尘卷风的形成、结构和卷起沙尘过程的数值研究

文中应用数值算法对尘卷风的发展过程进行了模拟计算与分析。通过模拟计算得到了尘卷风的内部详细结构和运动过程。研究表明尘卷风是由于地面局部增热不均匀而形成的一种特殊的旋转对流运动。在尘卷风形成的过程中 ,外围空气通过贴近地面的薄层被地面加热后流向中心部位 ,外围空气的旋转能量在中心部位得到加强形成尘卷风 ,其旋转能量是热泡原来具有的旋转能量的局部集中和一部分势能转化而形成的 ,其旋转方向是由热对流泡的初始旋转方向所决定。尘卷风是一种类兰金涡 ,旋转速度和压力的分布具有兰金组合涡的特点 ;在成熟阶段 ,尘卷风的详细结构可以粗略地分为 4个区域———地面附近的气流汇聚区域、柱状的涡核区域、旋风与地面作用形成的转角风区域以及涡核外部的外围气流区域。转角区域可以细分为两个子区域———外围的方位角风区域(在该区域 ,上升气流运动方向与轴线之间有一定的夹角 ,称为方位角 )和中心的下沉停滞气流区域。尘卷风中心的低压和急速的上升气流可使大量沙尘扬起 ,不同直径的沙尘颗粒在尘卷风的作用下运动轨迹不同 ,因此卷起不同大小沙尘的尘卷风的外形也是不同的。     

西北区春季强沙尘暴环流背景分析

按现行的强沙尘暴标准，统计出近３７年的强沙尘暴个例１５例。根据其环流特征将它们分为５型，并分别加以描述，从中找到一些产生强沙尘暴天气的环流特征量条件     

Simulation of Terrestrial Dust Devil Patterns

Introducing the surface properties [initial vortex, ground temperature and surface momentum impact height (SMIH)] for the boundary conditions, dust-devil-scale large eddy simulations (LES) were carried out. Given three parameters of initial vortex, ground temperature and the SMIH based on Sinclair's observation, the dust devil physical characteristics, such as maximum tangential velocity, updraft velocity, pressure drop in the inner core region, and even reverse flow at the top of the core region, are predicted, and are found to be close to the observations, thus demonstrating the ability of the simulation. The physical characteristics of different modeled dust devils are reproduced and compared to the values predicted by Renno et al.' theory. Even for smaller temperature differences or weaker buoyancy, severe dust devils may be formed by strong incipient vortices. It is also indicated that SMIH substantially affects the near-surface shape of terrestrial dust devils.     

北京地区两次沙尘(暴)天气过程对比分析

通过对 2 0 0 0年 4月 6日和 4月 9日北京地区两次沙尘 (暴 )天气过程的对比分析认为 :蒙古气旋型和不伴有气旋的西北槽型所造成的北京沙尘天气的严重程度不同 ;沙源地区中低层较强上升运动的主要作用是将当地沙尘垂直输送到空中 ,然后在70 0hPa较强西北气流的引导下将卷起的沙尘水平输送到下游地区 ;不稳定层结又加强了沙尘天气 ;沙尘暴区上空z 螺旋度分布的特征是高层为负值 ,低层为正值 ,对流层中低层螺旋度正的大值区与卫星云图显示的沙尘暴区具有较好的一致性 ,对沙尘暴的预报有一定的指示意义     

近40年河南沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘气候特征分析

利用郑州、安阳等17个国家基准（基本）站1961－2000年气象资料，对河南沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气发生的气候特点、变化趋势等进行了分析，并对造成这种变化的原因进行了探讨。     

北京风沙天气基本特征

为了研究自然地表面向大气排放尘埃的源强分布，对北京1961－2000年的风沙天气基本特征进行了初步分析，并且从防治大气尘污染的目的出发，对影响自然地表起尘速率的某些机理进行了探讨。     

中、美和苏丹强沙尘暴的对比分析

为了更好地认识我国的强沙尘暴，对中、美和苏丹三地的强沙尘暴个例进行了对比分析，讨论了它们之间的异同，强调了我国西北的强沙尘暴也存在干飑线对流特征和雷暴下曳气流的作用     

1998年“4.18”强沙尘暴分析及数值模拟

对1998年4月18－19日发生在新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古等地的一次强沙尘暴天气过程从天气事实、天气学成因等方面进行了分析和诊断，然后利用非静力MM5模式对这次沙尘暴天气进行了数值模拟。结果表明，西西伯利亚强冷空气迅速东移，在新疆西部上空形成强锋区，对应的地面冷锋东移至前期增暖显著的新疆、内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏等地形成了本次大风、强沙尘暴天气。用非静力MM5模式较好地模拟出了此次强沙尘暴天气过程的地面强风系统、高空锋区的发生发展。     

Rayleigh-Bénard convection as a tool for studying dust devils

Intense columnar vortices in a convecting layer are explored with direct numerical simulations that are otherwise similar to the large-eddy simulations of6, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126, 2789–2810). With free-slip boundaries and a Rayleigh number of 10⁶(4096 times critical), vortices similar to large dust devils are readily produced. The genesis, intensity and life cycle of these intense vortices (dust devils) are studied. The simulated dust devils last for the order of the over-turning time of the largest eddies. The intensity is limited by the hydrostatic pressure drop supported by the buoyancy confined in the core. The genesis of a simulated dust devil requires not only tilting of the baroclinically generated vorticity, but also a symmetry-breaking event that allows one sign of vorticity to become concentrated in an updraft. Such symmetry breaking is the rule with random initialization in the simulations. However, when initialization is restricted to certain Fourier modes, exceptions are found that produce only symmetric vortex couplets that are relatively weak.     

冀南地区一次强对流型强沙尘暴成因分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、雷达及NECP等资料对2005年5月10日冀南地区强沙尘暴天气过程进行分析,探讨了这次强对流型沙尘天气的成因。结果表明,上冷下暖的垂直结构和午后地面受热增温,容易产生热对流不稳定;地面大风的形成主要源于冷锋前的飑线,雷达回波图上表现为典型的弓状回波,地面中尺度辐合线对飑线发生有重要的作用,高空急流的加强及其形成的次级环流使高空动量有效的下传到地面则是另一个重要原因;沙尘暴区位于高低空急流交汇的区域,700hPa螺旋度正值与高能舌重合区和高空300hPa螺旋度正值区梯度较大的地区,对流层螺旋度大小对沙尘暴预报有一定的指示意义。     

塔里木盆地沙尘暴卫星云图特征分析

利用美国ＮＯＡＡ－Ｎ系列卫星１９７８—１９８７年的云图资料和近几年的遥感图像资料，对塔里木盆地沙尘暴的卫星云图特征进行分析，对沙漠沙尘暴的时空分布特征进行探讨。     

乌鲁木齐机场一次强沙尘暴天气过程分析

对1998年4月18日强风沙尘暴天气从天气形势、天气特点、形成机制及预报能力等方面进行了分析。这是一次在大尺度锋前晴空干热区新生干飑线造成的特殊天气，目前的常规监测及预报手段还无法准确预报这种特殊的灾害性天气。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路气象灾害及其防御对策

通过对沙漠公路周围１６个气象站３０多年资料分析,结合近几年沙漠腹地的气象观测资料,指出大风、沙尘暴、高温等是沙漠公路一线主要的气象灾害,分析了灾害性天气的时空分布,并提出了相应的防御措施。     

基于观测事实的四川天气现象发生空间分布特征

利用四川省145个气象台站1981～2013年连续人工观测资料,对34种天气现象发生日数和概率进行统计。结果表明:除极光外,四川省共观测到33种天气现象,露和轻雾日平均发生频率大于40%;雨和阵雨日平均发生频率大于20%;结冰、霜和雷暴日平均发生频率大于10%。露、霜、结冰、雷暴、闪电、大风、积雪、雨、阵雨、雨夹雪、雪11种天气全省各站均有发生,而雨凇、雪暴、吹雪、龙卷仅在个别站点发生。液态降水、雾、轻雾、霾、浮尘、烟幕、露均是盆地内多于高原,而混合降水、固态降水、扬沙、沙尘暴、吹雪、雪暴、雷暴、霜、大风、结冰、积雪、冰针、龙卷、尘卷风则是川西高原多于盆地。      

1995年我国天气气候特点

１９９５年，我国大部地区降水正常或偏多，但季节分配不均。春季，北方干旱范围较大，陕、甘等省冬春夏连旱，旱情严重。汛期，江南及东北南部暴雨频繁，赣、湘、辽、吉等省发展严重洪涝。全国大部地区热量比较充足，但光照条件欠佳，部分地区作物遭受低温寡照或霜冻危害。登陆台风和热带风暴偏多，两广局地损失严重。部分地区遭受风雹或沙尘暴袭击。     

2000年我国天气气候特点

2000年我国主要天气气候特点为：全国大部地区降水偏少或接近常年，出现全国性干旱，特别是北方地区春夏季遭遇多年来罕见的特大干旱，汛期未发生大范围的暴雨洪涝灾害，秋季黄淮以南地区出现持续连阴雨天气，全国大部分气温接近常年成偏高，持续暖冬态势发生转折，夏季高温酷热，春季北方扬沙和沙尘暴天气异常频繁，登陆我国台风个数偏少，风雹等强对流天气明显偏少。     

Impact of dust aerosol on glacial-interglacial climate

The temperature anomaly and dust concentrations recorded from central Antarctic ice core records display a strong negative correlation. The dust concentration recorded from an ice core in central Antarctica is 50-70 times higher during glacial periods than interglacial periods. This study investigated the impact of dust aerosol on glacial-interglacial climate, using a zonal energy balance model and dust concentration data from an Antarctica ice core. Two important effects of dust, the direct radiative effect and dust-albedo feedback, were considered. On the one hand, the direct radiative effect of dust significantly cooled the climate during the glacial period, with cooling during the last glacial maximum being as much as 2.05℃ in Antarctica. On the other hand, dust deposition onto the ice decreased the surface albedo over Antarctica, leading to increased absorption of solar radiation, inducing a positive feedback that warmed the region by as much as about 0.9℃ during the glacial period. However, cooling by the direct dust effect was found to be the controlling effect for the glacial climate and may be the major influence on the strong negative correlation between temperature and dust concentration during glacial periods.     

Comparing modeled and observed changes in mineral dust transport and deposition to Antarctica between the Last Glacial Maximum and current climates

Mineral dust aerosols represent an active component of the Earth’s climate system, by interacting with radiation directly, and by modifying clouds and biogeochemistry. Mineral dust from polar ice cores over the last million years can be used as paleoclimate proxy, and provide unique information about climate variability, as changes in dust deposition at the core sites can be due to changes in sources, transport and/or deposition locally. Here we present results from a study based on climate model simulations using the Community Climate System Model. The focus of this work is to analyze simulated differences in the dust concentration, size distribution and sources in current climate conditions and during the Last Glacial Maximum at specific ice core locations in Antarctica, and compare with available paleodata. Model results suggest that South America is the most important source for dust deposited in Antarctica in current climate, but Australia is also a major contributor and there is spatial variability in the relative importance of the major dust sources. During the Last Glacial Maximum the dominant source in the model was South America, because of the increased activity of glaciogenic dust sources in Southern Patagonia-Tierra del Fuego and the Southernmost Pampas regions, as well as an increase in transport efficiency southward. Dust emitted from the Southern Hemisphere dust source areas usually follow zonal patterns, but southward flow towards Antarctica is located in specific areas characterized by southward displacement of air masses. Observations and model results consistently suggest a spatially variable shift in dust particle sizes. This is due to a combination of relatively reduced en route wet removal favouring a generalized shift towards smaller particles, and on the other hand to an enhanced relative contribution of dry coarse particle deposition in the Last Glacial Maximum.     

通辽市风沙天气发生规律分析

介绍了1960－1999年通辽市沙日数的气候特征和阶段性，沙尘暴日数偏多（偏少）月份的环流特征及其出现时的地面天气形势，以及各因素在风沙天气表成中的作用。     

沙尘天气的数值预报

沙尘天气预报的核心问题是要理解沙尘天气形成的物理机制,并定量地描述风沙的分布、强度、输送与沉降.沙尘天气的形成是一个复杂的物理过程,涉及到大气运动与地表状况等诸多因素.作者介绍了一个以数值预报为核心、以卫星观测与地理信息系统为资料背景的沙尘天气集成预报系统,特别是其中的起沙模式.作者运用该系统预报了2002年春季的沙尘天气,并用天气观测和采样观测资料对预报效果进行了鉴定.分析表明,预报系统不仅能定性预报沙尘天气的空间分布与时间演变,而且能定量预报沙尘源地、大气中的沙尘浓度、沙尘的输送以及沉降.模式72 h的预报仍然有较高的可信度.另外讨论了存在的问题和今后的研究方向.