基于偏最小二乘回归的区域换式风速预报订正技术研究

利用偏最小二乘回归技术,将预报产品作为自变量,相应的自动气象站观测资料作为因变量,对2013-2016年冬季浙江省中尺度区域模式预报近地面风速进行订正和评估。所选956站中多数站点风速订正后有所改善,通过定量分析可知浙江西部地区整体改善效果最好,其中效果明显站点占91.7%;中部地区改善效果明显站点占86.5%;东部沿海地区改善效果略差,明显改善的站点占67%。各地级市整体表现均不错,除舟山地区为49.9%外,其他地区风速改善比例均超过50%。选取2017年1月20日浙江东北地区沿海大风过程分析发现订正后的风速与观测风速更为接近,在定海大岛站点(靠里)中表现尤为明显,订正后的结果具有显著参考价值。     

一种偏差订正方法在平昌冬奥会气象预报的应用

为了提高GRAPES_3 km（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System）模式在2018年平昌冬奥会气象服务中的预报能力,采用一阶自适应的卡尔曼滤波方法对GRAPES_3 km模式的2 m气温、2 m相对湿度和10 m风开展偏差订正。结果表明:偏差订正方法明显提高了地面要素的预报效果,其中2 m气温的均方根误差整体减小到2℃左右,站点订正改善率为10%~60%;10 m风速的均方根误差减小到2 m·s-1左右,站点订正改善率为10%~45%;2 m相对湿度减小到20%以下,站点订正改善率为0~20%。与韩国气象厅LDAPS（Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System）及美国宇航局NU-WRF（NASA-Unified WRF）模式相比,GRAPES_3 km模式的风速预报表现更为优异,各站点整体预报效果明显优于LDAPS和NU-WRF模式。偏差订正方法可有效改善模式在复杂地形条件下的预报能力,是提高精细化预报准确率的重要手段。     

最小二乘法在洞头区极大风速订正预报中的应用

将浙江省快速更新同化系统(ZJWARRS)的风速预报结果与站点观测的极大风速进行了最小二乘拟合,利用拟合系数对ZJWARRS风速预报进行了订正试验,按照不同风速对结果进行了评估,并试验了不同样本数量、不同风速分段建模对拟合效果的影响。结果表明,订正结果在不同风速下均具有正效应,在风速为5～15 m/s时效果最为显著,可比原有预报结果改进20%以上。在空间分布上,在本身风速较大、误差较大的站点改进可达30%以上,而在部分风速较小的站点则有负效应。在样本数量方面,20个样本是拟合具有正效应的最低样本数,60个样本已使拟合效果趋于稳定,再增加样本对拟合效果的改善不明显。而分段建模试验结果显示,相比将所有样本一起建模,按照不同风速分段后分别建模的方法并没有明显的正效应。     

大小兴安岭林区风场动力降尺度对比研究

对2017年春季黑龙江省大、小兴安岭林区的6个代表站点10 m风场进行降尺度分析,并结合观测数据对比分析了WRF模式和CALMET降尺度模式的10 m风速、风向预报结果。结果表明：两模式逐小时风速预报与观测的相关系数为0.5-0.7,且随着风速的增加,模式的预报准确率逐渐提高,夜间的风速预报偏差较大,进入白天后,偏差明显减小。WRF模式对风速变化趋势的预报效果优于CALMET模式,与观测的风速相关性更高,而CALMET模式对较大风速的预报效果优于WRF模式。在风向预报方面,WRF和CALMET的风向模拟与观测风向均有较好的一致性,模式预报准确率较高的两个风向也刚好对应各站的盛行风向。同时,本文用回归方法对日平均风速进行订正发现,订正后各站的日平均风速预报准确率平均提高了50%,具有较好的业务应用价值。     

基于CMA-BJ数值预报模式产品的复杂地形下冬奥站点地面气温和风速预报方法研究

北京冬奥服务对站点气象要素预报提出了明确需求,2 m气温预报偏差在±2℃以内,10 m风速预报平均偏差小于观测的30%,文中提出一种基于相似集合嵌套一元线性回归的预报方法—嵌套相似集合（AnEn-Ne）,该方法基于相似集合思路,在满足一定条件时,启动其嵌套一元线性回归提供订正预报。冬奥赛期（2021年11月1日—2022年3月15日）实时业务预报表明,嵌套相似集合具有较好的预报效果,相对业务数值模式（CMA-BJ）预报,预报精度显著提高,相对相似集合预报和一元线性回归预报精度明显提高,其预报结果满足冬奥服务需求。复杂地形下的要素预报检验表明,CMA-BJ模式预报2 m气温虽然存在较明显的系统偏差,但与观测相关较强,对观测的表征意义明显,订正后能有效消除复杂地形影响,10 m风速模式预报偏差振荡明显,模式预报与观测相关较弱,表征意义差,订正后站间差异明显;改进CMA-BJ模式复杂地形区近地面风速预报对观测的表征意义,可进一步提高该预报方法对10 m风速订正预报的精度。     

上海沿岸海域风场质量控制与预报检验

利用2016年上海沿岸海域19个站点的风场资料,进行了风场质量控制,包括完整性检查、内部一致性检查、持续性检查和高度订正。同时挑选10个站点作为实况对2016年风场模式预报进行检验,包括风速预报误差、风速预报准确率和风向预报检验,对比了风场观测资料质量控制前后的检验结果,最后对两次大风过程进行了检验。结果表明:预报检验结果均随着预报时效的增加而变差;整体误差秋季和冬季较小,6月和7月误差较大;分级检验0～5级风速准确率在0.9～1之间,预报值比实况偏大,6级以上风速预报准确率逐渐降低,且预报值比实况偏小;风向检验呈现明显的季节性,冬季12月、1月误差小,准确率最高,夏季6月误差最大,准确率最低;质量控制后检验结果都得到正面提升;两次大风过程预报准确率均在70%以上。     

基于概率密度匹配方法的WRF模式阵风风速误差订正

为提高数值模式对阵风风速预报能力,采用概率密度匹配方法 (Probability Density Function Matching Method,简称PDF方法)对WRF模式地面极大风速预报数据开展误差订正。结果表明:①基于PDF方法订正后的阵风预报效果明显优于WRF预报结果,当实况极大风力≤5级时,两种预报结果均与实况较为一致;当实况极大风力≥6级时,WRF预报相比实况明显偏小,而PDF方法订正结果则与实况较为接近;②对比不同地形条件下两种预报结果发现,在实况风力整体偏弱的平原地区,WRF预报和PDF订正结果对极大风的预报效果均较好;在风力偏强的山区和沿江河谷地区,PDF订正结果的预报效果相比WRF预报则有明显提升;③对2017年安徽省81个国家站逐日极大风速的预报效果检验发现:预报误差和过去五年整体拟合误差基本相当,说明基于2012—2016年历史数据建立的概率密度分布函数可以代表安徽各站多年的实况和WRF预报极大风速的联合分布特征,利用PDF方法进行逐日极大风速预报具有一定的可靠性。     

基于ECMWF产品的站点气温预报集成学习误差订正

提出一种基于数值模式预报产品的气温预报集成学习误差订正方法,通过人工神经网络、长短期记忆网络和线性回归模型组合出新的集成学习模型（ALS模型）,采用2013—2017年的欧洲中期天气预报中心数值天气预报模式2 m气温预报产品和中国部分气象站点数据,利用气象站点气温、风速、气压、相对湿度4个观测要素,挖掘观测数据的时序特征并结合模式2 m气温预报结果训练机器学习模型,对2018年模式2 m气温6~168 h格点预报产品插值到站点后的预报结果进行偏差订正。结果表明:ALS模型可将站点气温预报整体均方根误差由3.11℃降至2.50℃,降幅达0.61℃（19.6%）,而传统的线性回归模型降幅为0.23℃（8.4%）。ALS模型对站点气温预报误差较大的区域和气温峰值预报的订正效果尤为显著,因此,集成学习方法在数值模式预报结果订正中具有较大的应用潜力。     

贵州省数值预报风速产品检验及订正

运用概率统计的方法,检验了的ECWMF、GRAPES和JAPAN模式对于贵州省范围内84个站点的风速预报的平均绝对误差、标准差、相关系数和正确率,EC模式平均误差在-1.9～1.7 m/s之间,GAPES模式在-3.1～0 m/s之间,JAPAN模式在-3～1.9 m/s之间;平均绝对误差EC模式在0.6～2.1 m/s之间,GAPES模式在1.1～3.3 m/s之间,JAPAN模式在0.6～3.1 m/s之间,全省站点相关系数平均数EC模式和JAPAN模式为0.5,GRAPES模式为0.4,风速预报误差绝对值为2 m/s的准确率全省平均值EC为83%,最低为织金的54%;GRAPES模式为56%,最低为长顺的32%;JAPAN模式为75%,最低为长顺的29%。并分9个地州对3个模式的预报效果进行对比,发现EC模式的预报效果明显优于其他两个模式。其中,EC模式对铜仁地区的预报效果最好,黔西南的预报效果最差;GRAPES模式对遵义地区的预报效果最好,毕节地区的预报效果最差;JAPAN模式对遵义地区的预报效果最好,黔西南地区的预报效果最差。3个模式中有两个在黔西南地区的预报效果不佳。运用BP神经网络方式对3种模式风速预报进行订正,对于3个模式订正后的预报效果均有明显改善,其中误差、正确率的改善较为明显,相关系数的提高较小。     

辽宁地区ECMWF模式气温预报检验及误差订正研究

利用2016—2018年ECMWF细网格模式12—36 h内2 m温度预报产品,选取辽宁地区65个城镇站点观测资料,评估预报产品在不同季节的预报准确率,并按季节分析固定误差订正方法和最优滑动周期订正方法对提高准确率的作用。结果表明：ECMWF模式预报产品对辽宁地区气温预报的准确率表现为,ECMWF模式最高气温冬季预报最优(城镇站点预报准确率为81.5%),最低气温夏季预报最好(城镇站点预报准确率为84.3%);采用最优滑动周期订正后,2016—2018年辽宁地区的最高气温和最低气温准确率较ECMWF模式自身分别提高了19.7%和20.5%,最低气温的预报准确率提高程度优于最高气温;在整个空间分布中,ECMWF模式对辽宁中部平原地区最高(低)气温预报准确率高于东、西部地区,辽宁东北部和西南部以及东南部的长白山余脉影响区域准确率明显低于其他区域。同时,在各季中,最高气温和夏季最低气温的订正预报能力优于其他季节;在地面晴、雨两种特征下,对辽宁地区24 h气温预报进行订正检验表明,该检验结果对辽宁地区最高(低)气温订正有一定补充作用,尤其是冬季降水出现时,最高气温预报补充订正效果最为显著。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.