青藏高原纳木错流域夏、秋季大气降水中δ18O与水汽来源及温度的关系

根据2005年8～10月在纳木错收集的降水样和相关气象观测,分析该地区降水中δ18O变化特征及其与水汽来源关系,揭示不同水汽来源降水中δ18O与温度之间关系.观测期间水汽来源以西南季风和青藏高原本地气团输送为主.结果表明,纳木错流域夏、秋季节历次降水中δ18O变化主导因素是水汽来源不同.远距离输送夏季风海洋性气团形成的降水δ18O值较低,而局地大陆性气团降水δ18O较高.对同源的降水事件,气温和δ18O值有一定正相关性,因而可能是次一级的响因素.     

沿三条水汽输送路径的降水中(&)18o变化特征

分析和比较了沿三条水汽输送路径降水中稳定同位素的变化.沿南方水汽路径,低纬度地区取样站降水中平均δ18O的季节差异较小.自曼谷起,降水中δ18O的季节差异明显增加.沿北方水汽路径,郑州以西取样站暖半年与冷半年平均δ18O的季节差异均大于零.随着经度的增加,降水中平均δ18O的季节差减小.沿高原水汽路径,印度次大陆南部降水中的δ18O相对较高,随着纬度的增加,降水中δ18O逐渐减小.在翻越喜马拉雅山后,由于强烈的洗涤作用,降水中δ18O急剧下降.     

藏北高原夏季降水的水汽来源分析

根据GAME-Tibet加强观测期间取得的降水量和δ18O资料,基于来自海洋性气团的水汽形成的降水中δ18O较低、来自局地蒸发形成的降水中δ18O较高这一认识,尝试性地给出了划分不同来源水汽的标准.基于此标准,对研究区域中局地来源水汽和海洋性气团水汽在总降水中所占的比率定量估计.就安多附近平均而言,1998年6～9月海洋气团的直接输送而形成的降水量至多占总降水量的32.06%,而局地蒸发的水汽所形成的降水量至少占总降水量的46.86%.其它至少有21.8%可能来源于季风环流对沿途蒸发水汽的输送.青藏高原中部(如安多等)的降水,可能是海洋性气团携带的水汽经过若干次凝结-降水(降落到地面)-蒸发-再凝结等过程,不断循环并依次将水分通过季风环流向高原中西部推进.     

沿三条水汽输送路径的降水中δ^18O变化特征

分析和比较了沿三条水汽输送路径降水中稳定同位素的变化。沿南方水汽路径，低纬度地区取样站降水中平均δ^18O的季节差异较小。自曼谷起，降水中δ^18O的季节差异明显增加。沿北方水汽路径，郑州以西取样站暖半年与冷半年平均δ^18O的季节差异均大于零。随着经度的增加，降水中平均δ^18O的季节差减小。沿高原水汽路径，印度次大陆南部降水中的δ^18O相对较高，随着纬度的增加，降水中δ^18O逐渐减小。在翻越喜马拉雅山后，由于强烈的洗涤作用，降水中δ^18O急剧下降。     

双台风"纳沙""海棠"期间福州降水δ18 O特征及影响因素

基于2017年第9号台风"纳沙"和第10号台风"海棠"登陆前后福州降水同位素数据,结合相关气象资料,分析了分别来源于西太平洋和中国南海的双台风期间福州降水中δ~(18)O值的变化特征及影响因素。双台风期间,δ~(18)O值变化范围为-2. 6‰～-17. 0‰,振幅达14. 4‰。2个不同水汽来源的台风影响期间,福州降水δ~(18)O的变化均呈现出3个阶段的变化特征,近似"几"字形。2个台风的前端和尾端降水δ~(18)O值相对偏正,平均值为-6. 9‰～-8. 9‰,接近福州夏季降水δ~(18)O平均值,受蒸发效应影响显著;而中端降水δ~(18)O值极端偏负,平均值分别为-13. 4‰和-12. 4‰,远低于福州夏季降水δ~(18)O平均值。研究发现,台风中端降水δ~(18)O值的极端偏负与水汽来源、水汽通道及降水量的变化关系较小,主要受"云雨区效应"的影响。     

希夏邦马峰达索普冰川高海拔区夏季风期间大气降水的δ18O特征

降水中δ1 8O的分析表明 ,本区夏季风期间大陆性气团降水中δ1 8O值高于海洋性气团降水 ,同类型气团降水中δ1 8O与气温之间呈正相关关系。达索普冰川高海拔区高程效应明显的降水过程 ,δ1 8O的垂直变化梯度较小为 - 0 .1‰ / 10 0m。无高程效应特征的降水过程 ,可能与降水时的天气状况有关。同时地形对降水中δ1 8O随高程的分布有较大影响。达索普冰川区近东西向区域内降水中δ1 8O分布与高程效应一致 ,而近南北向区域内则与高程效应相反。     

表层雪中稳定同位素季节变化及其与水汽输送的关系——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区为例

根据2002年9月至2005年12月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积累区采集的表层雪样品,揭示了该区表层雪中δ<'18>O值的季节变化特征,讨论了水汽输送对降水中δ<'18>O值变化的影响.研究表明,天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层雪中δ<'18>O值季节变化显著,变幅可达12.59‰左右,其变化趋势和气温的变化趋势基本一致,...     

希夏邦马峰索普冰川高海拔区夏季风期间大气降水的δ^18O特征

降水中δ＾１８Ｏ的分析表明,本区夏季风期间大性气团降水中δ＾１８值高于海洋笥气团降水,同类型气团降水中δ＾１８Ｏ与气温之间呈正相关关系。达索普冰川经拔区高程效应明显的降水过程,δ＾１、８Ｏ的垂直变化梯度较小为－０．１‰／１００ｍ。无高程效应特征的降水过程,可能与降水时的天气状况有关。同时地形对降水中δ＾１８Ｏ随高程的分布有较大影响。达索普部川区近东西向区域内降水中δ＾１８Ｏ分布与高程效应一致,而近     

西北地区大气降水δ18O的特征及水汽来源

根据2005年各月在中国大气降水同位素观测网(CHNIP)位于西北地区的阜康、策勒、临泽、海北、沙坡头、长武和安塞观测站点收集的降水样品,对其中的同位素的组分进行测定,分析了西北地区大气降水中δ18O的时空分布特征.所建立的局地大气降水线方程δD=7.05δ18O-2.17,反应了西北地区独特的局地气候特点.降水δ18O的温度效应显著,而降水量效应只在夏季(6-8月)间存在.δ18O的空间分布特征可以很好地反映西北地区的大气环流背景.应用瑞利分馏模型及动力分馏模型对阜康-安塞沿线降水δ18O的定量模拟结果,揭示了西北地区降水水汽的分馏主要以动力分馏为主,雨滴在降落过程中历经了一定的二次蒸发过程,其降水水汽中也混入一定量的由局地再蒸发的水汽.此外,利用西北地区在全球大气降水同位素观测网络(GNIP)中的乌鲁木齐、和田、张掖、兰州、银川和西安6个站点的长时间序列的δ18O与降水量、温度等气候因子建立的多元线性回归关系可以对降水δ18O进行定量估算;基于乌鲁木齐站点12年的δ18O资料对该地区的温度拟合,为历史气候的定量恢复提供了依据.     

祁连山排露沟流域降水δ18O和δD特征及水汽来源

降水氢氧同位素受气温、降水量、海拔、水汽来源等多种因素控制,是研究区域水文循环过程的重要手段。基于祁连山中段排露沟流域3个站点降水稳定氢氧同位素数据（δ¹⁸O、δD、d-excess）和气象观测资料,结合临近GNIP站点监测资料和HYSPLIT 4.9模型对流域降水同位素特征及水汽来源进行分析。结果表明：流域降水δ¹⁸O值波动范围大（-32.32‰~+3.23‰）,季节性变化明显,冬季δ¹⁸O值较低,夏季δ¹⁸O值较高。降水δ¹⁸O和δD值与日均气温均存在密切正相关关系,即温度效应明显。受山区气候和地理条件影响,各站点局地大气降水线（LMWL）截距和斜率相似;与临近GNIP站点（张掖）进行对比,流域降水明显受局地水汽和二次蒸发影响较少。降水d-excess值表现出与δ¹⁸O值相反的季节性变化趋势。结合HYSPLIT 4.9气团轨迹模型,得出流域夏季水汽主要来源西风环流输送,冬季受西风环流和极地气团共同影响。     

Temporal and spatial variations of δ18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipita-tion of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ18O in precipitation at four stations (Lhaze, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia) in 2005. The results show that δ18O of pre-cipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ18O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation, and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations, with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, 18O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus, δ18O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream, and the lapse rate of δ18O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation, spatial variation of δ18O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.     

Temporal and spatial variations of δ^18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ^18O in precipitation at four stations （Lhaze, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia） in 2005. The results show that δ^18O of precipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ^18O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation, and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations, with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, δ^18O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus, δ^18O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream, and the lapse rate of δ^18O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7%J‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation, spatial variation of δ^18O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.     

雅鲁藏布江流域降水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipita-tion of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ18O in precipitation at four stations (Lhaze,Nugesha,Yangcun and Nuxia) in 2005. The results show that δ18O of pre-cipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ18O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation,and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations,with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley,18O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus,δ18O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream,and the lapse rate of δ18O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation,spatial variation of δ18O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.     

青藏高原各拉丹冬冰芯记录的季节气温变化

2005 年10-11 月中美联合考察队在各拉丹冬峰北部果曲冰川平坦的粒雪盆 (33^o34'37.8"N, 91^o10'35.3"E, 5720 m a.s.l.) 钻取了一支冰芯, 通过对该冰芯进行多参数定年, 恢复了青藏高原中部各拉丹冬地区近70 年来降水中δ¹⁸O 的变化历史。根据冰芯中季风期和非季风期δ¹⁸O 值与临近气象台站气温的正相关性, 重建了该地区70 年来的春季和夏季的气温变化。结果表明, 各拉丹冬冰芯中δ¹⁸O 记录的春季和夏季升温趋势非常明显; 根据回归分析, 冰芯中非季风期的δ¹⁸O 每增大(或减小) 1‰相当于春季气温升高(或降低) 1.3 ^oC; 季风 期的δ¹⁸O 每增大(或减小) 1‰相当于夏季气温升高(或降低) 0.4 ^oC; 各拉丹冬冰芯中δ¹⁸O 记录恢复的春季和夏季气温与北半球春季和夏季的气温变化具有一致的趋势, 但各拉丹冬地区的增温幅度比北半球要大, 同时春季的增温幅度也高于夏季。     

雅鲁藏布江径流水文规律及水体同位素组成

由雅鲁藏布江各站径流量数据和水体的同位素数据,分析了径流的时空分布特点以及大气降水的同位素效应。该区干流流域年平均径流量分布呈从下游到上游逐渐减少的趋势, 且地表径流的年内分配主要集中在夏、秋两季(6-10 月)。流域内大部分雨水和河水样品的同位素组成均落在全球大气降水线δD = 8δ¹⁸O +10 的右上方,显示出强烈蒸发的特征。水体同 位素组成区域大陆性效应和高度效应明显,这种分布特征与来自孟加拉湾、怒江方向降水云汽的运移以及青藏高原的地形、气候条件有关。     

Oxygen-18 in different waters in Urumqi River Basin

The variations of the stable oxygen isotope in different water mediums in Urumqi River Basin, China, are analyzed. The stable oxygen isotope in precipitation has marked temperature effect either under synoptic or seasonal scale at the head of Urumqi River. The linear regression equations of δ18O against temperature are δ18O=0.94T-12.38 and δ18O=1.29T-13.05 under the two time scales, respectively. The relatively large δ18O/temperature slopes show the strong sensitivity of δ18O in precipitation to temperature variation at the head of Urumqi River. According to the analyses on the δ18O in precipitation sampled at three stations with different altitudes along Urumqi River, altitude effect is notable in the drainage basin. The δ18O/altitude gradients have distinct differences: the gradient from Urumqi to Yuejinqiao is merely -0.054‰/hm, but -0.192‰/hm from Yuejinqiao to Daxigou, almost increasing by 2.6 times over the former. No altitude effect is found in surface firn in the east branch of Glacier No.1 at the head of Urumqi River, showing that precipitation in the glacier is from the cloud cluster with the same condensation level. Influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the δ18O in surface firn increases with increasing altitude sometimes. Survey has found that the δ18O in meltwater at the terminus of Glacier No.1 and in stream water at Total Control have the similar change trend with the former all smaller than the latter, which displays the different runoff recharges, and all mirror the regime of temperature in the same term basically.     

1961—2015年雅鲁藏布江流域降雨侵蚀力

降雨是土壤侵蚀的主要动力,也是风水蚀复合区沙漠化的主要驱动力。研究降雨侵蚀力时空变化对雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀的监测、评估、预报和治理具有重要意义。利用1961—2015年雅鲁藏布江流域8个气象站日降雨量气象资料,采用趋势系数、气候倾向率、MK检验等研究方法对雅鲁藏布江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化进行分析。结果表明:雅鲁藏布江流域年降雨侵蚀力平均值为758.1 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,变差系数Cv值为0.29,趋势系数r值为0.3140。空间分布呈现由东向西逐渐递减的特点,东部可达2 000 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1以上,最西部仅为200MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1。雅鲁藏布江流域年降雨侵蚀力总体呈波动上升趋势,其中嘉黎和波密站年降雨侵蚀力上升趋势明显,日喀则、泽当站年降雨侵蚀力呈下降趋势。通过MK检验及滑动T检验得知,流域内年降雨侵蚀力在1982年发生突变,年侵蚀性降雨突变不显著。雅鲁藏布江流域年降雨侵蚀力与侵蚀性降雨相关性显著。     

亚洲降水中δ18O沿不同水汽输送路径的变化

利用IAEA/WMO全球监测网和青藏高原的监测站,建立了由赤道地区经我国西南水汽通道至长江中下游的南方水汽输送路径、沿西风带自我国西部经华北至日本的北方水汽输送路径以及自南亚穿喜马拉雅山到我国青藏高原的水汽输送路径的取样剖面,比较了三条水汽路径在不同季节降水中啄18O的变化及其与温度、降水量的关系。沿南方水汽路径,低纬度地区取样站降水中平均啄18O的季节差异较小。沿北方水汽路径,郑州以西取样站平均啄18O的季节差均大于郑州以东的取样站。随着经度的增加,降水中平均啄18O的季节差减小。沿高原水汽路径,印度次大陆南部降水中的啄18O相对较高,随着纬度的增加,降水中啄18O逐渐减小。在翻越喜马拉雅山后,由于强烈的洗涤作用,降水中啄18O急剧下降。     

近45年雅鲁藏布江流域极端气候事件趋势分析

利用雅鲁藏布江流域10个气象台站1961-2005年逐日最高气温、最低气温和日降水量资料,分析了该流域气温和降水等气候极端事件的变化趋势.研究表明:近45年以来,雅鲁藏布江流域夜间和白天极端低温日数分别以1.94和0.97天/10年的趋势在显著减少,夜间极端低温日数减少在冬季最明显,白天极端低温日数在秋季减少最明显:夜间极端高温日数和白天极端高温日数分别以3.03和1.26天/10年的速度显著增加,夜间极端高温日数增加在夏季最明显,白天极端高温日数增加在冬季最明显;日较差以0.11℃/10a的速度在显著减少,主要发生在冬季:最大的1天降水总量和逐年连续无降水天数有减少趋势,最大的5天降水总量、中雨天数、逐年平均降水强度和逐年连续降水天数有增加趋势,90年代以来增加趋势明显,与该地区经向风与水汽通量增加有关.     

Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Plant Communities in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

Based on vegetation survey data and environmental data of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, we conducted a quantitative ecological analysis of the vegetation community composition and the relationship between species and the environment in the study area. The results showed that 44 sampling sites and 68 plant species in the study area can be classified into seven subtypes: Artemisia minor + Stipa purpurea; Artemisia demissa + Stipa purpurea + Artemisia wellbyi; Kobresia pygmaea; Trikeraia hookeri; Sophora moorcroftiana + Cotoneaster multiflorus + Pennisetum centrasiaticum; Artemisia frigida; Potentilla fruticosa + Orinus thoroldii. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that both longitude and altitude play important roles in site and species distribution patterns. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, changes in temperature and precipitation caused by longitude are the main factors controlling the formation and transition of vegetation community types. Moreover, natural vegetation could be divided into three types: desert steppe community (source area), alpine steppe community (middle reaches region), and shrub community (confluence of Yarlung Zangbo River and Nyangqu River).