大气氧化态活性氮循环与稳定同位素过程：问题与展望

大气中氧化态活性氮主要包括氮氧化物(NOX=NO+NO2)和硝酸等。NOX的循环过程会影响臭氧和羟基自由基的浓度,进而影响大气氧化能力。NOX的氧化终端产物硝酸是颗粒污染物的重要组成部分,其干湿沉降过程会对生态系统产生影响。氮稳定同位素(δ15N)在大气活性氮循环,示踪区域和全球活性氮排放、传输和沉降等研究方面都展现出了一定的潜力。回顾目前用δ15N研究NOX排放和大气活性氮循环的现状,从NOX的产生机制和收集分析方法等方面讨论NOX源δ15N数据的不确定性及原因,分析NOX和硝酸在大气转化和传输过程中氮同位素的分馏效应和影响等,最后讨论用δ15N示踪NOX排放的可能性和问题。虽然目前用δ15N量化示踪排放源还存在比较大的不确定性,但是δ15N可以有效地示踪大气活性氮循环和转化过程。在此基础上,有望利用大气化学传输模型,结合同位素观测数据和分馏机制,对区域和全球大气活性氮循环过程中的同位素效应进行综合评估,提高用δ15N研究大气氧化态活性氮来源以及循环的准确性和可靠性。     

微生物介导的土壤甲烷循环及全球变化研究

甲烷是主要的温室气体之一, 目前在大气中的含量达1.7×10-6m3·m-3, 比工业革命前增加了115%, 并以1%年增长速度稳定增长. 甲烷吸收太阳远红外光的能力比CO2高20～30倍, 对全球增温的贡献率达15%. 多年来对大气甲烷的产生、转运和循环以及调控的研究表明, 80%以上的甲烷是通过微生物的活动产生的, 一部分在进入大气前被微生物吸收利用, 这样, 大气中甲烷的净含量绝大部分是甲烷产生微生物和甲烷营养微生物相互作用的结果. 因此, 研究甲烷产生菌和甲烷氧化菌的活动规律和生态学特征, 有利于揭示微生物介导的甲烷循环过程, 并探索减排的措施. 已知有80多种甲烷产生菌和100余种甲烷氧化菌, 它们的种类和生态多样性比较广泛, 环境差异和波动影响它们的生理代谢活性, 从而导致甲烷排放的波动性和不确定性. 在未来全球变化条件下, 天然湿地作为重要的甲烷源之一, 如何响应和反馈环境的变化是研究的重点领域.     

汶川地震前的甲烷浓度异常及大气增温耦合

利用Aqua卫星红外探测器(AIRS)获得的大气甲烷浓度数据和康定、姑咱两地震台的气温数据,研究了2008年汶川8.0级地震前后龙门山断裂带周边大气甲烷浓度的时空演化特征及其与气温的耦合关系。结果表明:自2004年起松潘—甘孜地块上部便出现了显著的甲烷浓度升高现象;大气甲烷浓度变化受构造活动控制明显;随着发震时刻的临近,浓度的高值区自龙门山断裂带两端逐渐向震中西侧集中,地震当天浓度达到最高值;大气甲烷浓度的变化趋势与地表气温变化一致,但时间上稍有滞后,反映出甲烷由地下上涌到地表,再运移到高空的过程。最后,探讨了震前大气甲烷浓度变化的机理,认为甲烷的释放与壳幔应力状态以及上覆地壳裂隙的产生和扩容有关。     

未来不同排放情景下气候变化预估研究进展

概述未来不同排放情景下气候变化预估研究的主要进展。首先,对用于开展气候变化预估研究的不同复杂程度的气候系统及地球系统模式及其模拟能力进行了简要的介绍,指出虽然目前气候系统模式在很多方面存在着较大的不确定性,但大体说来可提供当前气候状况的可信模拟结果;进而介绍了IPCC不同的排放情景,以及不同排放情景下全球与东亚区域气候变化预估的主要结果。研究表明,尽管不同模式对不同情景下未来气候变化预估的结果存有差异,但对未来50～100年全球气候变化的模拟大体一致,即全球将持续增温、降水出现区域性增加。在此基础上,概述了全球气候模式模拟结果的区域化技术,并重点介绍了降尺度方法的分类与应用。同时对气候变化预估的不确定性进行了讨论。最后,对气候变化预估的研究前景进行了展望,并讨论了未来我国气候变化预估研究的重点发展方向。     

人类活动引起的对流层臭氧浓度的全球变化

地面观测记录表明,北半球对流层中臭氧的平均浓度一直在升高。特别是近年来的观测数据与巴黎Montsouris实验室测定的1876—1910年的数据相比较说明,地球中—高纬度地区近地面大气中的臭氧浓度在过去100年间增加了两倍多。这一结果对探讨一系列环境问题具有深远的意义。因为臭氧浓度的升高对人类及生态系统有直接影响,又由于臭氧是一种强辐射气体,所以如果大气中臭氧浓度升高则会引起显著的全球变暖。本文采用对流层全球模式对工业化以前及现在的大气化学进行了模拟研究,发现工业化以前近地面大气中臭氧浓度与Montsouris实验室所分析的同期臭氧浓度值相同。另外,根据模拟计算所得现在大气中的臭氧浓度与目前对各种大气化学组份的观测结果相吻合。依据对人类排放的氮氧化物(NO_x)的未来增长速度的估计，已有人对2020年的大气臭氧浓度作了类似的计算。基于上述推测，对流层大气中臭氧浓度将会以比过去100年更快的速度增长。因此，在评价大气污染排放物的影响以及制定适当控制它们的措施时，应考虑对流层大气臭氧浓度的未来变化。     

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物区海水甲烷浓度分布特征及其影响因素探讨

2011—2015年对东沙和神狐水合物钻探区进行了连续5年7个航次的海上调查工作,获取了大量研究区海水水文、水化学及溶解甲烷含量数据,为天然气水合物勘查与试采环境评价提供了良好的基础数据及采前环境基线。调查期间,研究区海水甲烷浓度范围为0~31.4nmol·L~(-1),平均浓度为6.7nmol·L~(-1),高于全球平均海水甲烷浓度,表明南海海水甲烷浓度本底值高于全球平均水平;研究区海水溶解甲烷浓度及其分布特征不受区域海水水文特征、海水化学特征及季节等因素影响,且表层海水-大气甲烷交换并非单一的汇或者源的关系,而是根据时间的不同,海水-大气甲烷交换存在汇源转换;综合调查结果表明,研究区甲烷渗漏对海水、大气甲烷含量没有明显影响,且水合物钻探对区域环境没有明显的影响。     

考虑场地多源勘测数据三维空间相关性的土体参数概率密度函数估计

岩土工程场地勘测数据一般包含多个土体参数的数据,这些数据不仅具有交叉相关性,而且具有三维空间自相关性。如何有效地利用这些数据去量化土体参数的不确定性是一个富有挑战性的问题。为此,提出了考虑多源勘测数据三维空间相关性的土体参数联合概率密度函数估计方法。首先介绍了基于单钻孔多源勘测数据（仅考虑勘测数据垂直相关性）的土体参数概率密度方法,在此基础上,提出了基于Gibbs抽样的考虑多钻孔多源勘测数据垂直和水平相关性的土体参数概率密度函数估计方法。最后以一模拟虚拟场地和美国德克萨斯州一实际场地为例阐明了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,所提方法能为融合多源勘测数据的场地土体参数不确定性量化提供一种有效分析工具。采用多钻孔勘测数据能够有效地降低土体参数的统计不确定性。     

青藏高原湿地冻土区活动层甲烷排放特征

青藏高原作为地球陆地碳循环系统的重要组成部分,一直是科学家和环保工作者关注的热点,天然气水合物的发现是否会引发环境和地质灾害再次引起科学家甚至政府部门的重视。本文选用甲烷通量、近地表大气甲烷浓度、土壤甲烷浓度和甲烷稳定碳同位素为监测指标,以祁连山天然气水合物试采区为研究区,开展甲烷排放监测。结果表明:(1)祁连山高寒草原、高寒草甸区甲烷排放具有季节性变化和区域分布特点,最大排放值为19.2 mg/m~2·h,最大吸收值为-108 mg/m~2·h,表现出巨大的碳汇潜力,对青藏高原碳循环具有重要意义;(2)甲烷碳同位素显示冻土区活动层大量存在微生物,10~30 cm甲烷主要微生物成因,微生物活跃期在夏季,冬季则减弱,微生物的代谢影响着甲烷的氧化和产生,嗜甲烷菌的存在对甲烷的排放起很大的控制作用;(3)试采前后近地表大气甲烷含量没有出现"爆炸式"增长,这与研究区天然气水合物的赋存状态和储量及试采方式有关;(4)甲烷排放受多种因素的影响,应加强对土壤温度、土壤湿度和pH值等因素的进一步研究。     

区域蒸发研究综述

概述了区域蒸发近年来的研究进展,包括目前估计区域蒸发的4个方面,即①单点蒸发测定的精确化;②利用遥感信息提取参数;③CBL模型模拟地-气水汽交换通量;④植被-大气相互作用模型与区域大气模型结合,模拟区域水分和热量平衡.这些方法从影响区域蒸发的不同方面探讨估算方法,但由于区域尺度下垫面特征的空间变异性,蒸发过程的不确定性,区域蒸发过程仍有待深入认识.本文分析了这些方法的原理和优点,同时也指出了其中存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

基于卫星遥感的氮氧化物排放快速反演方法比较

基于对流层二氧化氮(NO₂)垂直柱浓度卫星遥感数据,实现快速、高空间水平分辨率(5 km或更高)的氮氧化物(NO_x=NO+NO₂)排放反演,可为空气污染精准治理提供及时、细致的排放数据。现有多种低计算成本的快速反演方法,如指数修正高斯模型、散度模型和PHLET算法,但其反演效果尚未得到充分对比分析。以2019年夏季京津冀地区为研究对象,对比了上述3种方法的反演效果,研究发现,指数修正高斯模型主要适用于点源排放,但在京津冀等排放源密集地区的反演效果较差;散度模型考虑了在预定NO_x大气寿命情况下的水平输送,能快速识别主要排放源位置,但存在排放低估和负排放等问题;PHLET算法考虑了水平输送、NO₂垂直柱浓度和NO_x大气寿命的非线性关系以及卫星像元不规则等因素,对排放的估计较为准确。改善风场数据、填补卫星数据缺失和改善NO_x化学损失估计是进一步提升排放反演质量的关键。     

含油气盆地地质甲烷释放研究综述

目前地质甲烷在国际上引起了广泛的关注。地质甲烷的释放在整个大气甲烷的源与汇的研究具有重要的意义。它既为不含放射性~(14)C甲烷源缺失部分提供了可能的解释,也为全球气候变暖的研究提供了科学依据。含油气盆地的甲烷是地质甲烷中的重要组成部分。本文概述了国内外含油气盆地甲烷释放的研究,详述了含油气盆地甲烷的源以及运移机制;阐述了目前对于地质甲烷研究的常用监测手段及其优缺点;并对全球含油气盆地的甲烷通量估算进行了总结。但是由于含油气盆地甲烷的通量估算是建立在区域性的部分甲烷通量测试基础上,仍然具有较大的不确定性。有效地结合甲烷的各种监测手段,在全球更多更广区域开展含油气盆地CH_4通量测量,是未来的发展方向和热点。我国是油气生产的大国之一,但相关的探究很少,因此,在我国开展含油气盆地甲烷释放通量的研究将有助于进一步完善全球含油气盆地甲烷数据库,对全球甲烷的源和汇的精确估算具有重要作用和意义。     

Reducing global warming — The role of rice

Activities to provide energy for an expanding population are increasingly disrupting and changing the concentration of atmospheric gases that increase global temperature. Increased CO₂ and temperature have a clear effect on growth and production of rice as they are key factors in photosynthesis. Rice yields could be increased with increased levels of CO₂, however, the rise of CO₂ may be accompanied by an increase in global temperature. The effect of doubling CO₂ levels on rice production was predicted using rice crop models. They showed different effects of climate change in different countries. A simulation of the Southeast Asian region indicated that a doubling of CO₂ increases yield, whereas an increase in temperature decreases yield.Enhanced UV-B radiation resulting for stratographic ozone depletion has been demonstrated to significantly reduce plant height, leaf area and dry weight of two rice cultivars under glasshouse conditions. Data are still insufficient, however, for conclusive results on the effect of UV-B radiation on rice growth under field conditions.Rice production itself has a significant effect on global warming and atmospheric chemistry through methane emission from flooded ricefields. Water regime, soil properties and the rice plant are major factors controlling the flux of methane in ricefields. Global and regional estimates of methane emission rates are still highly uncertain and tentative. Integration of mechanistic modeling of methane fluxes with geographic information systems of factors controlling these processes are required to improve estimates and predictions.     

A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere

A new estimate of global methane emission into the atmosphere from mud volcanoes (MVs) on land and shallow seafloor is presented. The estimate, considered a lower limit, is based on 1) new direct measurements of flux, including both venting of methane and diffuse microseepage around craters and vents, and 2) a classification of MV sizes in terms of area (km²) based on a compilation of data from 120 MVs. The methane flux to the atmosphere is conservatively estimated between 6 and 9 Mt y^–1. This emission from MVs is 3–6% of the natural methane sources and is comparable with ocean and hydrate sources, officially considered in the atmospheric methane budget. The total geologic source, including MVs, seepage from seafloor, microseepage in hydrocarbon-prone areas and geothermal sources, would amount to 35–45 Mt y^–1. The authors believe it is time to add this parameter in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change official tables of atmospheric methane sources.GEM     

Sensitivity of the global atmospheric cycle of mercury to emissions

A systematic investigation of the impact of current uncertainties in Hg emissions from specific source categories on global air Hg concentrations is presented. First, the uncertainties in different emission source categories are discussed and then the results of a base simulation and three sensitivity simulations conducted with a global chemical transport model for mercury (CTM-Hg) are presented. The total Hg emissions in the four scenarios range from 6600 to 9400 Mg/a. The sensitivity studies investigate the impact of the range in uncertainty in natural emissions, emissions of previously deposited Hg, and anthropogenic emissions both in China and worldwide, while taking into account constraints imposed by available data (current/pre-industrial emission ratio of 2–4). In one case, natural emissions and emissions of previously deposited Hg were changed to represent a mid point of the range of values found in the literature. This lead to a 16% increase in background emissions, i.e., natural emissions and emissions of previously deposited Hg combined. Increasing natural emissions by 16% or Chinese anthropogenic emissions by 100% yielded atmospheric Hg concentrations comparable with those measured across the globe without any changes to the atmospheric chemistry. Increasing natural emissions and emissions of previously deposited Hg by 16% and all anthropogenic emissions by 100% as compared to the base scenario yielded atmospheric Hg concentrations that were not compatible with measurements and changes in the chemical behavior of Hg in the atmosphere would be required to yield results that are consistent with observed Hg concentrations. The current uncertainty in total Hg emissions at the global scale is placed at about a factor of two.     

地质成因的甲烷释放对大气的影响

地质成因自然源的甲烷释放在整个大气甲烷估算中起着非常重要的作用,它既是不含放射性14C甲烷源(死碳源)缺失部分的重要代表,也是甲烷重碳源的重要部分.概述了国内外关于地质成因甲烷释放对大气甲烷源与汇影响的研究进展,详述了来自地质成因化石燃料泄漏的人为甲烷释放以及来自沉积盆地(含油气盆地)、泥火山、地热区、海洋和甲烷水合物的地质自然源甲烷释放对大气甲烷源与汇的贡献及其影响因素;说明由于地质成因甲烷分布的区域性、不均匀性和时空的高度变化性,以及目前地质成因甲烷的通量估算仅建立在区域性的少量甲烷通量测试基础上,造成了地质成因甲烷释放通量估算的高度不确定性;指出研究中国西北地区油气田集聚区的甲烷释放通量,对油气田地质成因甲烷释放通量的估算具有重要意义.     

大气硝酸盐中氮氧稳定同位素研究进展

受人类活动和工农业快速发展的影响,大气硝酸盐(NO_3^-)污染越来越严重且已成为世界范围内的环境问题之一。探究大气NO_3^-的稳定同位素组成(δ15N,δ18O和Δ17O),可以为深入理解大气氮循环、有效控制大气NO_3^-污染提供有力依据。综述了目前大气NO_3^-不同来源NOx的δ15N值、NO_3^-的δ15N季节变化特征及主要影响因素,总结了大气中不同氧化剂的δ18O值和Δ17O值,归纳了全球范围内部分大气NO_3^-中δ18O值和Δ17O值的时空分布特征及可能影响因素,回顾了NO_3^-同位素分析测试技术的主要进展,在前期工作基础上提出未来大气NO_3^-稳定同位素研究应更多关注NO_3^-的氧化生成机制(不同类型氧化剂同位素组成时空差异)、不同NOx来源的δ15N组成、借助化学模型开展大气NO_3^-循环过程等方面的研究。     

Methane emission from northern wetlands in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3

Interstadials during the last glacial show a rapid rise of the atmospheric methane concentration at the onset of climatic warming. This is explained by reaction of (northern) wetlands to climate change, or by catastrophic release of methane from sea floor methane clathrates. The wetland hypothesis usually assumes expansion of wetlands, which is a slow process and difficult to reconcile with the rapid rise of the atmospheric methane concentration. Here it is demonstrated by modeling that wetland methane fluxes may have reacted rapidly on climatic warming by its direct effect on methane production, without the assumption of wetland expansion. A bottom-up modeling of methane fluxes in northern Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 is presented. This study combines paleodata on wetland ecology, climate model output, a process-based methane flux model, and GIS-based modeling of wetland areal distribution. The resulting methane flux during interstadials is twice as high as during stadials. This is attributed to higher bacterial metabolic rates, a longer frost-free period, and a higher ecosystem primary production providing more substrate for methanogenesis.     

Another Source of Atmospheric Methane

The atmospheric concentration of methane is steadily increasin.Lacking of precise estimates of source and sink strengths for the atmospheric methane severely limits the current understanding of the global methane cycle.Agood budget of atmospheric methane can enhance our understanding of the global carbon cycle and global climate change,The known estimates of the main source and sink strengths are gresented in this paper,In terms of carbon isotopic studies,it is evidenced that the earth‘s primodial methane,which was trapped in the earth during its formation,may be another source of methane,with extensive,earth‘s degassing which is calleld the “breathing“ process of the earth and played an important role in the formation of the promitive atmosphere,large amounts of methane were carried from the deep interior to the surface and then found its way into the atmosphere.     

Observations of atmospheric methane and its stable isotope ratio (δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C) over the Russian Arctic seas from ship cruises in the summer and autumn of 2015

The results of experimental measurements of atmospheric methane concentrations and its isotopic composition in the Russian Arctic seas in the summer and autumn of 2015 are discussed. The Keeling plot method and inverse number simulation were used for revealing the factors responsible for elevated methane concentrations over the sea surface. Its maximum concentrations (up to 2050 ppb) were measured over the Kara and Laptev seas, as well as in the port area of Arkhangel’sk. It is shown that tundra and bog ecosystems of Siberia serve as the main sources of methane in the measurement zone (except for the area adjacent to large ports). As a whole, the share of methane from microbiological sources is as high as approximately 43% of the total methane concentrations along the ship route.     

Application of structural equation modeling for assessing relationships between organic carbon and soil properties in semiarid Mediterranean region

Restoration of atmospheric carbon in soils has principal many good effects. Arid lands cover more than 40 % of the global earth area, but only stock 16 % from the global carbon stock. It seems to be a suitable solution for this environmental issue, but still all variables controlling organic carbon in such kinds of soil, was ignored. This study aims to develop two models of organic carbon under clayey and sandy soils in semi-arid Mediterranean zones basing on physical and chemical soil properties. For establishing both models, structural equation modeling was used. For modeling organic carbon, two Tunisian soil databases composed from clayey and sandy soils made respectively, of 450 and 602 soil horizons were used. Using the two databases for all properties, the principal component analysis shows two components for clayey soil; (i) chemical properties and bulk density and (ii) physical properties. For the sandy soil it reveals two components; (i) chemical properties and (ii) physical properties. According to the derived components for each soil category, two models have been built. Structural equation modeling results show that clayey model has proved that organic carbon was controlled by chemical properties and bulk density more than physical properties and sandy model has proved that organic carbon was controlled by chemical properties more than physical properties. The root mean square errors of approximation were 0.079 and 0.050 for the clayey and sandy models, respectively. Then these two models were validated with two other databases from Tunisian dryland soils.