泰国的地震活动及地震工作的现状

应泰国气象厅的邀请，固定地震局派遣了由郑斯华、叶洪组成的中国国家地震局专家组，于１９９４年８月１７日至９月４日访问考察了泰国。访问期间，泰国地震专家们向专家组介绍了泰国的地震活动性和地震工作现状；专家组访问了泰国Ｃｈｕｌａｌｏｎｇｋｏｒｎ大学的土木工程系，了解了泰国地震工程研究的情况。本文介绍了泰国的地震构造和地震活动性以及泰国的地震工作现状等。     

“东南亚地震构造与地震危险性国际讨论会”概况

“东南亚地震构造与地震危险性国际讨论会”概况陈运泰，高文学（国家地震局地球物理研究）（国家地震局地质研究所）李京（国家地震局分析预报中心）“东南亚地震构造与地震危险性国际讨论会”于１９９４年１月２７日至２月４日在越南河内举行。会议由越南国家科学研究中...     

1996年顺义地震的背景及其含义

针对１９９６年１２月１６日北京顺义４级地震发生的地震活动背景及其主要地震学前兆进行了研究。从地震预报角度,对北京地区中等有感地震发生前后的城地对策做了探讨。     

矿山地震序列特征及其与天然地震活动的相关性分析

通过处理京西门头沟煤矿的数万次矿震资料，笔者得到了有意义的结果，研究结果表明，矿山地震具有许多天然地震的特征，并与邻近区域的较大天然地震存在一定的关系。京西门头沟矿震对１９８９年１０月１８日大同６．１级地震、１９９６年５月３日包头６．４级地震有较好的对应关系。故可作为监视区域应力场变化的一个天然“窗口”。同时，通过研究矿震序列还可对未来较大地震作出一定程度的预报。     

1999年7～12月全球地震综述

１９９９年下半年,全球发生了两次７．７级以上大地震,地震活动水平显著增强。半年内共发生６级以上地震５３次,比上半年多１３次,其中大洋岛弧和西北太平洋地区分别发生１９次和１７次,占前两名。最大的３次地震是：８月１７日土耳其西北部地震、９月２０日中国台湾地震和９月３０日墨西哥近海地震。本年度地震活动为高水平,扭转了连续３年的下降趋势。２０００年全球地震将进入一个关键时期,未来数年内的震情需要密切注视。     

1993年全球地震活动综述

根据国家地震局地球物理研究所编制的《中国地震台临时报告》的初步资料和美国地质调查局编印的《ＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｐｉｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ》月报，整理出１９９３年全球６级以上地震目录，并画出１９９３年１－１２月全球及中国大陆地震活动性指数Ａ（ｂ）值曲线。１９９３年全球地震活动水平初步评定为中等偏高；全球地震活动中心在太平洋西北边缘地震带，共发生Ｍ＿ｓ７．６地震两次。全球地震活动最高月份为９月，中国大陆地震活动最高月份为１０月。三次最大地震分别是：７月１２日的日本北海道西南近海地震，８月８日的马里亚纳群岛以南（关岛）地震，９月１０日的墨西哥恰帕斯州近海地震。     

1999年8月17日土耳其地震及地震工作概况

１９９９年８月１７日土耳其西部发生７．４级地震,据８月１８日土官方的初步统计,已有３８７９人死亡,１．８万多人受伤,几十万人无家可归,几万所房屋被毁或受损,灾区供电,供水、通讯全部中断,本文介绍了地震参数、抗震救灾和国际援助行为。简述了土耳其的地震构造和历史地震,土耳其的防灾与地震研究机构,减轻地震灾害的基本目标,地震防灾立法与对策,防震减灾中的经验教训及中土地震科技合作简况等。     

沐川5.7级地震及马边,雷波地震带的地震活动度异常特征

本文用地震活动度研究了马边、雷波地震带１９９４年１２月３０日沐川Ｍｓ５．７地震，并以该带历史地震作为比较，探讨了中强地震发生前地震活动度的异常特征。得出了中强地震发生前地震活动度具有可识别性的认识。     

日本伊豆半岛群发地震及日本地震观测技术与地震预报研究概况

１９９７年３月３－９日、日本伊豆半岛东岸发五群发地震，共计８３２８次，最大震级为５．７。综合介绍了这次震群的破坏情况，发震和构造背景，以及１９８９年６－９月伊豆半岛群发地震的实例研究概况和历史地震记录，简述了日本现代地震观测技术与地震预报研究工作。     

东地中海地区最近3次强震的余震衰减

对东地中海地区最近３次强城的余震序列进行了研究。这３次强震分别是：１９９５年１１月２２日Ｍｗ＝７．１地震、１９９３年８月３日ＭＬ＝５．８地震和１９９６年１０月９日ＭＷ＝６．８地震。前两次地震发生在亚喀巴湾,最后一次发生在塞浦路斯西南海岸的近岸。修正的大森公式对所有事件余震活动的衰减都给出了很好的拟合。亚喀巴湾两个序列的ｐ值相对较低（１９９３年,ｐ＝０．９０;１９９５年,ｐ＝０．７５）,这反映了余震     

南海地震研究的基本思路与构想

南海有丰富的海洋资源和矿藏资源，开发南海是２１世纪的战略目标之一．开展南海地震研究有重大的现实意义和深远意义．阐明了南海地震研究的基本任务和科学问题，进而提出了若干具体构想和措施．     

Forests and water in South America

South America is experiencing rapid change in forest cover, of both native and planted forest. Forest cover loss is primarily attributable to fire, logging, and conversion of native forest to agriculture, pasture, and forest plantations, and types of change vary within and among the many diverse types of forests in South America. Major changes in forest cover and growing policy concerns underscore an urgent need for research on sustainable forest management and water ecosystem services in South America. Differences in land ownership and management objectives create trade‐offs between wood production and water ecosystem services from forests. Work is needed to quantify how forest change and management affect ecosystem services, such as wood production versus water provision. Current scientific understanding of forest management effects on water ecosystem services in South America has important limitations, including a scarcity of long‐term records and few long‐term integrated watershed studies. Industry, government, universities, and local communities should collaborate on integrated applied studies of forests and water. Data archiving and publically available data are required. The creation of national networks and a multi‐country South America network to identify and implement common water research protocols, share results, and explore their implications would promote common and well‐supported policies. Hydrologists working in South America are well placed to tackle the challenges and opportunities for collaborative research that will maintain the intrinsic values and water ecosystem services provided by South America's forests.     

南海岛礁场地地震稳定性研究中的关键问题探讨

目前我国针对陆域地区的建筑物和构筑物已建立了比较完备的抗震设计理论和技术体系,但对于海洋工程的抗震研究工作开展得不充分,尤其是海洋岛礁场地的地震反应分析尚属空白。伴随着近年来我国南海地区的迅速开发建设,有必要对南海岛礁的地震危险性分析和抗震设计展开研究。介绍南海岛礁场地的特殊工程地质条件和地震活动性特征,通过比较目前国内外常用的场地地震反应分析方法,针对岛礁这一特殊工程地质体,提出岛礁场地地震反应分析中需要考虑的四个显著因素,包括(1)南海岛礁体的特殊地形;(2)南海岛礁特殊的岩土工程材料;(3)海水-岛礁体动力相互作用;(4)南海地区海底输入地震动的确定,并探讨解决这些问题的思路。为分析地震作用下岛礁场地的稳定性、场地反应分析提供研究思路,同时为南海岛礁建设中的地震危险性分析提供参考。     

中国华南大陆及陆缘地带的大地构造基本格局

华南及陆缘地带主体由扬子块体和华南块体、南海盆地及琼南微块体和台湾岛活动带组成。在多期构造运动、多期岩浆活动和多种力系用下形成了该区浅部和深部独特的结构形式和深层过程。因此,该地区不论在岩相和地球内部圈层耦合,海陆耦合以及壳、幔、核深部物质与能量的交换和演化,地史进程和在东亚大陆动力学研究中均占有极为重要的地位。本文在纵观各地质大家学术观战和构造分类的基础上,基于对该区多年来的岩石圈深部结构、构造     

Status of marine pollution research in South Africa (1960-present)

The published literature on marine pollution monitoring research in South Africa from 1960 to present was evaluated. There has been a general decline in the number of papers from the 1980s and this can be linked to the absence of a marine pollution monitoring programme in South Africa. General trends observed were that contaminant exposure monitoring of metals predominates the research conducted to date. Monitoring results indicate that there has been a general decrease in metal concentrations in South African coastal waters and concentrations of metals and most organics in mussels are lower than in other industrialised nations. This is reflected in the general pristine nature and high biodiversity of the South African coastline. The establishment of a national marine pollution monitoring framework would stimulate marine pollution research.     

南北地震带地震活动分析

在综合分析有关南北地震带研究成果的基础上重点分析了南北地震带活动特征;根据该带地震活动特点和规律提出了南北地震带目前处于新的活动期;预测了今后发生强震的潜在危险区（段）为南北地震带的中北段。     

K-bentonite beds and high-resolution integrated stratigraphy of the uppermost Ordovician Wufeng and the lowest Silurian Longmaxi formations in South China

More than 20 K-bentonite beds were discovered from the Wufeng Formation and the lowest Longmaxi Formation in two sections, both adjacent to the Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) boundary and located in Tongzi, Guizhou Province and Yichang, Hubei Province, some 500 km apart from each other in South China. This indicates that many volcanic eruptions occurred near the southeast margin of the Yangtze Platform between the latest Ordovician and the earliest Silurian. Mainly through biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic studies, it was found that almost all these far-apart K-bentonite beds may be correlated with each other. This is the first time that a succession of volcanic ash deposits with high potential of correlation was discovered within a strata interval on the main platforms of China. Therefore, these K-bentonite beds may afford excellent event-marker beds helpful to high-resolution research in integrated stratigraphy as well as other lines of research on the O-S boundary in South China.     

Jonkershoek: Africa's oldest catchment experiment - 80 years and counting

The Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station was established in the Mediterranean climate region of South Africa in 1935 to implement a multiple catchment experiment to determine the effects of afforestation on water yield. The experiment consists of six neighbouring catchments previously supporting indigenous fynbos shrublands, five of which were sequentially afforested with Pinus radiata plantations every 8 years from 1940 to 1980 and one kept as the control. They conclusively demonstrated a significant impact of afforestation on streamflow. The treatment catchments have seen subsequent plantation rotations since 1980 and rainfall and streamflow observations have been continued to date. Here we describe the site, experimental design, rainfall and streamflow records, instrumentation, and how to access the data. We also provide details of recently installed instrumentation, including full weather stations, fog gauges, and an eddy covariance flux tower. The Jonkershoek catchment experiment was the core of a globally significant interdisciplinary research programme (1935–1992) that shaped most environmental policies and practices relating to biodiversity, forestry, fire and water in South Africa and beyond. The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) inherited the experiment in 2010 and is maintaining it as a long-term eco-hydrological research platform and global change observatory.     

Research on the 1879 South Wudu M8. 0 Earthquake and Its Co-Seismic Fracture

INTRODUCTIONAstrong earthquake struck between Wudu and Wenxian in Gansu Province on July1,1879,another catastrophic earthquake hittingthe southeastern mountainous area of the province ever sincethe1654TianshuiM8.0earthquake.After an elapse of126years,this massive earthquake has fadedfrommemoryastime goes onandthe humanand natural environment changes.However,the historicaldocumentation about the earthquake is abundant,including official documents of the Qing Dynasty,local newspapers and…     

海域岩石圈三维结构研究中地震方法的应用

岩石圈三维结构的研究,尤其是海域岩石圈三维结构的研究,需借助地球物理勘探手段.本文主要讨论南海海域岩石圈三维结构研究中所采用的几种地震勘探方法以及它们的应用效果,其中包括单船反射地震勘探、双船反射、折射地震勘探、海底地震接收以及地震层析成像等.