一段灰岩牙形石丰富,包括5属7种1个相似种及2个未定种,分别为:Ancyrodella curvata,A.nodosa,A.spp.,Ancyrognathus triangularis,Icriodus alternatus alternatus,I.sp.,Palmatolepis hassi,Pa.simpla,Polygnathus webbi,Po.cf.tenellus和Po.sp.。该牙形石组合面貌可与上泥盆统Late Palmatolepis rhenana带对比,表明研究区内香山组一段的时代为晚泥盆世弗拉斯期晚期,并非早石炭世。     

Multivariate analysis of environmentally controlled variation in Lagena: Late Maastrichtian,Sweden

Costate forms of Lagena (benthonic foraminifer) have been studied in an uppermost Maastrichtian bore-hole core sequence (28 levels) from southern Sweden. Analysis of a large sample shows that consistent assignment to previously described “species” of costate Lagena is not possible. This observation is supported by multivariate analysis of five morphologic variables which indicates that there are no distinct clusters of specimens along principal component axes associated with general size, number of costae, and relationships between roundness of test/length and number of costae. Specimens with a basal ring differ from specimens with an apical spine and those with no basal structure with regard to average number of costae. They also differ from specimens with no basal structure with regard to relationships between roundness of test/length and number of costae. These characters grade into each other thus preventing them from being used as taxonomic criteria.Mean ratios of benthonic foraminifers to total benthonic and planktonic formaminifers determined individually for each level are inversely related to mean relative frequencies of costate Lagena and directly related to mean general sizes of costate Lagena. The benthonic/planktonic ratio has been suggested by other workers to represent a paleobathymetric index across a continental slope and shelf when open marine conditions prevailed. If this were so in the Danish basin at the end of the Cretaceous, costate Lagena would have been relatively less frequent and larger at shallower depths.As a result of the study, the analyzed specimens are considered as representing a single morphospecies of the costate species Lagena sulcata. Between-level variation is regarded as ecophenotypic, and within-level variation as natural biologic variation of no taxonomic significance. A total of about 1000 species of Lagena has been described in the literature which is probably many orders of magnitude too great for a genus with such a simple morphology as Lagena. A revision of the taxonomy of Lagena is, therefore, probably necessary on a wide scale.     

A New Method for Determining Fluid Compositions in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 System with Cryogenic Raman Spectroscopy

Raman peaks of various hydrates in the H20-NaCl-CaCl2 system have been previously identified, but a quantitative relationship between the Raman peaks and XNaCl （i.e.,NaCl/ （NaCl＋CaCl2）） has not been established, mainly due to the difficulty to freeze the solutions. This problem was solved by adding alumina powder to the solutions to facilitate nucleation of crystals. Cryogenic （-185℃） Raman spectroscopic studies of alumina-spiced solutions indicate that XNaCl is linearly correlated with the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite. Capsules of solutions made from silica capillary were prepared to simulate fluid inclusions. Most of these artificial fluid inclusions could not be totally frozen even at temperatures as low as -185℃, and the total peak area fraction of hydrohalite is not correlated linearly with XNaCI. However, the degree of deviation （△XNaCl） from the linear correlation established earlier is related to the amount of residual solution, which is reflected by the ratio （r） of the baseline ＂bump＂ area, resulting from the interstitial unfrozen brine near 3435 cm^-1, and the total hydrate peak area between 3350 and 3600 cm^-1. A linear correlation between △XNaCl and r is established to estimate XNaCl from cryogenic Raman spectroscopic analysis for fluid inclusions.     

Late Quaternary history of the Kap Mackenzie area,northeast Greenland

Wagner, B., Bennike, O., Cremer, H. & Klug, M. 2010: Late Quaternary history of the Kap Mackenzie area, northeast Greenland. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 492–504. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00148.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. The Kap Mackenzie area on the outer coast of northeast Greenland was glaciated during the last glacial stage, and pre‐Holocene shell material was brought to the area. Dating of marine shells indicates that deglaciation occurred in the earliest Holocene, before 10 800 cal. a BP. The marine limit is around 53 m a.s.l. In the wake of the deglaciation, a glaciomarine fauna characterized the area, but after c. one millennium a more species‐rich marine fauna took over. This fauna included Mytilus edulis and Mysella sovaliki, which do not live in the region at present; the latter is new to the Holocene fauna of northeast Greenland. The oldest M. edulis sample is dated to c. 9500 cal. a BP, which is the earliest date for the species from the region and indicates that the Holocene thermal maximum began earlier in the region than previously documented. This is supported by driftwood dated to c. 9650 cal. a BP, which is the earliest driftwood date so far from northeastern Greenland and implies that the coastal area was at least partly free of sea ice in summer. As indicated by former studies, the Storegga tsunami hit the Kap Mackenzie area at c. 8100 cal. a BP. Loon Lake, at 18 m a.s.l., was isolated from the sea at c. 6200 cal. a BP, which is distinctly later than expected from existing relative sea‐level curves for the region.     

Kumamotoa, an early Late Cretaceous non-marine bivalve, from Fujian, south China

The non-marine bivalve species Trigonioides (Kumamotoa) quadratus Gu and Ma is described from the Fourth Member of the Hekou Formation in western Fujian, southeastern China. This species previously was regarded to belong to the subgenus Trigonioides (s.s.), which is restricted to the Early Cretaceous. Herein, it is included into the subgenus Kumamotoa. It is compared to Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) species from Japan and Korea such as Trigonioides (Kumamotoa) mifunensis Tamura, Trigonioides (Kumamotoa) matsumotoi Kobayashi and Suzuki and Trigonioides (Kumamotoa) paucisulcatus Suzuki. The age of the Fourth Member of the Hekou Formation is discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of Flabellophyton from the Ediacaran Lantian Biota,South China: Application of Geometric Morphometrics in Precambrian Fossil Research

As a more efficient quantitative method for morphological analysis, geometric morphometrics is applied to the flabellate fossils Flabellophyton including Flabellophyton lantianensis and Flabellophyton strigata from Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Lantian biota, South China. Both traditional morphometric analysis (including diverging angle, length, and width distribution) and geometric morphometric analysis [including superposition of normalized area analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling (n-MDS), Bray-Curtis similarity cluster analysis (CLUSTER) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM)] were performed. The results indicate there are great interspecific morphological differences between F. lantianensis and F. strigata, in addition to some intraspecific variations within each species. Here we preliminarily suggest that the previously defined Flabellophyton should be subdivided into 2 genera at least: one marked by the dark transverse striated structure, and the other without. This recharacterization and reclassification work still needs further careful observation and comprehensive analysis with large number of flabellate fossils combining morphology, structure, population, and community-ecology study.     

Extinction and biogeography of birds on huahine,society islands,French polynesia

This study is based upon the identification of 336 bird bones from the Fa'ahia archaeological site, Huahine, French Polynesia. The bones represent birds that were killed for their flesh, feathers, or bones by prehistoric Polynesians. The radiocarbon ages of excavated strata at Fa'ahia range from about 1140 ± 90 to 770 ± 90 yr B.P. The bird bones represent 15 species of resident seabirds, 15 species of resident landbirds, four migrant species, and one introduced species. The only extinct seabird is a gull, Larus new species, although locally extirpated seabirds are Puffinus pacificus, Puffinus nativitatis, Puffinus lherminieri, Pterodroma rostrata, Pterodroma alba, Pterodroma arminjoniana, Sula leucogaster, Sula sula, Fregata minor, Fregata ariel, and Anous minutus. Extinct landbirds are Gallirallus new species, Gallicolumba nui, Macropygia arevarevauupa, Vini vidivici, Vini cf. sinotoi, and Aplonis diluvialis. Locally extirpated landbirds are Ardeola striata, Porzana tabuensis, Gallicolumba erythroptera, Ducula galeata, Ducula aurorae, and Acrocephalus caffer. The bones from Fa'ahia increase the seabird and landbird fauna of Huahine, from the historically known 3 to 15 species and from 7 to 18 species, respectively. Thus the number of species from Huahine is even greater than those from nearby Tahiti, which has a much greater land area and elevation. The occurrence of so many extinct or extirpated species of birds at the Fa'ahia site suggests that this site represents a very early phase of human occupation on Huahine, probably no more than 500 years after the first arrival of people on this previously undisturbed island ecosystem.     

Effects of Life History Strategy on Fish Distribution and Use of Estuarine Salt Marsh and Shallow-Water Flat Habitats

To assess the potential for habitat isolation effects on estuarine nekton, we used two species with different dispersal abilities and life history strategies, mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) to examine: (1) distribution trends among estuarine shallow-water flat and various intertidal salt marsh habitats and (2) the influence of salt marsh habitat size and isolation. Collections were conducted using baited minnow traps set within nonisolated interior marshes (interior), nonisolated fringing marshes (nonisolated), isolated island marshes (isolated), and shallow-water flat habitats (flat) that were adjacent to isolated and nonisolated marshes. Size range of individuals collected included juvenile and adult F. heteroclitus (20–82-mm standard length) and L. rhomboides (22–151-mm standard length). During high tide, F. heteroclitus exclusively used marsh habitats, particularly high marsh, whereas L. rhomboides used marshes and flats. F. heteroclitus abundance followed an interior > nonisolated > isolated pattern. L. rhomboides abundance patterns were less consistent but followed a nonisolated > isolated > interior pattern. A size-dependent water depth relationship was observed for both species and suggests size class partitioning of marsh and flat habitats during high tide. Minimum water depth (~31 cm) restricted L. rhomboides populations in marshes, while maximum water depth (~69 cm) restricted F. heteroclitus population use of marshes and movement between marsh habitats. Disparities in F. heteroclitus young of year contribution between isolated compared to nonisolated and interior marsh types suggests isolated marshes acted as population sinks and were dependent on adult emigrants. Resident and transient salt marsh nekton species utilize estuarine habitats in different ways and these fundamental differences can translate into how estuarine landscape might affect nekton.     

Deformation history inferred from magnetic fabric in the southwestern Okcheon metamorphic belt, Korea

Magnetic fabric and rock-magnetic studies have been carried out for the non-fossiliferous, low- to medium-grade metasedimentary rocks in the southwestern part of the Okcheon metamorphic belt (OMB). Two major metamorphic events in the study area were previously recognized: regional metamorphism (M₁) in the late Carboniferous to early Permian and contact metamorphism (M₂) due to the intrusion of granite in the middle Jurassic. The metamorphic grade of the study area increases from the biotite zone in southeast through the garnet zone to the staurolite zone towards the northwest. Magnetic fabrics of the study area are generally well defined and can be characterized according to the metamorphic zones. Magnetic foliation is the dominant magnetic fabric in the biotite zone, while magnetic lineation prevails in both garnet and staurolite zones. We interpret the metamorphism-related deformation history of the study area based on magnetic fabrics, magnetic mineralogy and previously reported metamorphic evolution as follows. Penetrative NW-dipping cleavage, represented by magnetic foliation, was formed in the study area by prevailing NW–SE shortening event during the M₁ regional metamorphism in the late Carboniferous–early Permian. This shortening event is interpreted to be associated with the collisional event between the North and South China blocks. Cleavages dipping steeply to the southeast in the staurolite zone are attributed to the pressure exerted from the intrusion of Jurassic granite in the northwestern area.     

An early Daonella from the Middle Anisian of Guangxi, southwestern China, and its phylogenetical significance

The late Middle Anisian Daonella fengshanensis sp. nov. from the upper part of the Lower Member of the Banna Formation near Jinya in northwestern Guangxi, southwestern China, represents the earliest appearance of Daonella in this region. With regard to stratigraphical occurrence as well as morphological features the new species is in a transitional position between Enteropleura and more derived species of Daonella. The new species is an early representative of the genus Daonella and regarded as phylogenetically being near the genus’ origin. It is characterised by a small posterior auricle similar to Enteropleura and flat-topped radial ribs resembling later species of Daonella. Its anterior shell sector is large. The shell sculpture of juvenile stages closely resembles both Daonella and Enteropleura, supporting the hypothesis that Daonella may have evolved from Enteropleura.     

New Species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei,China

<正>We report on a new species of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Qiaotou Formation of northern Hebei,China.The new taxon,Shenqiornis mengi gen.et sp.nov.,possesses several enantiornithine synapomorphies but is unique from other known species.The specimen has a well-preserved skull that reveals new information about enantiornithine cranial morphology.The new taxon possesses a large postorbital with a long tapering jugal process indicating that some enantiornithines may have had a fully diapsid skull,as in Confuciusornis.The tooth morphology of the specimen is unique and likely represents a previously unknown trophic specialization within Enantiornithes.     

Rhaxellid sponge microscleres from the Portlandian of Dorset,UK

Three previously described species and two new species of rhaxellid microscleres, Rhaxella winspitensis sp. nov. and R. elongata sp. nov., are described from cherts collected from the Cherty Series of the Portlandian of Dorset. The classification of Rhaxella is reviewed, retaining the genus within the family Geodiidae Gray. The results of this study suggest that three time-dependent rhaxellid assemblages can be recognized which, despite being restricted to certain depositional environments, may have biostratigraphic applications. A Portlandian assemblage described here is species-rich in comparison with known Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian assemblages. Bajocian-Callovian assemblages contain only R. sorbyana. The increased faunal diversity with time is speculatively described by an evolving Rhaxella lineage.     

Cenomanian radiolitid bivalves from Malchina, Karst of Trieste, Italy

A radiolitid fauna, rudist bivalves, composed of Durania acuticostata Caffau and Pleni?ar, Eoradiolites fleuriausus (d’Orbigny), Eoradiolites liratus (Conrad), Paronaites zuffardii (Parona), and Sauvagesia sharpei (Bayle) is described from the upper Cenomanian Monrupino Formation in the Malchina area, Karst of Trieste. The taxonomic part includes [1] the proposal of the new genus Paronaites and [2] neotypes for E. liratus, [3] the identification of several junior synonyms (Eoradiolites zucchii Caffau and Pleni?ar and Praeradiolites acutilamellosus Caffau and Pleni?ar for E. fleuriausus; Eoradiolites zizensis Astre and Eoradiolites adriaticus Caffau and Pleni?ar for E. liratus; and Eoradiolites carsicus Caffau and Pleni?ar for P. zuffardii), [4] the discrimination between E. liratus and Eoradiolites schweinfurthi Zittel, and [5] the identification in Europe of species so far only reported in North Africa, besides [6] illustrating the diagnostic characters and morphologic variability of the treated species. All this facilitates their proper identification and certainly helps the stratigraphic correlation of the Cenomanian shallow water carbonates deposited on the margins of the Tethys.     

Correlations of foliar Δ with K concentration and ash content in sand-fixing plants in the Tengger Desert of China: patterns and implications

In different-aged sand-fixing zones and shifting sand dunes, the seasonal variations of foliar carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), potassium (K) concentration and ash content were investigated in three dominated deserted plants (Artemisia ordosica, Hedysarum scoparium and Caragana korshinskii) during growth season in Shapotou, which is in the southeast margin of the Tengger Desert. The correlations of foliar Δ with foliar K concentration and ash content were examined to evaluate the foliar K and ash content as surrogates of Δ in those deserted plants. Results showed that there were significant effects of plant species, micro-habitation and growth season on foliar Δ, K concentration and ash content. Foliar Δ of C. korshinskii was significantly lower than those of A. ordosica and H. scoparium, and K concentrations in A. ordosica were 2.14 and 2.36 times those of C. korshinskii and H. scoparium. At the same time, micro-habitation and the conditions in growth seasons had significant effects on foliar Δ, K concentration and ash content. Ash content and K concentration were positively correlated to Δ in A. ordosica and H. scoparium, while there was significantly negative relationship between foliar K concentration and Δ in C. korshinskii. Thus, those findings suggest that foliar ash content and K concentration can serve as surrogates of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in A. ordosica and H. scoparium, while they do not in C. korshinskii. This result implied that the correlations of foliar Δ with ash content and K concentration were various due to the physiological features of plant species, and species differences should be fully considered when evaluating the surrogates of carbon isotope discrimination in plants.     

Lisiguangite,CuPtBiS3, a New Platinum‐Group Mineral from the Yanshan Mountains,Hebei, China

Lisiguangite, CuPtBiS3, is a new mineral species discovered in a PEG-bearing, Co-Cu sulfide vein in garnet pyroxenite of the Yanshan Mountains, Chengde Prefecture, Hebei Province, China. It is associated with chalcopyrite and bornite, galena, minor pyrite, carrolite, molybdenite and the platinum-group minerals daomanite (CuPtAsS2), Co-bearing malanite (Cu(Pt, Co)2S4) sperrylite, moncheite, cooperite and malyshevite (CuPdBiS3), rare damiaoite (Pt2In3) and yixunite (Pt3In). Lisiguangite occurs as idiomorphic crystals, tabular or lamellae (010) and elongated [100] or as aggregates, up to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. The mineral is opaque, has lead-gray color, black streak and metallic luster. The mineral is non-fluorescent. The observed morphology displays the following forms: pinacoids {100}, {010}, {001}, and prism {110}. No twining is observed. The a:b:c ratio, calculated from unit-cell parameters, is 0.6010:1:0.3836. Cleavage: {010} perfect, {001} distinct, {100} may be visible. H Mohs: 21/2; VHN25=46.7-49.8 (mean 48.3) kg/mm2. Tenacity: brittle. Lisiguangite is bright white with a yellowish tint. In reflected light it shows neither internal reflections nor bireflectance or pleochroism. It has weak to moderate anisotropy (blue-greenish to brownish) and parallel-axial extinction. The reflectance values in air (and in oil) for R3, R4 and (imR3, imR4), at the standard Commission on Ore Mineralogy wavelengths are: 37.5, 35.7 (23.4, 22.3) at 470 nm; 38.6, 36.5 (23.6, 22.6) at 546 nm; 39.4, 37.5 (23.6, 22.7) at 589 nm and 40.3, 38.2 (23.7, 22.9) at 650 nm. The average of eight electron-microprobe analyses: Cu 12.98, Pt 30.04, Pd 2.69, Bi 37.65 and S 17.55, totaling 100.91%, corresponding to Cu1.10(Pt 0.83, Pd0.14)Σ0.97Bi0.97S2.96 based on six atoms apfu. The ideal formula is CuPtBiS3. The mineral is orthorhombic. Space group: P212121, a=7.7152(15)?,b=12.838(3)?, c=4.9248(10)?, V=487.80(17)?3, Z=4. The six strongest lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in ? (I) (h k l) are 6.40(30)(020), 3.24(80)(031), 3.03(100)(201), 2.27(40)(051), 2.14(50)(250), 1.865(60)(232).     

The effects of introduced water hyacinth on habitat structure,invertebrate assemblages,and fish diets

The South American floating aquatic plant water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has a history of worldwide invasions, including a 1904 introduction into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California. The native pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata) occupies similar habitats in the Delta and is extensively used by resident invertebrates and fish. We sought to discover if an invader would be functionally equivalent to the native plant, by asking whether the encroadhing hyacinth modified the invertebrate assemblage structure and fish-invertebrate food web relative to pennywort. We sampled epiphytic, epibenthic, and benthic invertebrates, and plant canopy insects in patches of hyacinth and pennywort, and analyzed fish diets at three sites in the Delta during 1998. We also measured habitat structure (leaf density, root biomass, and surface area). In 1999, following control and absence of hyacinth, we again measured epiphytic invertebrates in pennywort. We found differences between hyacinth and pennywort in structure, associated invertebrates, and fish diets. Most measurements inferred functional non-equivalency between hyacinth and pennywort, although some functional equivalency and natural variation existed. Leaf and insect densities were significantly higher in pennywort and there were also significant differences in insect assemblage compositions. Hyacinth roots in the water column had significantly more surface area. Densities of epibenthic and benthic aquatic invertebrates were typically greater in pennywort and taxonomic compositions of aquatic invertebrate assemblages showed significant differences. Amphipods and isopods living epiphytically in the root masses were particularly abundant, including several newly discovered introduced species: the amphipodCrangonyx floridanus and the isopodsCaecidotea racovitai andAsellus hilgendorfii. The native amphipodHyalella azteca was more abundant in pennywort and heavily preyed upon by fish, while the non-indigenousC. floridanus was more abundant in hyacinth and not prevalent in fish diets. The introduction of hyacinth to the Delta has caused significant ecological alterations in the surrounding community, due to hyacinth being functionally different from native patches of pennywort.