云南墨江金矿床硅质岩的地质地球化学特征及其意义

墨江金矿床厂组中下段硅质岩具有典型的沉积构造，岩石富集∑Fe和As 、Sb、Bi、Ga等微量元素（相对于地壳克拉克值），而相对贫AI2O3；稀土元素以总量（∑REE）低，负铈异常为特征，与热水沉积的硅质岩特征相似。在判别硅质岩形成与作用的一系列主量和微量元素图解上，本区的硅质岩位于热水沉积作用范围，但四十八两山段硅质岩有趋近于正常化学沉积作用。利用硅质岩的氧同位素计算出它的形成温度为128－146℃。地质、地球化学特征表明本区硅质岩的形成与热水沉积作用有关，但四十八两山段硅质岩受到正常化学沉积作用的影响。、     

南秦岭旬阳盆地下古生界热水沉积成矿地球化学

新近在南秦岭旬阳盆地志留系中发现重要铅锌矿化，含矿岩系主要是下、中志留统弱变质含炭细碎屑岩和新发现识别出的热水沉积炭硅质岩、钠长石岩等；矿体呈层状与志留系整合产出，含矿层中有热水沉积硅质岩和铁碳酸盐岩。矿床REE地球化学反映铅锌矿石、硅质岩和钠长石岩的形成物质可能来自盆下源深处，成岩成矿作用具有热水沉积性质；岩矿石稳定同住素组成指示成矿流体为深部来源，成矿流体中富含CO2（18．656～35．063mol％），成矿温度135～297℃；矿石S和Pb同位素组成反映S来源于深部，Pb来自盆地基底和沉积地层。受地幔热点控制的扬子北缘古生代伸展海盆中，热水沉积是旬阳盆地志留系铅锌成矿的基本方式。     

桂北泗里口老堡组硅质岩的常量、稀土元素特征及成因指示

桂北泗里口老堡组为一套埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡时期（大约550～540 Ma）深水盆地沉积的硅质岩。它们的SiO2含量普遍高（平均93.8%）;Al2O3含量为0.17%～4.92%,沿剖面自下而上明显增加,上部超过2%;Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值多高于0.42;Fe/Ti比值大都小于16.3;Al2O3/( Al2O3+Fe2O3)比值多高于0.4,剖面上部样品的比值为0.8～0.9;Y/Ho比值为26.4～36.9,中、下部样品较高（多高于32）,上部样品的比值接近地壳值（27）;Eu/Eu*平均值为1.0,正异常不明显。剖面下部样品的∑REE含量低（15.9×10-6～27.1×10-6）,具有与现代海水相近的REE配分,没有正的Eu异常,不同于海底的热液流体和与其有关的碧玉的REE配分;中部样品的∑REE含量为26.2×10-6～49.4×10-6,由于所含陆源碎屑的增加,REE配分变得平坦,但仍有海水REE的某些特征;上部样品的∑REE含量为40.5×10-6～59×10-6,显示与平均页岩相似的平坦的REE配分,但∑REE含量仅为平均页岩的大约1/4～1/3。这些常量和稀土元素特征表明,海底热液和陆源碎屑都不可能成为泗里口老堡组硅质岩的重要物源。埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡时期华南深水盆地厚层硅质岩沉积反映了这一时期大气高CO2浓度,大量陆源化学风化的硅质流入海洋和大量生物的降解可能是造成这些硅质岩形成的基本原因。     

华南热水沉积硅质岩建造及其成矿效应

华南地区热水沉积建造发育。文中介绍该地区热水沉积建造 ,特别是震旦系顶部、泥盆系榴江组和二叠系当冲组 3个重要层位的硅质岩建造 ,分析它们的地质地球化学特征。研究表明 ,华南三层位沉积硅质岩的共同特征是TiO2 、Al2 O3 和K2 O含量一致偏低 ,大部分微量元素含量偏低 (与地壳克拉克值相比 ) ,但Ba、As、Sb富集 ,具有较为典型的热水沉积成因特点。多元统计分析显示 ,大部分微量元素在第一个主因子上均有显著因子载荷 ,与它们在基底的富集或亏损无关 ,代表了古地热系热水循环中的淋滤因子。华南三层位热水成因硅质岩具有相似的REE地球化学特征。REE总量低 ,稀土配分模式落在典型热水沉积物的上、下限之间 ,多数样品呈现δCe和δEu负异常。正常沉积的混入使部分硅质岩的REE配分模式复杂化。最后 ,讨论了与热水沉积建造相关的成矿效应 ,为金属矿床成因和评价提供约束条件     

黔东留茶坡组硅质岩元素地球化学特征与形成环境

黔东晚震旦世一早寒武世留茶坡组硅质岩,具有展布广、层位稳、厚度大等特征,并具有热水沉积的岩石学证据。代表性剖面硅质岩主量元素分析结果显示,ｗ（SiO：）为93．41％一96．32％,均值95．23％,表示其为化学成分纯净的硅质岩;TFeO、MnO相对富集,A12O3、TiO2、MgO含量相对较低,与热水沉积物相似,表明具有热水沉积特征;研究区硅质岩的Ba／Sr和U／Th等比值均大于1,以及稀土总量偏低（∑REE为9．22×10^6～24．04X10^6）,Ce负异常（0．44～0．76）,重稀土富集等特征,表现出热水沉积岩的元素地球化学特征;而其At／（A1＋Fe＋Mn）、K2O／Na20、CaO／（CaO＋Fe）和MgO／A12O3等比值的均值分别为0．46,1．86,0．33和0．19,也暗示出研究区热水沉积硅质岩受到一定程度陆源物质的影响。综合研究表明,典型剖面硅质岩形成于大洋盆地向大陆边缘台地过渡环境。     

南秦岭旬阳盆地下古生界热水沉积成矿地球化学

新近在南秦岭旬阳盆地志留系中发现重要铅锌矿化,含矿岩系主要是下、中志留统弱变质含炭细碎屑岩和新发现识别出的热水沉积炭硅质岩、钠长石岩等;矿体呈层状与志留系整合产出,含矿层中有热水沉积硅质岩和铁碳酸盐岩。矿床REE地球化学反映铅锌矿石、硅质岩和钠长石岩的形成物质可能来自盆下源深处,成岩成矿作用具有热水沉积性质;岩矿石稳定同位素组成指示成矿流体为深部来源,成矿流体中富含CO2(18.656～35.063mol%),成矿温度135～297℃;矿石S和Pb同位素组成反映S来源于深部,Pb来自盆地基底和沉积地层。受地幔热点控制的扬子北缘古生代伸展海盆中,热水沉积是旬阳盆地志留系铅锌成矿的基本方式。     

南秦岭旬阳盆地下古生界热水沉积成矿地球化学

新近在南秦岭旬阳盆地志留系中发现重要铅锌矿化,含矿岩系主要是下、中志留统弱变质含炭细碎屑岩和新发现识别出的热水沉积炭硅质岩、钠长石岩等;矿体呈层状与志留系整合产出,含矿层中有热水沉积硅质岩和铁碳酸盐岩.矿床REE地球化学反映铅锌矿石、硅质岩和钠长石岩的形成物质可能来自盆下源深处,成岩成矿作用具有热水沉积性质;岩矿石稳定同位素组成指示成矿流体为深部来源,成矿流体中富含CO2(18.656～35.063mol%),成矿温度135～297℃;矿石S和Pb同位素组成反映S来源于深部,Pb来自盆地基底和沉积地层.受地幔热点控制的扬子北缘古生代伸展海盆中,热水沉积是旬阳盆地志留系铅锌成矿的基本方式.     

江西华齐铜多金属矿区含矿硅质岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

矿产远景地质调查过程中,在江西华齐铜多金属矿区发现含矿硅质岩.测试分析显示,区内硅质岩贫Al2O3、TiO2,Co、Cr等元素含量低,贫∑REE,δ(Eu)为负异常,δ(Ce)为弱正异常,HREE相对富集等热水沉积物的特征.在判别硅质岩形成的系列图解上,样品均指示热水沉积作用和大陆边缘环境,这与SiO2/Al2O3、S...     

且干布拉克早寒武世硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对西山布拉克组第一岩性段硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征研究,探讨其沉积环境和成因,推测其与库鲁克塔格早古生代地壳演化关系。研究区硅质岩夹泥质硅岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩的岩石组合,硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe)值(~0.6)、Ce/Ce*值(~0.57)、(La/Yb)n值(~0.66)等特征指示为欠补偿、缺氧的深水盆地沉积环境。其Fe/Ti值(~29.2),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(~0.54),(Fe+Mn)/Ti值(~31.3),富集Ag,As,Sb,Ba元素等特征,表明该区硅质岩为热水和海水混合成因,形成过程中海水有较高的生产力。硅质岩∑REE在剖面底部为14.9×10-6,向上减小为8.6×10-6,至顶部增加到105.6×10-6,表明剖面底部到顶部热水活动强度呈减弱趋势。早寒武世硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征表明,硅质岩形成于裂陷槽盆地中,是上升洋流将海底热水物质带至沉积地点与海水发生不同程度混合的产物,为库鲁克塔格早寒武世早期处于拉张裂解环境提供了岩石学和地球化学证据。     

南秦岭富钠长石岩石的岩石学和地球化学研究

钠长石岩是秦岭造山带中的一类特色岩石,主要分布于南秦岭凤-太、山-柞和镇-旬盆地的泥盆纪和志留纪地层中,与秦岭众多大中型铅锌矿、金矿成矿关系密切。钠长石岩呈层状、似层状产于碎屑岩或碳酸盐岩岩系中,与区域地层整合产出,渐变过渡。具有条带状、块状、角砾状构造;XRF分析数据显示钠长石岩化学成分以富Na2O、Al2O3、SiO2等常量元素及Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、Cu等微量元素为特征;富含元素Ba和Fe-Mn-(Co+Cu+Ni)×10分布图投影表明钠长石岩具有热水沉积的特征。而TiO2与Al2O3关系图解又反映出钠长石岩中有陆源碎屑物混入的特点,其Ti、Al可能来自水成沉积物中的粘土;ICP-MS分析所得稀土元素数据显示,钠长石岩与地层稀土元素在稀土总量、轻重稀土量和配分模式均十分相似,其较高∑REE就是成岩过程中水成沉积物混入造成的。富钠长石岩石在形成时间上发生在沉积和早期成岩阶段,与正常沉积岩同时形成。兼具有正常沉积岩石和热水沉积岩石的特点,是一种有别于二者的混合型非典型热水沉积岩石。研究认为钠长石岩是由一种富钠和金属元素的热水通过对地层元素的萃取并与海底未固结沉积物混合而成的混合热液经沉积成岩作用形成的。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997