方形平板锚抗拉承载力的大变形有限元分析

基于网格重分和改进的REP应力恢复技术,建立了三维大变形有限元方法研究拉力作用下方形平板锚与黏性土地基的相互作用。与常规的小变形有限元不同,大变形分析能够完整模拟平板锚的上拔过程,如果平板锚底面与土体始终保持接触,三维大变形计算得到的方板与圆板抗拉力相差很小;在无重土中的平板在加载初始即与土体脱离时,方板的承载力略低于圆板。大变形分析给出的立即脱离承载力系数与模型试验数据基本吻合,而小变形有限元与下限分析忽略了方形平板锚的长距离上拔过程对其抗拉力的影响,可能高估深锚的承载力。改进估计方形平板锚抗拉承载力的简化方法,方便于工程应用。     

非完全粗糙平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深研究

吸力贯入平板锚被用于系泊深海浮式结构,实际应用中必须预估平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深。采用大变形有限元方法探索非完全粗糙平板锚在正常固结黏土中的旋转过程。大变形有限元法通过网格重剖避免平板锚大幅值平动和转动引起的土体单元扭曲。根据平板锚旋转到达的埋深,实时更新“锚-土”界面上的摩擦剪切强度。将数值模拟结果与离心机模型试验进行对比验证,表明高岭土中平板锚表面的粗糙系数约为0.3。平板锚丢失埋深随粗糙系数的减小而增大,但粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响受平板锚厚度比和拉力偏心比的耦合作用。厚度比和偏心比越小,粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响越显著。     

锚板在正常固结黏土中的承载力

在岩土工程中,锚板通常被用来提供竖直或水平抗拔力,比如发射塔的基础、板桩墙结构和悬浮式海洋平台的基础。采用弹-塑性有限元方法对正常固结不排水黏土中的条形锚板进行数值分析,以图表形式给出了不同埋深率、不同上拔倾角、不同锚-土黏结形式下条形锚板的承载力系数和周围土体的流动机构,分析了土体自重对锚板承载力的影响,并给出了不同情况下锚板的极限承载力系数。采用基于重新划分网格并插值状态变量的大变形分析方法（RITSS）,分析了正常固结黏土中锚板在连续拔出过程中的承载力变化以及土重对锚-土分离模式的影响。     

正常固结黏土中平板锚基础的吸力和抗拉力

平板锚是新近出现的一种系泊深海浮式结构的基础型式。当黏土地基中的平板锚承受上拔力时,平板上、下表面超静孔压差形成的吸力使其抗拉承载力显著增加,对于风浪等快速加载条件尤其如此。利用有限元软件ADINA建立有效应力形式的轴对称动力有限元模型,研究圆形平板锚在缓慢加载与快速加载时的超静孔压分布与地基破坏型式。快速加载时重黏土和高岭土两组典型正常固结土样所得极限承载力系数与塑性极限分析解一致。进而通过变动参数分析,讨论加载速率和埋深对吸力和总抗拉力极限值的影响,并给出排水和不排水加载条件对应的临界加载速率。结果表明,不排水加载条件的总抗拉力可能达到排水总抗拉力的3倍。     

黄土中圆形抗拔锚板基础承载力分析

在三维状态下运用极限平衡理论,对黄土中圆形抗拔锚板基础在受到垂直于板面荷载作用下的承载力进行理论分析,该理论研究考虑了锚板在上拔过程中板周土体的破裂方程、破裂面上的正应力和剪应力、埋深率等影响因素。理论公式计算结果表明：抗拔锚板承载力系数随着锚板埋深的增加而增大,并且当深度达到一定值时,承载力系数将达到其极限值;当埋深率h/D=1~2之间时,上覆土重对承载力系数影响较小;当h/D=4时,土体和锚板之间的吸力对承载力系数的影响大于锚板上覆土重;当h/D>4时,上覆土重对锚板抗拔承载力起着决定作用。理论计算公式与已有学者的试验结果进行对比表明提出的模型理论计算结果和其他学者的试验结果有良好的一致性,验证了该理论的正确性,为工程中抗拔锚板的设计提供了有价值的参考。     

基于上限法的条形锚板抗拔承载力分析

以极限分析上限理论为基础,利用旋转块体集的组合来构造条形锚板的运动许可速度场。分析了不排水黏土中深埋和浅埋条形锚板的抗拔承载力上限解,研究了锚板在不同埋置倾角和深度条件下的抗拔承载力和破坏面的特性,并将计算结果与已有计算方法进行了对比。分析结果表明：在不排水黏土中深埋条形锚板抗拔承载力与锚板的埋置方位和锚板的粗糙度无关,但完全光滑条件下破坏面扇圆部分的半径只有完全粗糙条件下的一半;在考虑无重土情况下浅埋条形锚板的抗拔承载力系数随锚板埋深比的增大而增大,破坏面也随埋深比的增加而逐渐扩大。所得上限解与已有文献解答较为吻合,而且求解所得破坏面更为直观,能为工程设计提供参考依据。     

基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法的锚板在黏土中的极限承载力数值分析

当结构在土体中运动时,往往导致土体发生较大的变形,此类问题采用大变形数值分析方法更为恰当。耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian, 简称CEL）法是大变形数值分析方法中的一种,在分析大变形问题时具有很强的适用性,但在国内尚未开展CEL法分析锚板承载力的研究。以方形锚板在均质土及线性土中的拔出试验为原型,基于CEL法建立数值模型,对锚板的极限承载力及破坏机制进行研究,并通过用户自定义子程序,实现了线性土的强度分布随锚板拔出而变化。计算结果表明,土体杨氏模量越大,锚板的极限承载力越大;随着位移增大,锚板的抗拔力先增大,后降低;当埋深小于临界埋深时,土体发生整体破坏;当埋深大于等于临界埋深时,土体发生局部破坏。数值计算反映的规律与试验结果基本吻合,体现了CEL法模拟锚板在海床中大位移响应的出色能力。     

砂土中群锚锚周土体变形特性模型试验研究

群锚是常见的基础形式应用较为广泛,由于群锚之间的相互作用,群锚上拔过程中锚周土体的变形破坏机制比较复杂。采用非接触式数字图像相关方法（DIC）对群锚上拔过程开展模型试验研究,分析了群锚上拔过程中上拔力-位移关系曲线特征和锚周土体变形破坏机制。试验结果表明,密实度和埋深对群锚上拔力-位移关系曲线特征具有显著影响,在相同密实度、相同埋深率下浅埋与深埋群锚与同条件下的单锚具有相似的上拔力-位移关系曲线特征;群锚抗拔承载力具有明显的叠加效应,且砂土密实度、埋深和锚间距等参数因素对群锚效应具有显著影响。通过变形场的研究,得出了砂土密实度、埋深以及锚间距对群锚效应的影响规律。     

覆盖型岩溶土洞真空吸蚀致塌模型及影响因素分析

本文以覆盖型岩溶土洞为研究对象,通过建模分析,构建其因地下水骤降产生真空吸蚀致塌数学模型,依据玻义耳-马略特定律得出土洞塌落稳定系数表达式,同时推导出土洞空腔负压计算公式;并通过算例开展了初始地下水位、水位降深及土洞覆土厚度等参数对塌陷稳定性系数的影响分析,探讨其内在影响规律。研究得出:地下水骤降条件下,土洞塌陷稳定性系数K与土洞空腔(真空)负压ΔP呈反比关系;土体初始水位h'的大小和位置以及水位降深Δh,关系到土洞空腔(真空)负压ΔP形成和土洞塌陷稳定性系数K的变化;在一定的初始水位h'和水位降深Δh条件下,土洞上覆土厚度对塌陷稳定系数的影响非常明显,在中高初始水位及中高降深时,塌落稳定系数与覆盖层厚度呈正相关规律。     

浅埋平板圆锚竖向拉拔极限承载力计算方法

采用自制可视化试验装置开展了平板圆锚的拉拔模型试验,基于数字照相测量技术对极限拉拔下锚周土体的位移变形场进行了量化分析。在本次试验的埋深比范围内,极限承载力随埋深比增加而非线性增大,但增长速率逐渐减缓;观测到的锚周土体滑动面与地面、锚板所围区域整体呈现出“底大、顶小、径长”的倒喇叭形状;滑动面可用两条直线段来近似描述;极限拉拔力学模型由一个截面直径上小下大的倒圆台和一个等截面圆柱体组成。根据极限平衡条件推导建立了砂土中浅埋平板圆锚竖向拉拔极限承载力的计算方法,该方法对4组试验数据的计算较其他4种方法与试验实测值更为接近,且离散性更小,效果较好。     

Influence of overburden pressure and soil rigidity on uplift behavior of square plate anchor in uniform clay

A numerical study incorporating three-dimensional Eulerian large deformation finite element analyses is performed to investigate the pullout process of horizontal square plate anchors in both hypothetical weightless soil and soil with self-weight. The validity of the numerical model is established through verification against published experimental and numerical results. The failure mechanisms during the pullout process under different conditions are then investigated. Three types of failure mechanism are observed; of which only two have been reported in the literature. The third mechanism identified in this study, which is a partially localized flow mechanism, is operative when the soil overburden ratio is not high enough to mobilize the full flow mechanism. The influence of soil self-weight is directly investigated by incorporating the density of the soil in the finite element model and maintaining the gravitational acceleration field throughout the analysis. The critical overburden ratio corresponding to the full transition to a localized plastic flow mechanism is identified in this study. The effect of the soil rigidity index (E/s_u) on the anchor uplift capability has not been systematically investigated in earlier studies. Contrary to the general failure mechanism and the full flow mechanism described in the literature, the capacity factor corresponding to this new mechanism increases with increasing E/s_u. The capacity factors for square plate anchors corresponding to different anchor embedment ratios, overburden ratios and E/s_u are provided in the form of design charts.     

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the keying of vertically installed plate anchors in clay

Plate anchors, such as suction embedded plate anchors and vertically driven plate anchors, offer economically attractive anchoring solutions for deep/ultra-deep water offshore developments. The rotation/keying processes of plate anchors will cause embedment losses, which lead to decreases of the uplift resistances of the anchors in normally consolidated soil. In the present paper, the keying processes of vertically installed strip and square plate anchors are simulated using the 3-D large deformation finite element method. The effects of loading eccentricity and pullout angle on the embedment loss during keying are investigated. Both the development of the uplift resistance and the soil flow mechanisms are presented. The numerical results show that the loading eccentricity e/B has a much larger effect on the embedment loss than the pullout angle does. The anchor shape has a minimal effect on the loss in anchor embedment. The shape factors (square/strip) are 1.05–1.09 for loss of embedment and 1.10–1.19 for capacity.     

Numerical Investigation of the Inclined Pullout Behavior of Anchors Embedded in Clay

Two-dimensional plane strain finite element analysis has been used to simulate the inclined pullout behavior of strip anchors embedded in cohesive soil. Previous studies by other researchers were mainly concerned with plate anchors subjected to loads perpendicular to their longest axis and applied through the centre of mass. This paper investigates the behavior of vertical anchors subjected to pullout forces applied at various inclinations with respect to the longest anchor axis, and applied at the anchor top and through the centre of mass. The effects on the pullout behavior of embedment depth, overburden pressure, soil–anchor interface strength, anchor thickness, rate of clay strength increase, anchor inclination, load inclination and soil disturbance due to anchor installation were all studied. Anchor capacity is shown to increase with load inclination angle for anchors loaded through the centre of mass; greater effects are found for higher embedments. The results also show that anchor capacity improves at a decreasing rate with higher rates of increase of soil shear strength with depth. In addition, the capacity of vertically loaded anchors is shown to approximately double when the soil–anchor interface condition changes from fully separated to fully bonded. Similarly, disturbed clay strengths adjacent to the anchor following installation cause a significant reduction in anchor capacity. The results showed a significant effect of the point of load application for anchors inclined and normally loaded. The effects of other parameters, such as anchor thickness, were found to be less significant.     

新型伞状抗拔锚现场试验与数值模拟

伞状抗拔锚是一种新型的锚杆装置。通过现场试验获得了其抗拔承载性能,从正常使用条件下Q-S曲线可见,与同场地施工的抗拔桩比较,新型伞状抗拔锚的承载力显著提高。鉴于试验条件的不足,未能获得伞状抗拔锚的极限承载力。为获得伞状锚达到极限状态时的Q-S曲线,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,对伞状抗拔锚和抗拔桩的原位抗拔试验进行数值模拟。模拟主要分2步来实现,先通过调节参数得到与试验一致的正常使用条件下的Q-S曲线,然后增加荷载,得到极限状态下的伞状抗拔锚的Q-S曲线。结果显示,伞状抗拔锚能够充分调动其扩大端的土体参与抗拔,得到的Q-S曲线表明伞状锚的抗拔性能存在很大潜力,具有显著的优越性。     

Interaction Effect of Group of Helical Anchors in Cohesive Soil Using Finite Element Analysis

In this paper, the interaction effect of a group of two and four symmetrical as well as asymmetrical helical anchors resting in homogeneous cohesive soil deposit with different helix configurations is determined using finite element analysis. The anchors were pulled to its ultimate failure controlling the displacement. Eight different types of anchor configuration were considered in the analysis, where mainly the number of helical plates, the depth of upper- and lower-most helical plates and the ratio of spacing between the helical plates to the diameter of the plate were varied. The variation of load–displacement curve for each anchor in the group was obtained and subsequently, the ultimate uplift capacity of each anchor was determined. The soil was assumed to follow Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria. The present theoretical observations are generally found in good agreement with those theoretical and experimental results available in the literature for single isolated helical anchor.