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国际地震预测预报研究,在世纪末地震预测预报的国际争论之后,走入低谷了吗?从2017年IAG-IASPEI联合学术大会的有关专题上看,似乎未必如此。本文介绍了相关情况。     

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第２９届ＩＡＳＰＥＩ大会于１９９７年８月１８～２８日在希腊塞萨洛尼基召开，来自世界６２个国家的１０５０人出席了这次大会。提交大会的论文共１４１１篇，其中口头报告７１６篇，张贴报告６９５篇。该文根据提交大会的有关论文，介绍了国际地震预测研究情况与研究动向。     

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欧洲地震委员会第２４届大会于１９９４年９月１９－２４日在希腊首都雅典召开，出席这次大会的代表共３８０人。会上宣读和张贴论文５４１篇，内容主要涉及地震预测研究、地震活动性、工程地震、震源物理和数据采集、理论与解释等。本文综述这次大会的情况。     

地球物理研究所15年来关于地震预测问题的基础研究

地震预测首先是一个科学问题 ,地震预测的实现只能以科学研究为基础。十五年来 ,在中国地震局有关部门和国家自然科学基金会等机构的支持下 ,地球物理研究所科研人员围绕与地震预测的有关的科学问题 ,开展了多方面的基础研究和应用研究。这些研究工作可以概括为 3个方面。1　地震活动性分析及其在地震预测研究中的应用我国有着丰富的历史和现代地震目录。地震活动性研究是我所地震预测研究中最重要的工作之一 (许绍燮等 ,1 989,1 990 ;许绍燮 ,1 993 ;Wang等 ,1 996;郑秀芬等 ,1 998;王林瑛 ,1 999)。地震活动性的经验性研究包括强地震活动…     

地震预测研究的国际动态分析

概述了地震预测研究的发展动态；介绍了有关国家的地震预测的思路、方法和合作研究计算，以及学术交流的内容；肯定了地震预测研究的发展趋势。     

2014年AGU秋季大会与震磁研究进展

概述了2014年12月15~19日在美国旧金山召开的美国地球物理联合会(AGU)秋季大会,充分展示了此次大会上震磁研究的的新进展与新成果,讨论并展望了今后的发展前景。震磁研究是地震预测探索的一个重要方面,研究结果显示,局部地区岩石圈磁异常变化含有震磁前兆信息,是研讨与预测区域地震活动性的重要依据。     

地震预测试验场的回顾与展望

地震预测试验场针对特定的地震危险区，通过密集的、多学科的强化观测，研究与短临地震预测有关的科学问题，作为一类“大科学”项目，地震预测试验场的经验和教训值得认真总结，本文回顾和评述了地震预测试验场的观测与研究，对地震预测试验场的概念进行了分析和讨论，指出新技术的应用赋予地震预测试验场以新的内涵。并为地震预测研究带来新的发展机遇。     

国际地磁学与高空物理学协会和国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会联合科学大会及地震电磁研究进展

简要介绍了 2 0 0 1年 8月 1 9～ 3 1日在越南河内召开的国际地磁学与高空物理学协会 ( IAGA)和国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会 ( IASPEI)联合科学大会以及地震电磁研究进展 ,表明地震电磁前兆在地震预测研究中具有一定的实际效果与良好的研究前景。我们建议在不久的将来能在北京举办 IAGA,IASPEI和 IUGG(国际大地测量学与地球物理学联合会 )大会。这将促进我国的科技进步 ,有助于加强我国在国际科学界的地位与影响。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.