四川米易海塔地区混合岩型铀矿稀土元素地球化学特征

<正>攀西地区现已发现有花岗岩型、火山岩型、混合岩型和砂岩型等多种类型的铀矿化,是康滇地轴上少有的铀矿化集中产区之一,也是康滇地轴中段铀矿找矿最有希望取得突破的地区(陈友良,2004;郭宁等,2012)。多年来的地质勘查和研究表明,区内混合岩型和花岗岩型铀矿的矿化规模相对较大,具有一定的找矿前景(陈友良,1995;姚建等,2011)。产于四川米易海塔地区的铀矿即属于较为典型的混合岩型铀矿,本文拟对其稀土元素特征进行研究,以期对本区该类型铀矿的成矿机理进行初步探     

四川米易海塔地区混合岩型铀矿微量元素地球化学特征

<正>攀西地区位于扬子地台西缘,是我国重要的成矿区带之一,也是康滇地轴上少有的铀矿化集中地区之一,但至今铀矿找矿未取得大的突破。近年来,在四川米易海塔地区的变质-混合岩中发现了较好的工业矿体,展现出较好的找矿前景,但相关研究工作还未全面系统展开,本文拟对海塔地区混合岩型铀矿的微量元素特征进行研究,以期对本区该类型铀矿的成矿机理进行     

额尔古纳地区铀矿化特征及找矿方向

文章通过对额尔古纳地区的铀矿化特征进行梳理,划分了铀矿化类型;从构造分区、基底特征、成矿层位、构造控矿和热液蚀变等方面,分析了该地区铀成矿的主要控制因素。在此基础上,探讨了额尔古纳地区热液型铀矿的找矿方向,认为该区与俄罗斯红石地区同属一条成矿带,硅化破碎带型和蚀变岩型铀矿应是其主要的找矿类型,区内自下而上存在3种成矿空间。     

腾冲铀矿与盈江铀矿产出的地质背景

腾冲铀矿和盈江铀矿是世界上首次发现的铀矿物，产出于滇西地区一个混合岩型铀矿化点的氧化带上。本文总结了这类铀矿化的区域地质背景、矿化特征及找矿判别依据。认为变质地体中的深变质带、含矿主岩中铀丰度值高、断裂发育、存在碱交代及气成高温热液蚀变、显示放射性异常等是这类铀矿化的主要找矿判别依据。     

河西走廊及邻区铀成矿基本规律与找矿方向

在区域地质背景分析的基础上，依据赋矿主岩，将区内铀矿床（点）划分为花岗岩型、砂岩型、火山岩型、变质岩型和碳硅泥岩型5种铀矿化类型。分析研究了铀矿床（点）的时间和空间分布特征。总结指出了铀成矿对围岩时代没有专属性、铀成矿对建造类型具有选择性、铀成矿时间上具有阶段性和铀矿床（点）空间上具有区域性集中和同类型相聚的基本特点和规律，指出了区内今后的找矿方向。     

云南牟定戌街地区铀矿化特征及成因探讨

云南牟定戌街1101铀矿区位于扬子地台西南缘,康滇地轴中南段,是我国西南地区产于元古界变质岩中的铀矿之一。通过对矿化区岩石及矿石的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学及年代学特征进行研究,分析了铀矿的形成条件,揭示了铀成矿规律。研究发现:①牟定戌街地区铀矿化赋存于斜长角闪岩、角闪斜长片麻岩和二云母石英片岩等变质混合岩中,主要铀矿物为晶质铀矿、钛铀矿及次生铀矿,含铀矿物有榍石、锆石,硫化物丰富,围岩蚀变主要为硅化、赤铁矿化、碱交代等;②牟定1101铀矿化地区混合岩化岩石的地球化学特征表现为高钾钙碱性-钙碱性系列岩石;③研究区混合岩形成于1 056 Ma左右,铀矿形成于845 Ma左右,为新元古代产物;④牟定1101地区铀成矿受构造、岩性控制,与混合岩化作用、构造热液活动及碱交代作用关系密切,属热液成因铀矿。     

桃山铀矿田成矿特征、开发前景及找矿方向

桃山铀矿田是我国花岗岩型铀矿大基地之一,矿田内已发现铀矿床12个,其中大型矿床1个,中型2个,铀矿资源十分丰富,找矿潜力非常大。碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿化是区内主要成矿类型,储量大,但矿体短小分散,品位低,因经济评价问题曾两度停止勘探。近年来随着国际铀价大幅上涨,国内核电要积极发展,对铀的战略需求增加及铀选冶新工艺的试验成功,给桃山铀矿田的“复活”带来了生机。文章在总结桃山铀矿田成矿特征的基础上,结合新的成矿理论、找矿新方法、选冶新技术,对桃山铀矿田的开发前景及找矿方向做了较为深入的分析和阐述。     

诸广山中段羊角脑地区成矿构造特征及找矿方向

羊角脑地区位于诸广山岩体中段鹿井铀矿田南部,也是重要的铀成矿区。通过对区内控矿构造基本特征、构造岩及蚀变分带特征、构造控矿及铀矿化特征进行研究,探讨了构造-岩浆活动与铀成矿成因关系,认为羊角脑铀矿床属于中低温热液充填交代成因矿床,提出了本区下一步找矿方向。     

准噶尔盆地砂岩型铀矿成矿环境与找矿方向研究

准噶尔盆地位于新疆北部,是我国重要的多能源矿产产出盆地之一。本文首先从基底构造、中新生代构造演化、沉积建造特征、后生蚀变特征等角度阐述了准噶尔盆地砂岩型铀矿的区域成矿环境条件,在此基础上分析了已知铀矿化的发育特征,划分了已知铀矿化的类型,提出了不同盆段铀矿化的成因地质模式。最后,从全盆尺度对盆地资源突破方向进行了探讨,认为该盆地具有良好的基底演化条件,砂岩型铀矿总体成矿潜力好,层间氧化带型应作为铀资源突破的主攻类型,首选目标层位为中—下侏罗统,首选突破盆段应为东准地区,其次为西准和什托洛盖坳陷等地区;西北缘"油气掩盖"型砂岩铀矿亦具备较大的找矿潜力;盆地南缘需坚持"强中找弱",以萨瓦布齐式铀矿为重点找矿方向。     

青海省东草河地区铀矿化特征及找矿前景

东草河地区地处祁连-龙首山碱交代型铀成矿带,铀矿（化）体主要产于构造破碎带中,断裂构造多期次活动和碱交代岩的二次破碎是铀矿化形成的必要条件;通过对岩石样品的岩相学分析、电子探针分析,表明东草河地区的铀矿化为碱交代型;东草河地区具备地层、构造、岩浆岩、热液活动及围岩蚀变等有利成矿条件,围绕已发现的3条矿化蚀变带存在较好的找矿前景。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).