基于3D打印的含复杂节理岩石直剪特性及破坏机制研究

岩体中节理的几何形态及力学特性是影响其剪切力学特性及破坏模式的重要因素之一。基于3D打印技术,建立了不同节理粗糙系数(JRC)的节理模型、几何形态节理模型和复杂裂隙网络物理模型,通过开展室内直接剪切试验分析了各组试件的剪切强度及破坏模式。结果表明节理模型的抗剪强度随JRC波动性较大,波动幅值越高,峰值剪切位移越低;平面形节理模型的峰值抗剪强度最低,矩形节理模型的峰值抗剪强度最高,正弦形和三角形节理试件的抗剪能力相近;离散裂隙网络模型和粗糙裂隙网络模型的峰值抗剪强度显著低于实心试件,考虑了节理粗糙性的裂隙网络模型抗剪强度高于直线型节理模型;实心试件破坏模式为典型脆性剪切破坏,裂隙网络模型的破坏模式相对复杂,沿着剪切方向主剪切裂面波动萌生,破断面由多个节理面的交叉点破坏与沿节理面的滑移构成。研究成果可以为3D打印技术的推广和复杂节理岩体剪切力学特性的室内试验研究提供参考。     

锚固节理直剪力学行为的颗粒流数值分析

为探究锚固节理在直剪加载作用下的细观力学响应,利用颗粒流数值计算方法建立不同锚固角度下的锚固节理数值模型,并进行不同法向荷载下的直剪试验。之后,通过分析和对比剪切-位移曲线和峰值剪切强度来对锚固节理宏观力学性质进行研究。与此同时,基于微裂纹分布规律,从细观角度揭示了剪切荷载下不同锚固角度的岩石节理面的破坏特征;研究结果显示。（1）不同于非锚固节理,锚固节理的剪切-位移曲线在剪切后期呈现出一定的增长趋势,且粗糙度不同曲线变化特征存在一定的差异。（2）不同锚固角度下,锚固节理的破坏模式存在着较为明显的差异。当锚固角为90°时,锚固节理模型的破坏主要集中于锚杆与上下节理面接触位置,且破坏主要为挤压式破坏。随着锚固角度的减小,接触位置的破碎区域不断减小,节理破坏主要表现为沿着锚杆的轴向拉伸变形破坏及内部的拉伸破坏。（3）锚固角度的变化对锚固节理的抗强度的影响程度与节理面的粗糙度存在一定关联。具体而言,较为平直节理抗剪强度随着锚固角度的增大,增长趋势明显,而粗糙节理面随着锚固角度的增大峰值抗剪强度的变化趋势相对较为平缓。     

基于三维形貌的岩石节理抗剪强度计算模型

JRC-JCS模型在岩土工程领域被广泛应用,但也存在一定缺陷：其一,粗糙度系数JRC的二维性不能综合表征节理表面形貌的各向异性;其二,抗压强度系数JCS不能全面反映材料属性对节理剪切力学行为的影响。借助三维激光扫描和3D打印技术,浇筑具有自然节理形貌的人工节理试样,对其进行常法向应力下的剪切试验。将试验结果和理论推导相结合,建立了含有三维形貌参数和抗拉强度参数的抗剪强度模型。通过室内试验以及模型对比,分析了法向应力和三维形貌特征对岩石节理的抗剪强度以及剪胀角的影响。结果表明：节理剪切是以张拉为主导的破坏模式,而不是单纯的压缩破坏。不同的三维形貌特征会得到不同的初始剪胀角。随着法向应力的增大,峰值剪胀角减小,通过研究剪胀效应中峰值剪胀角的变化规律,可用于计算岩石节理的抗剪强度。     

基于节理面三维形貌的岩石节理抗剪强度计算模型

JRC-JCS模型在岩土工程领域被广泛应用,但也存在一定缺陷:其一,粗糙度系数(JRC)的二维性不能综合表征节理表面形貌的各向异性;其二,抗压强度系数(JCS)不能全面反映材料属性对节理剪切力学行为的影响。借助三维激光扫描和3D打印技术,浇筑具有自然节理形貌的人工节理试样,对其进行常法向应力下的剪切试验。将试验结果和理论推导相结合,建立了含有三维形貌参数和抗拉强度参数的抗剪强度模型。通过室内试验以及模型对比,分析了法向应力和三维形貌特征对岩石节理的抗剪强度以及剪胀角的影响。结果表明,节理剪切是以张拉为主导的破坏模式,而不是单纯的压缩破坏。不同的三维形貌特征会得到不同的初始剪胀角。随着法向应力的增大,峰值剪胀角减小,通过研究剪胀效应中峰值剪胀角的变化规律,可用于计算岩石节理的抗剪强度。     

含坡度均方根的节理峰值剪切强度经验公式

节理的剪切强度涉及到岩体工程的安全。通过CSS–342岩体剪切试验机对3组具有不同形貌特征的节理进行直剪试验,研究形貌对剪切强度的影响。试验结果表明：峰值剪切强度随法向应力和粗糙程度的增加而增加;但就相同的形貌而言,剪切应力与法向应力的比值减小,即由形貌产生的剪胀角随法向应力的增加而减小。通过分析剪胀角存在的边界条件,提出双曲线形式的剪胀角演化模型,并采用抗拉强度体现岩石的性质对节理剪切强度的影响。采用坡度均方根表征节理的三维形貌特征并提出相应的峰值剪切强度公式,与经典的Barton公式进行了比较,总体上新公式的计算值更为接近试验值。     

不同粗糙度的节理直剪颗粒流分析

利用二维颗粒流程序生成5种不同粗糙程度的节理模型,并对5种节理模型进行了5种不同法向恒定荷载作用下的直剪试验,从细观角度分析了不同粗糙程度的节理模型在法向荷载下的形貌损伤情况和裂纹演化机制。与此同时,分析了节理JRC值和节理面颗粒摩擦系数对节理抗剪强度影响,并反推出了节理面抗剪强度参数Cj与?j与JRC值的关系。结果为：法向恒定荷载越大时,节理峰值抗剪应力越大,剪胀现象越小,节理形貌损伤范围越大。随着剪切的进行,上下节理面接触范围减小,微裂纹开始主要沿节理面产生,随着剪切位移的继续增加微裂纹数量显著增加,并且不局限于节理面附近而深入到模型内部。随着节理粗糙程度（JRC值）和节理面颗粒摩擦系数的增加节理峰值抗剪应力也增大。节理抗剪强度参数Cj与?j随着JRC值的增大而增大。所得结果可以为室内试验和工程应用提供参考和依据。     

基于有效受剪面积的节理面吻合度量化方法研究

节理粗糙度系数-节理抗压强度（JRC-JCS）模型为岩体节理面抗剪强度估算提供了很好的思路,但对于吻合度较差的节理岩体,该模型往往过高地估算其抗剪强度。节理粗糙度系数-节理吻合系数（JRC-JMC）模型进一步考虑节理吻合度对抗剪强度的影响,为吻合程度较差的节理面的抗剪强度估算提供了很好的思路,但目前节理吻合度的量化分析还存在困难。在以往研究基础上,采用重复剪切试验的方法制备了不同吻合度的节理岩体试样,综合节理面形貌特征和节理面抗剪性能变化规律分析,提出了节理吻合度的量化计算方法。研究结果表明：（1）在重复剪切作用下,岩体节理面的抗剪强度和节理面形貌参数呈现先陡后缓的降低趋势,节理面上下盘的吻合程度逐渐降低;（2）根据剪切前后节理面形貌特征的对比分析,确定了剪切过程节理面的有效接触区域,提出了节理吻合系数JMC的量化计算方法;（3）对比分析表明,与单独考虑JRC相比,将JRC和JMC综合在一起可以更好地反映节理形貌特征对其剪切性能的影响。相关研究方法和分析结果可为岩体节理面抗剪性能分析提供较好的参考。     

基于三维扫描和三维雕刻技术的岩石结构面原状重构方法及其力学特性

为了客观重复制作与原岩结构面的岩性、表面形态和力学性质完全一致的试样,集成三维扫描和三维雕刻技术,提出了原岩结构面试样重构新方法。采用该方法制作了具有相同表面形态的大理岩结构面试样,开展了不同法向力下的直剪试验,并采用声发射技术对结构面剪切破坏过程进行了监测。结果表明：重构结构面试样与原始结构面试样具有高度相似性;结构面剪应力-剪切位移曲线可分为两类：剪胀滑移型和剪断跌落型;剪切破坏后结构面可明显地划分为两个区域：剪胀脱开区和剪断磨损区;提出了结构面剪切强度新公式,理论公式与试验结果更接近;结构面剪切过程中剪应力、能量率、计数、撞击率随时间的变化规律具有较好的一致性,声发射定位位置与剪切过程中结构面损伤破坏区域基本吻合。     

基于小波分析的岩石节理剪切特性研究

岩体工程中,节理面的轮廓特征是决定节理岩体剪切特性的重要因素,既往研究发现节理的表面轮廓可分解为一阶大起伏和二阶小凸起,且两者在剪切特性中发挥不同的作用。为了定量分析两阶表面特征对节理剪切强度的影响,本文通过小波分析法分解节理表面,并利用二维颗粒流数值模拟结合直剪试验验证,研究了具有不同起伏角(4°、8°、12°、16°、20°)波形节理面的细观破坏模式以及波面参数对剪切特性的影响规律。结果表明,波长对剪切强度影响较小,而起伏角是决定节理剪切强度的关键因素,随着起伏角增大剪切强度和摩擦角线性增大; 直剪切过程中裂纹数量随法向应力的增大而增加,以拉伸裂纹为主; 一阶大起伏与二阶小凸起的波形起伏角和摩擦角正相关。以上研究成果为预测节理岩体强度提供了理论支撑,对保障边坡、隧道等岩体工程的安全稳定性具有参考价值。     

基于直剪试验的岩体结构面表面温度与粗糙度关系研究

大型岩质滑坡往往伴随热效应, 热效应引起的摩擦系数降低可以用来解释高速远程现象。为了研究岩体结构面剪切破坏后表面热量产生特征, 首先, 分别利用红外热成像仪和三维激光扫描仪对直剪试验破坏后的结构面表面进行拍摄与扫描, 得到其表面温度分布与精细几何信息。然后, 利用数学统计方法获取剪切破坏后结构面表面温度分布情况; 利用改进的2D divider方法获得结构面表面三维模型的分形维数, 进行粗糙度评价。最后, 结合直剪试验正向应力数据, 分析岩体结构面剪切破坏后表面平均温度与其所受正应力以及粗糙程度两参数之间的拟合关系。结果显示:滑坡启程阶段(低速剪切)破坏中(1)岩体结构面表面粗糙程度影响剪切过程中热量的产生, 表面越粗糙, 产生的热量越多, 并且热量主要集中在结构面表面凸起部位; (2)岩体结构面所承受的正压力影响剪切过程中热量的产生, 正应力越大, 产生的热量越多; (3)岩体结构面表面粗糙度对剪切破坏热量产生的影响较所受正应力略大。研究成果为大型岩质滑坡破坏过程中的能量研究提供了技术参数与理论支持。     

Numerical Investigations of the Dynamic Shear Behavior of Rough Rock Joints

The dynamic shear behavior of rock joints is significant to both rock engineering and earthquake dynamics. With the discrete element method (DEM), the dynamic direct-shear tests on the rough rock joints with 3D (sinusoidal or random) surface morphologies are simulated and discussed. Evolution of the friction coefficient with the slip displacement shows that the 3D DEM joint model can accurately reproduce the initial strengthening, slip-weakening, and steady-sliding responses of real rock joints. Energy analyses show that the strengthening and weakening behavior of the rock joint are mainly attributed to the rapid accumulation and release of the elastic energy in the joint. Then, effects of the surface roughness and the normal stress on the friction coefficient and the micro shear deformation mechanisms, mainly volume change and asperity damage, of the rock joint are investigated. The results show that the peak friction coefficient increases logarithmically with the increasing surface roughness, but decreases exponentially with the increasing normal stress. In addition, the rougher rock joint exhibits both higher joint dilation and asperity degradation. However, high normal stress constrains the joint dilation, but promotes the degree of asperity degradation significantly. Lastly, the effects of the 3D surface morphology on the shear behavior of the rock joint are investigated with a directional roughness parameter. It is observed that the anisotropy of the surface roughness consequently results in the variation of the peak friction coefficient of the joint corresponding to different shearing directions as well as the micro shear deformation mechanisms, e.g., the extent of joint dilation.     

Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints

Barton, N., 1973. Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints. Eng. Geol., 7: 287–332.

The surface roughness of rock joints depends on their mode of origin, and on the mineralogy of the rock. Amongst the roughest joints will be those that formed in intrusive rocks in a tensile brittle manner, and amongst the smoothest the planar cleavage surface in slates. The range of friction angles exhibited by this spectrum will vary from about 75° or 80° down to 20° or 25°, the maximum values being very dependent on the normal stress, due to the strongly curved nature of the peak strength envelopes for rough unfilled joints.

Direct shear tests performed on model tension fractures have provided a very realistic picture of the behaviour of unfilled joints at the roughest end of the joint spectrum. The peak shear strength of rough—undulating joints such as tension surfaces can now be predicted with acceptable accuracy from a knowledge of only one parameter, namely the effective joint wall compressive strength or JCS value. For an unweathered joint this will be simply the unconfined compression strength of the unweathered rock. However in most cases joint walls will be weathered to some degree. Methods of estimating the strength of the weathered rock are discussed. The predicted values of shear strength compare favourably with experimental results reported in the literature, both for weathered and unweathered rough joints.

The shear strength of unfilled joints of intermediate roughness presents a problem since at present there is insufficient detailed reporting of test results. In an effort to remedy this situation, a simple roughness classification method has been devised which has a sliding scale of roughness. The curvature of the proposed strength envelopes reduces as the roughness coefficient reduces, and also varies with the strength of the weathered joint wall or unweathered rock, whichever is relevant. Values of the Coulomb parameters c and Φ fitted to the curves between the commonly used normal stress range of 5–20 kg/cm² appear to agree quite closely with experimental results.

The presence of water is found in practice to reduce the shear strength of rough unfilled joints but hardly to affect the strength of planar surfaces. This surprising experimental result is also predicted by the proposed criterion for peak strength. The shear strength depends on the compressive strength which is itself reduced by the presence of water. The sliding scale of roughness incorporates a reduced contribution from the compressive strength as the joint roughness reduces. Based on the same model, it is possible to draw an interesting analogy between the effects of weathering, saturation, time to failure, and scale, on the shear strength of non-planar joints. Increasing these parameters causes a reduction in the compressive strength of the rock, and hence a reduction in the peak shear strength. Rough—undulating joints are most affected and smooth—nearly planar joints least of all.     

Asperity Degradation and Damage in the Direct Shear Test: A Hybrid FEM/DEM Approach

Summary This paper investigates the processes of joint surface damage and near-surface intact rock tensile failure using a hybrid FEM/DEM code. Selected Barton and Choubey JRC profiles were simulated in direct shear tests and the surface damage mechanisms investigated in terms of joint surface wear or tensile fracturing of intact rock along the joint plane. Shear strength and displacement profiles for each joint profile are numerically simulated. Numerical results agree closely with published experimental observations. Furthermore, results show that dilation along the joint is controlled dominantly by the joint surface geometry and the applied normal stress. Significant dilation is expected to occur where there is a large asperity provided the applied normal stress is low. In this case, joint surface damage is limited to surface wear. In contrast, when the applied normal stress is high, dilation will be low and damage is composed of both surface wear and asperity breakage through near-joint-surface intact rock tensile failure. Local joint dilation angles vary in proportion to the magnitude of the dilation. Several joint profiles with different geometrical configurations were simulated within a slope and the possible modes of joint surface damage were investigated. It was found that due to low normal stresses acting on the joint surfaces within a slope the dominant mode of joint surface damage is by yielding and surface wear of asperities. Authors’ address: Amir Karami, Golder Associates Ltd., 4260 Still Creek Drive, Suite 500, Burnaby, Vancouver, British Columbia, BC V5C 6C6 Canada     

Underestimation of roughness in rough rock joints

Numerous studies have been made to improve Barton's shear strength model for the quantification of rock joints. However, in these previous studies, the roughness and shear strength of the rock joint have been underestimated especially for relatively high undulated profiles (joint roughness coefficient (JRC) >14). The main factors of roughness underestimation in rough rock joints are investigated for the proper quantification of rock joint roughness. The aliasing effect and the roughness characteristics are analyzed by using artificial joint profiles and natural rock joint profiles. A 3D camera scanner is adopted to verify the main source of underestimation when using conventional measurement methods. Shear strength tests are carried out by using two types of shear apparatus to study the roughness mobilization characteristics, which may also affect the roughness underestimation. The results of joint roughness assessment, such as aliasing and undulation of waviness, show that the roughness can be underestimated in relatively rough joint profiles (JRC>14). At least two components of roughness parameters are needed to properly represent the joint roughness, for example, the amplitude and the inclination angle of joint asperity. Roughness mobilization is affected by both the normal stress and the asperity scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic Characteristics of Rough Fractures in Linear Flow under Normal and Shear Load

Summary A hydro-mechanical testing system, which is capable of measuring both the flow rates and the normal and shear displacement of a rock fracture, was built to investigate the hydraulic behaviour of rough tension fractures. Laboratory hydraulic tests in linear flow were conducted on rough rock fractures, artificially created using a splitter under various normal and shear loading. Prior to the tests, aperture distributions were determined by measuring the topography of upper and lower fracture surfaces using a laser profilometer. Experimental variograms of the initial aperture distributions were classified into four groups of geostatistical model, though the overall experimental variograms could be well fitted to the exponential model. The permeability of the rough rock fractures decayed exponentially with respect to the normal stress increase up to 5 MPa. Hydraulic behaviours during monotonic shear loading were significantly affected by the dilation occurring until the shear stress reached the peak strength. With the further dilation, the permeability of the rough fracture specimens increased more. However, beyond shear displacement of about 7 to 8 mm, permeability gradually reached a maximum threshold value. The combined effects of both asperity degradation and gouge production, which prohibited the subsequent enlargement of mean fracture aperture, mainly caused this phenomenon. Permeability changes during cyclic shear loading showed somewhat irregular variations, especially after the first shear loading cycle, due to the complex interaction from asperity degradations and production of gouge materials. The relation between hydraulic and mechanical apertures was analyzed to investigate the valid range of mechanical apertures to be applied to the cubic law. Received June 12, 2001; accepted February 26, 2002 Published online September 2, 2002     

预制节理岩体试件强度及破坏模式的试验研究

采用相似材料模型试验对不同节理倾角、节理贯通度、节理组数、载荷应变率、试件长径比、节理充填物厚度及类型等7种工况下的预制节理岩体在单轴压缩下的峰值强度及破坏模式进行了研究。结果表明：节理岩体的破坏模式及峰值强度与节理构造形态密切相关。贯通节理岩体将产生沿节理面的剪切破坏或穿切节理面破坏,且与第1种破坏模式对应的岩体峰值强度更低。非贯通节理岩体的强度介于完整岩体和贯通节理岩体之间。随着平行节理组数的增加,岩体峰值强度逐渐下降。随着载荷应变率的增加,岩体峰值强度逐渐增大,相应地试件的破坏模式也变得更加复杂。试件长径比基本没有改变其破坏模式,完整试件仍主要是以张拉破坏为主,而节理试件仍以剪切破坏为主。随着长径比增加,试件峰值强度逐渐增大。随着节理充填物厚度增加,试件峰值强度降低。不同节理填充物对试件峰值强度也有一定影响。     

Observation of the Degradation Characteristics and Scale of Unevenness on Three-dimensional Artificial Rock Joint Surfaces Subjected to Shear

The present study explores the degradation characteristics and scale of unevenness (small-scale roughness) on sheared rock joint surfaces at a low-stress regime. While the degradation characteristics of unevenness and the normal stress are mutually interrelated, an understanding of the degradation patterns of the three-dimensional roughness of rock joints is one of the important components needed to identify asperity failure characteristics and to quantify the role of damaged unevenness in establishing a shear strength model. A series of direct shear tests was performed on three-dimensional artificial rock joint surfaces at different normal stress levels. After shearing, the spatial distributions and statistical parameters of degraded roughness were analysed for the different normal stress levels. The length and area of the degraded zones showed bell-shaped distributions in a logarithmic scale, and the dominant scale (or the most frequently occurring scale) of the damaged asperities (i.e., unevenness) ranged from approximately, 0.5 to 5.0 mm in length and 0.1–10 mm² in area. This scale of the damaged unevenness was consistent regardless of the level of normal stress. It was also found that the relative area of damaged unevenness on a given joint area, and thus the contribution of the mechanical asperity failure component to shear strength increased as normal stress increased.     

Continuous failure state direct shear tests

Summary The paper deals with a new testing procedure aimed at determining the failure envelopes for peak and residual strength in direct shear tests. In a continuous failure state direct shear test the specimen is maintained in a state of permanent sliding while the shear and normal stress are being steadily changed. First of all, the specimen is brought to a state of failure in the conventional manner at a chosen constant normal stress. Then under monotonously increasing shear displacement the normal stress is continuously adjusted so that a straight line is produced in the shear stress-displacement plane. Both an increase in the stresses and a decrease is possible. The proper selection of the inclination of the straight line may involve a stress path which corresponds closely to the failure envelope of the specimen. In the case of smooth joint surfaces or in the residual strength state of rough surfaces it is possible to determine exactly the failure envelope with the aid of a single test specimen. The paper also describes a newly developed shear test apparatus suitable for combination with sophisticated servo-controlled loading machines generally available in rock mechanics laboratories.     

循环剪切荷载作用下含二阶起伏体模拟岩石节理力学特性研究

利用人工材料浇注含二阶起伏体的模拟岩石节理试样,进行常法向荷载循环剪切试验,研究节理剪切力学特性在循环剪切过程中的劣化规律。试验结果表明：二阶起伏体对节理循环剪切力学特性有重要影响,剪切强度、剪切刚度、剪胀角随剪切循环次数增大而衰减,衰减趋势随着二阶起伏度的增大而加快;法向应力、二阶起伏度较大时,二阶起伏体对剪切力学特性的影响主要体现在第1轮剪切循环中,在随后的剪切循环中影响不明显;法向应力、二阶起伏度较小时,二阶起伏体的影响在前几轮循环剪切过程中均有较清晰的体现。基于Hertz接触力学理论,提出了节理面微凸体球面接触细观模型,揭示了节理循环剪切宏观试验现象的力学机制     

Failure Process after Peak Strength of Artificial Joints by Fractal Dimension

Because lack of information when the joints exhibit strain softening behavior, the transition from peak to residual values is assumed to decrease either linearly or exponentially. Also, displacement of slide side after peak is much larger than the peak displacement and the stress approaches the residual state, thus studying failure process after peak strength is very important. In this research, three types of artificial joints with tooth-shaped asperity under repeated direct-shear were tested. Continuously movement of slide side after peak strength was monitored during shearing test. Reduction of shear parameters was examined according to two failure criteria (Barton and Patton). JRC value (Joint Roughness Coefficient) for a given profile was estimated by fractal dimension. One of the results of this study is that Barton’s criterion predicts a good estimation of residual strength and the second result is when the amount of fractal dimension of a joint surface increases, the JRC amount also increases, and with having value of h (height average) and l (base average) of a tooth-shaped asperity can determine the JRC of joint surface. M. Askari is a M.Sc Student of Engineering Faculty, Mining Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.