石英颗粒表面“V”形撞击坑与化学溶蚀坑的鉴别

石英颗粒表面特征主要是从形态上来加以区分,它是一种形貌分析法。很多特征在不同的搬运和沉积过程中都存在,因此不能用单一的特征来分析其搬运介质、搬运方式和沉积史。要综合分析全部特征,去伪存真,同时对这些特征要有正确的鉴定,这是分析的基础。     

东北印度洋两类主要的深水沉积序列及其对喜马拉雅隆升的响应

东北印度洋存在两种典型的深水沉积序列,它们分别分布在孟加拉深海扇与东经90°海岭。深海扇以浊流沉积和半远洋沉积作用为主,沉积组份主要来自喜马拉雅山系直接剥蚀的物质材料; 海岭以远洋沉积作用为主,沉积组份主要来自海洋环境下生成的钙质浮游生物壳体。两类沉积序列在物质组成和形成机理上存在着根本差别,但在聚积过程中都受到以喜马拉雅隆升为代表的构造运动的显著影响。本文应用DSDP218、ODP717、ODP758及其它来自东北印度洋的资料和样品,通过沉积学、微古生物学与古海洋学的综合研究,实现了9 Ma以来扇区近源相、远源相和岭区沉积记录中的事件对比。我们的工作表明,在东北印度洋所记录的众多与喜马拉雅山系隆升有关的地质事件中, 35 Ma和08 Ma代表了最具规模和影响的两个演化阶段。     

地层记录中旋回层序界面的识别方法及原理

应用频谱分析技术对测井物理参数记录的沉积旋回在深度域的变化进行了研究,发现沉积速率变化对沉积旋回波长、旋回谱系的组合样式和连续性具有明显的影响。数字模拟实验研究结果表明,在深度域对测井数据进行递进扫描的频谱分析图中,旋回波长和旋回谱系的终止面和转换面,指示沉积速率突变界面,对应地层间断面或沉积体制转型的位置和深度,这是我们识别旋回层序界面的标志,这一结论在深海钻孔中得到了验证。文中详细地介绍了从测井曲线数据中提取沉积旋回信号的数据处理方法和流程,提出根据原始测井曲线建立的极值曲线,可以检测到最明显的旋回波长为10 m级的频谱信号,这一层级的旋回层序界面,可以作为区域等时对比的基准。文中以川西上三叠统须家河组为例,根据自然伽马测井曲线的频谱分析,讨论了旋回层序界面在解决地震层序界面标定中的实用价值。     

黔东镇远地区早寒武世清虚洞组潮坪风暴沉积特征及古地理意义

东镇远地区早寒武世（相当于2008国际地层年表中的寒武纪第二世）清虚洞组发现类型丰富、特征典型的风暴沉积标志。侵蚀底面、粗粒滞留沉积、粒序层、波状层理、韵律层理等沉积组构明显,而丘状层理不发育。通过对金盆剖面和溜沙关剖面详细的野外观察及室内分析,识别出三种类型的风暴沉积序列。研究区风暴沉积的背景沉积为灰色纹层状灰岩,见波状层理、鸟眼构造等,指示潮坪环境。综合分析得出,镇远地区的风暴沉积属于潮坪风暴沉积。这丰富了湘西黔东地区早寒武世清虚洞组风暴沉积的类型。风暴沉积的发现也为研究区早寒武世位于赤道附近的低纬度区域提供了间接的证据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上三叠统延长组砂质碎屑流沉积特征及其油气勘探意义

通过岩芯观测、地震解释和测井分析,结合薄片观察、粒度分析以及各种资料的综合分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部富县地区上三叠统延长组沉积相类型及特征进行深入研究,提出长9-长6油层组存在砂质碎屑流沉积。结合盆地沉积背景及其演化规律,探讨了砂质碎屑流沉积的成因机制, 详细论述了砂质碎屑流沉积的沉积特征,建立了砂质碎屑流的沉积模式。研究表明砂质碎屑流砂体主要由块状粉细砂岩和含泥砾粉细砂岩两种成因相构成,其成因是三角洲前缘砂体在外界触发力作用下,滑动崩塌而形成。分析了砂质碎屑流沉积与油气的分布关系,实践表明砂质碎屑流沉积体是下生上储或下储上生的油藏类型,属于典型的岩性油气藏,构成了该区深水区域的良好岩性圈闭储集体。     

中条山早元古代铜矿成矿作用与演化

中条山重要铜矿床都产于早元古代活动带中。它们是:绛县群(2500—2300 Ma)下部变质泥质—半泥质岩中的沉积变质铜矿床和中上部变质钾质火山岩建造中的变质火山斑岩铜矿床;中条群(2300—1830 Ma)变质碳酸盐黑色页岩建造中的沉积变质-再造铜矿床。这些原生成因不同的矿床,经过180 Ma左右的中条运动及其变质作用,而表现了某些相似的热液和地球化学特征,但没有从根本上改变受原岩建造控制的特点。     

川西磷酸岩

川西磷酸岩的特征,对阐明磷的沉积作用和磷块岩的成因,有一定的重要性。多年来,四川省地质局在该区作了大量的详细的勘查和研究。这里仅就我们的工作所及,讨论磷酸岩的一些沉积学问题。一、含磷岩系的岩性序列与岩相系列掌握含矿岩系本身在纵横两个方向上变化更替的规律,对沉积矿床的勘查是很重要的。这种变化规律,可以用岩性序列与岩相系列表示之。岩性序列是含矿岩系的各个岩类在纵剖面上转换的次序,反映它成生时期沉积盆地的地质、自然地理、物理、化学和生物等诸方面的状况及其在时间上的演化;而岩相系列则是含矿岩系的各个岩类及其组合在横向上的转换次序,反映上述诸方面状况在空间上的演变。     

西藏南部的滑塌堆积

滑塌堆积(Olistostrome)一词是1955年弗洛里斯(Flores)在讨论有关西西里地区的地质现象时提出的,用以表示存在于沉积序列中的异质的、结构多少有些混乱的堆积体。对类似堆积物的研究可追溯到上一世纪的末期,但在名称的用法和成因的解释上一直存在争论。 西藏南部的滑塌堆积分布相当广泛,在雅鲁藏布缝合线的南侧,东起羊卓雍错,西至萨噶县城南的扎扎拉山口一带有多处出露,构成一个断续分布的带。 本文研究了西藏南部滑塌堆积的分布和产状,着重阐述了它们在沉积学上的特点,并讨论了它们的成因和形成过程。     

湘黔桂邻区板溪期与南华冰期之间的沉积转换及其地层学涵义

前人一直认为湘黔桂邻区的板溪群及其相当层位的下江群、丹洲群与南华冰期的沉积序列是连续或部分连续的,没有明显的沉积-构造转换界面。本次调查的锦屏隆里剖面、黎平肇兴剖面、从江黎家坡剖面、三江泗里口剖面、罗城黄金友洞剖面等均显示,板溪期与南华冰期的沉积转换非常明显,主要表现是界面上下的地层岩性、岩石结构构造和沉积相类型等迥然不同。其区域表现是:板溪沉积晚期为海退进积序列,从陆块内部到陆块边缘,地层缺失逐渐减少;江口冰期沉积从陆块边缘到陆块内部,显示出明显的渐次海侵上超特征,越靠近边缘早期沉积序列越完整。我们认为这就是前人提出的“雪峰运动”的沉积表现。因此,在扬子东南缘的湘黔桂邻区一带南华系地层序列是相对完整或近似完整的,应是层型剖面和点（GSSP）选择的最有利地区。目前首要问题是要进一步明晰“南华系”含义,而深入研究和探讨南华大冰期沉积前之板溪群及其相当层位地层的构造属性及其与冰期沉积的转换过程则是建立“南华系”的必要前提。     

黄骅拗陷南部沉积盆地数学模拟的初步研究

六十年代初国外有人开始用确定型的数学模拟方法来模拟沉积盆地的形成和演化。L.L.Sloss(1962)提出了一种沉积盆地的概念模型,J.W.Harbaugh等(1970)详细地讨论了这种模型,并编制了计算机程序。这种模型适用于由流经海岸平原的河流携带到海边的大陆架上的碎屑沉积物的沉积作用。本文利用这种沉积模式,对我国黄骅拗陷南部一个约1000平方公里的膏盐湖沉积盆地进行了数学模拟,并取得了一些初步成果。     

秦岭北坡洛南地区上张湾组冰碛层岩石特征

东秦岭北坡,陕西洛南地区,有一套古老的冰碛层,在洛南县石门以北,洛(南)-华(县)公路23公里处、上张湾一带出露良好,该处地层剖面清晰,露头连续,顶底界限清楚,岩石变质轻微,岩性特殊,结构明显,便于观察研究。 自1958年杨志坚报告豫西“临汝冰碛层”以后,1963年王日伦指出,洛南地区有冰碛层存在,并与罗圈组对比。1976年陕西省地质局六队、区调队,进一步肯定了冰碛层的存在,并作了比较详细的研究和划分。其间,西北大学、西北地质研究所、河南省地质研究所等亦曾进行过一些零星的工作。     

The amino acid composition of a deep-water marine sediment from the upwelling region northwest of Africa

The distribution of amino acids with depth have been described for three samples of a core of recent sediment (< 1000–8000 yr) from the continental slope off N.W. Africa. Basic amino acids are more abundant than acidic amino acids in all samples. The amino acid composition of the oldest sample resembles most closely the amino acid composition of planktonic protein. It is suggested that the differences in amino acid composition of the three samples reflect diagenetic changes which are probably controlled by the environment of deposition.     

吐鲁番坳陷二叠系烃源岩有机质沉积特征

二叠系烃源岩是我国西部吐鲁番坳陷中重要的潜在生烃层系。以地表剖面暗色泥岩的分析资料为主,结合部分井下烃源岩样品分析数据,探讨了吐鲁番坳陷二叠系烃源岩沉积时水体的Eh值、pH值及沉积特征。利用烃源岩分布、有机碳含量及有机质显微组份的赋存状态等特征对烃源岩的有机质沉积特征进行了研究。通过对烃源岩有机质分布的影响因素分析,发现烃源岩有机质的赋存大体上有3种不同的状态:顺层富集型、局部富集型及分散型。泥质碳酸盐岩类和泥岩类烃源岩主要沉积在半深湖--深湖相带,沉积物中有机碳含量高;灰色、深灰色泥岩及黑灰色碳酸盐岩主要沉积在浅湖相带,有机碳含量偏低;绿灰色、灰色泥岩主要沉积在河流--三角洲平原相带,沉积物中有机碳含量低。烃源岩沉积时具还原程度强的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所,沉积有机质能及时沉积并保存,烃源岩大多有机质丰度高,有机质类型好;反之,则明显变差。     

昆阳磷矿磷块岩的矿物组成

昆阳磷矿是我国下寒武统最大的磷块岩矿床之一,矿层赋存于下寒武统渔户村组的中谊村段地层中(罗惠麟等,1982),矿层有上、下两层,分别称之为“上磷层”和“下磷层”,中间为一“白泥层”(含磷粘土页岩)分隔(Yeh Lien-tsun et al.,)。含磷岩系的岩性序列特征见图5。罗惠麟等认为,本段地层均为台凹相沉积,其中“下磷层”的形成环境为潮下低能及间歇性高能带,“白泥层”为潮下低能带,“上磷层”为潮下高能带,再往上则向潮间坪过渡。本文研究磷块岩的矿物组成,主要是矿石矿物磷灰石和粘土矿物的特点,并讨论磷灰石成份同矿石类型和形成环境等问题。     

Combined amino acid speciation in lake sediment and porewater (Aydat Lake, France)

Dissolved and particulate fractions extracted from a lake diatom ooze were examined for individual amino acids. The study focused on combined amino acids, the predominant form in the interstitial dissolved pool (> 90%). An abundance of glycine and -alanine was observed in porewater samples of sediments both squeezed manually and gathered with in-situ dialysis (peeper). Sedimentpress squeezing and leaching of the sediment by water gave higher total quantities and different compositions (with more aliphatic and aromatic protein amino acids, -alanine being predominant). These two methods modify the original composition, presumably due to the formation of Fe-oxides and dissolution of sediment organic fractions, the alteration being aggravated if squeezing is delayed.Filtration after acidification of porewaters enabled us to distinguish two compartments: a protein-like agglutinated fraction, and a filtrate with a high glycine and -alanine content. Further division of the filtrate by adsorption on XAD or cation-exchange resins did not reveal additional fractions with different individual amino acid compositions. A link is suggested between the agglutinated fraction and the special composition of the porewaters extracted with sediment-press.Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved hydrolysable amino acids (TDHAA) ( 10 mg/l and 13 M, respectively) did not increase with depth, as opposed to dissolved inorganic carbon and volatile carbon. Amino acid-C accounted for less than 4% of DOC in porewaters.Individual amino acid compositions in the sediments were similar in all grain size fractions. Chemically extracted fractions had specific compositions: (l) organic fractions (alkali extracts and HF-insoluble residues) have a similar protein amino acid composition; (2) acid extracts have more acidic amino acids (HCI) or more glycine and non protein amino acids (BF). The similarity of amino acid compositions in the sediment HF-soluble fraction and the dissolved pool is discussed with respect to interactions between iron-silicate authigenic phases and porewaters.     

Amino acid biogeo- and stereochemistry in coastal Chilean sediments

The spatial distribution of total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) and amino acid enantiomers (d- and l-forms) was investigated in sediments underlying two contrasting Chilean upwelling regions: at ∼23 °S off Antofagasta and at ∼36 °S off Concepción. The contribution of amino acids to total organic carbon (%T_AAC: 7-14%) and total nitrogen (%T_AAN: 23-38%) in surface sediments decreased with increasing water depth (from 126 to 1350 m) indicating that organic matter becomes increasingly decomposed in surface sediments at greater water depth. Changes in the ratio between the protein amino acid aspartate and its non-protein degradation product β-alanine confirmed this observation. Furthermore, estimates of THAA mineralization showed that sedimentary amino acid reactivity decreased with both increasing water depth as well as progressive degradation status of the organic matter that was incorporated into the sediment. Reactivity of organic matter in the sediment was also assessed using the Degradation Index (DI) developed by [Dauwe, B., Middelburg, J.J., 1998. Amino acids and hexosamines as indicators of organic matter degradation state in North Sea sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr.43, pp. 782-798.]. Off Concepción, DI was successfully applied to examine the degradation status of sedimentary organic matter at different water depths. However, unexpected results were obtained at the Antofagasta stations as DI increased with sediment depth, suggesting more degraded organic matter at the surface than deeper in the cores. The contribution of peptidoglycan amino acids to THAA was estimated from the concentrations of d-aspartate, d-glutamic acid, d-serine, and d-alanine. Peptidoglycan amino acids accounted for >18% of THAA in all investigated samples. In surface sediments peptidoglycan amino acids accounted for a progressively larger fraction of THAA at increasing water depths (up to >26%). Further, the contribution of peptidoglycan amino acids to THAA increased with increased sediment depth and age (up to 288-year-old) reaching up to 59%. Independent estimates based on d-amino acid concentrations in selected laboratory strains, bacterial counts and the sedimentary concentrations of d-amino acids indicate that a large fraction of the measured d-amino acids (>47 to >97%) originated from cell wall residues rather than from enumerated cells.     

Geochemistry of amino acids in some Florida peat accumulations—I. Analytical approach and total amino acid concentrations

Amino acids have been isolated from peats and fractions thereof at two sites in different environments in the Florida Everglades. For comparison, amino acids were also obtained by hydrolysis of organs of the plants now providing the surface cover at the sites and of discarded plant parts in surface litter. The amino acids, including a number of non-protein acids, were analyzed by GLC of volatile derivatives. There is a marked tendency for the total amino acid concentrations to increase in the order plant material < surface litter < peat, and for the ratio of non-protein to protein acids to increase in the same sense. It appears that the nature of the ecosystem is such that a comparatively small proportion of the carbon in the macroflora accumulates as peat while nitrogen is extensively re-worked but largely conserved. The greatest proportion both of the organic matter and of the amino acids were found in the humin fractions of the peat. The amount of free acids (i.e. extractable by cold acid) was very small, but the ratio, non-protein/protein, was greatest in this fraction.     

西湖凹陷西斜坡平湖组烃源岩沉积成因分析

西湖凹陷西斜坡是东海盆地当前油气勘探的现实选择和主要领域，但以往研究在烃源岩形成条件和分布规律等基本地质问题方面尚未形成共识.在沉积学、煤岩学和有机地球化学等理论指导下，利用钻井、烃源岩有机地球化学及古生物等资料，对西湖凹陷西斜坡钻井揭示的平湖组烃源岩成因类型和形成条件进行了全面系统分析，建立了与沉积环境相对应的有机相划分方法，并总结了平面分布规律.研究表明，烃源岩主要为煤系烃源岩，次要为海相泥岩；西斜坡中北部以受潮汐影响的三角洲-障壁海岸沉积体系为主，西斜坡中南部为潮坪-半封闭海湾体系；沉积环境差异决定了烃源岩类型的不同，潮坪-泻湖比三角洲具有更高的煤系发育程度和生烃能力.研究结果对西斜坡烃源岩评价和储层预测及勘探部署有较大指导作用.      

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上石炭统沉积特征

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上石炭统本溪组(羊虎沟组)沉积特征对于预测其砂体展布、油气勘探具有重要意义。在野外地质考察、岩心观察和薄片研究的基础上,对本溪组(羊虎沟组)进行了岩石学特征、沉积相类型和空间展布规律等方面的研究。本溪组(羊虎沟组)岩石类型主要为灰白色中-粗砂岩和深灰色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩,夹多层煤、灰岩和泥灰岩;主要发育浅海陆棚、障壁岛、潮坪、潟湖和扇三角洲沉积。鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起西部主要发育扇三角洲、障壁岛和潟湖沉积相,东部主要发育扇三角洲、潟湖、障壁岛和浅海陆棚沉积相,中间过渡带主要为潮坪沉积。自北向南依次发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、潮坪、潟湖和浅海陆棚等沉积。总体上来讲,本溪组(羊虎沟组)为一套海陆交互相沉积建造,具有东、西分异的沉积格局。     

Amino acid abundances and stereochemistry in hydrothermally altered sediments from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean.

The Juan de Fuca Ridge is a hydrothermally active, sediment covered, spreading ridge situated a few hundred kilometres off the west coast of North America in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Sediments from seven sites drilled during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 139 and 168 were analyzed for total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), individual amino acid distributions, total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) contents. The aim was to evaluate the effects of hydrothermal stress on the decomposition and transformation of sedimentary amino acids. Hydrolyzable amino acids account for up to 3.3% of the total organic C content and up to 12% of the total N content of the upper sediments. The total amounts of amino acids decrease significantly with depth in all drilled holes. This trend is particularly pronounced in holes with a thermal gradient of around 0.6 degrees C/m or higher. The most abundant amino acids in shallow sediments are glycine, alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, valine and histidine. The changes in amino acid distributions in low temperature holes are characterized by increased relative abundances of non-protein beta-alanine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. In high temperature holes the amino acid compositions are characterized by high abundances of glycine, alanine, serine, ornithine and histidine at depth. D/L ratios of samples with amino acid distributions similar to those found in acid hydrolysates of kerogen, indicate that racemization rates of amino acids bound by condensation reactions may be diminished.