粗颗粒两相流计算方法研究

针对具有颗粒粒级跨度大且粒径大特点的固液两相流系统,如深海采矿系统等,开发新型粗颗粒—均质浆体计算模型,该模型采用欧拉—拉格朗日计算法,大粒径颗粒视为固相粗颗粒,其余视为细颗粒与海水组成液相均质浆体。固—液相间滑移速度v_(slip)作为粗细颗粒划分标准,通过联立颗粒雷诺数Re_p,液相对颗粒绕流阻力系数C_d,颗粒粒径d_p等参数,得到滑移速度v_(slip)与颗粒粒径d_p的相关函数,获得粗细颗粒的划分粒径,进而得到两相流控制方程。利用CFD软件,使用该方法对粗颗粒固—液两相流垂直管提升系统进行仿真计算,并将所获得的仿真结果与已发表成果进行对比,发现数据较为吻合,从一定程度上验证了该计算模型的准确性。     

颗粒粒径对深海采矿提升泵工作性能影响分析

为研究颗粒粒径对深海采矿提升泵工作性能影响,采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型和Hinze-Tchen颗粒湍流粘性系数模型,运用Fluent软件对采矿提升泵内固液两相流进行数值模拟,比较不同的颗粒粒径对采矿提升泵内颗粒浓度、速度、压力分布的影响,进而分析颗粒粒径对扬程、效率等工作性能的影响,指导深海采矿提升泵的设计。研究结果表明:在转速、流量、颗粒体积分数不变情况下,随着颗粒粒径增大,泵的扬程和效率都逐渐下降;叶轮叶片中前部流道内浆体的颗粒浓度大幅上升,叶轮流道内颗粒动态沉积更加严重,叶轮流道过流面积随之减小,反而加大了叶轮流道内贯流的相对速度,从而有效地抑制了边界层分离的发生,但在叶轮叶片中后部压力面上浆体压力下降幅度较大,泵内浆体总压逐渐下降,扬程随之减小;在叶轮出口处,流道内固液两相流的速度差异增大,在叶轮出口处形成的射流-尾迹结构增强,并在空间导叶流道内形成更加明显的二次流及漩涡,从而加大水力损失,降低效率。实验证实了数值模拟方法的可行性及准确性。     

颗粒体积分数对深海采矿提升泵工作性能影响分析

为研究颗粒体积分数对深海采矿提升泵工作性能影响,采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型与Hinze-Tchen颗粒湍流粘性系数模型,对提升泵内固液两相流进行数值模拟,比较不同的颗粒体积分数对提升泵内压力、颗粒浓度分布的影响,进而分析颗粒体积分数对扬程、效率等工作性能的影响,为提升泵的优化设计提供理论依据。研究结果表明:随着颗粒体积分数的增加,泵内浆体总压逐渐下降,扬程随之减小,叶片与导叶表面上平均颗粒浓度均有一定幅度的上升,颗粒与叶片、导叶表面之间以及颗粒间的碰撞几率增大,流体运动趋向更加复杂,流动更加絮乱,因而加大水力损失,降低泵的效率。实验表明数值模拟与实验结果基本吻合,证实了数值模拟方法的可行性及准确性。     

长条状粗颗粒在垂直管路中最小输送速度试验研究

随着陆地金属资源的日益枯竭,深海矿产资源已经成为各国的重要战略目标。在深海采矿过程中,海底锰结核的形状除了圆球状,还有长条状等,颗粒形状对固液两相流管道输送特性具有很大影响。基于固液两相流垂直管道提升输送试验系统,探究不同工况下长条状颗粒在垂直上升流中最小输送速度的变化规律及特性,并得到了长条状群体颗粒最小输送速度计算公式。结果表明:长条状颗粒在垂直管道中上升过程中,颗粒中心轴与输送方向趋向于垂直,使颗粒在管道截面的投影面积最大化;长条状单颗粒的最小输送速度随着颗粒长径比增大而减小;在不同长径比工况下,随着管段颗粒平均浓度减小,长条状群体颗粒的最小输送速度均增大,且随着长径比增大,群最小输送速度减小。     

深海采矿系统水平软管水力输送阻力损失规律研究

目前公认的深海采矿系统是利用管道水力将深海底矿石提升到海面采矿船上。由于受海底破碎条件和废水排放环境要求,输送的深海矿石粒径较粗。粗颗粒具有极易沉积的特点,输送参数也较难确定。通过自行设计的管道水力输送模拟系统,研究了不同浓度、粒径、速度条件下粗颗粒在水平管道中的运动状态及阻力损失的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)随固液两相流流速的增大,水力坡度呈现规律性变化,且阻力损失的变化规律与粗颗粒运动状态存在一定的关系;(2)通过引入管道附加损失与福氏数,建立了颗粒运动状态与阻力损失之间的定量关系,提出了粗颗粒在水平管道水力输送条件下流态分区的判定标准;(3)分析了管道附加损失的影响因素,提出了管道附加损失的计算公式。研究结果为粗颗粒管道水力输送系统参数设计提供依据。     

基于竖轴漩涡水动力特性的海底矿粒采集方法试验研究

随着新能源等新兴产业的高速发展,金属矿产资源需求激增,国内外争相发展深海采矿技术。基于竖轴漩涡的水动力特性,设计了一种带有4个切向射流喷嘴的吸盘式水力集矿装置,提出应用切向射流在集矿装置内诱导生成竖轴漩涡的新集矿方法。开展水力集矿模型试验,研究竖轴漩涡集矿流场流速分布特征;分析低、中、高3种旋流度流态下,集矿流量对矿粒运动轨迹和采集率的影响。结果表明：矿粒起动轨迹随着旋流度的增加,逐渐从混乱无序转向明显的圆周运动;在特定集矿流态下,矿粒采集率随集矿流量的增加不断提高;当矿粒采集率超过90%时,集矿流量需求随着旋流度的增加而减小。通过采矿车原理样机水池测试,初步验证了集矿装置的集矿性能,可为集矿装备的设计研发与论证提供借鉴。     

黄海西朝鲜湾波浪潮流共同作用下二维潮流泥沙数值模拟与砂矿成矿分析

黄海西朝鲜湾是潮流流速特别高、潮流沙脊群发育明显的特殊水动力沉积区，具有砂矿成矿的有利条件。为了分析其成矿特征，论文采用波浪潮流共同作用下的潮流泥沙数值模型，计算模拟了各级波浪潮流作用下的海底冲淤状态和总输沙量，并按形成年代、主要分选控制因素分析了砂矿的成因及漂沙分选方式。结果表明，本区砂矿属于波浪潮流控制型现代滨海区砂矿，其成矿方式为潮流与波浪掀沙、潮流输沙、风暴浪混沙。研究海域类似一个巨型砂矿分选机，分选强度有利于成矿的区域大多为0～20m水深海域，矿层可延续到风爆浪的最大冲刷深度。     

防潮闸启闭影响下的河口水流泥沙运动状态研究

为研究防潮闸启闭与跨水工程建设对河口地区水流泥沙运动状态的影响,以河口近闸跨水工程为背景,建立了以Godunov格式有限体积法为基础的二维浅水流动数学模型和基于固液二相流理论的二维水流泥沙数学模型,并以实测资料进行必要验证,结果较为吻合。在此基础上,建立了永定新河河口区域二维水沙数值模型,将该模型应用于滨海新区Z4线一期跨河工程段的水沙分析,并对工程建设后永定新河河口水流泥沙运动的变化趋势进行预报。结果表明永定新河河口二维全沙模型较为可靠,可为河口近闸跨水工程的相关分析提供研究思路和方法。     

北部湾防城港东湾白骨壤潮滩近底层动力响应台风作用的耗散过程

揭示极端天气影响的红树林潮滩潮流能量耗散过程是理解生物海岸演变及滨海湿地生态修复工程的核心内容。以北部湾防城港东湾白骨壤红树林潮滩为例,基于声学多普勒流速仪（ADV）获取区域2020年8月连续6天的水动力和白骨壤红树林下垫面植被实测数据,分析白骨壤潮滩近底层动力响应台风“森拉克”的耗散过程。结果表明：1）正常天气涨、落潮期间,自光滩到白骨壤红树林林内近底层湍流动能变化具有潮汐不对称性特征。涨潮期间光滩—白骨壤红树林边缘、白骨壤红树林边缘—林内潮流挟沙能量分别通过泥沙沉降以及搬运泥沙两种方式沿程消耗,落潮期间潮流挟沙能量主要以泥沙净沉降的方式消耗。2）白骨壤通过其潮滩表层向上发育长约10 cm的呼吸根以降低湍流垂向紊动;红树林边缘的枝、叶通过影响水平方向上的水流动力,致使潮流挟沙能耗降低。3）与正常天气比较,台风“森拉克”期间东湾自光滩到白骨壤红树林林内近底层水体流速无明显变化,但流向偏转幅度明显变大。同时湍流动能的耗散率和用以搬运泥沙为主的潮流挟沙能耗亦均增大。     

浙江台州湾潮滩不同粒级悬沙的动力沉积

本文根据潮滩悬沙粒度，含沙量和水动力资料以及细颗粒泥沙动水絮凝试验资料，分析了潮滩不同粒级悬沙的动力沉积特性。文章认为，粒径大于３２μｍ的粗颗粒以单颗粒重力沉积为特征，大部分在涨急前落淤；粒径在４－３２μｍ的中细粉砂，在适宜的动力条件下（流速小于２８ｃｍ／ｓ大于１８ｃｍ／ｓ）发生动水絮凝沉积，其它时间发生单颗粒沉积；粒径小于４．０μｍ的粘性细颗粒在流速小于２１ｃｍ／ｓ时发生动力絮凝沉积，流速大于２     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,