影响胶州湾海域海水水质的主要污染源分析——李村河及其主要支流流域水质现状评价

叙述了李村河、张村河的自然地理概况和历史沿革,着重分析了2000—2003年李村河、张村河水质污染状况。对调查布设的18个监测断面所获取的数据进行全面系统的分析,特别对以前未布设例行监测站位的大村河、水清沟河的数据进行深入分析和研究,指出这两条河流对李村河水质逐渐恶化应承担责任。通过对河流监测数据的分析,阐明了李村河流域污染状况及其主要污染物来源,为进一步研究确定李村河流域的污染源奠定了基础,并为彻底治理李村河提供了理论和数据依据。     

近4年来象山港赤潮监控区水质状况综合评价

根据2002-2005年丰水期象山港赤潮监控区水质监测基础资料,以DO、COD、DIN和DIP作为基本化学指标参数,分析了近4年来整个赤潮监控区水质的有机污染和富营养化状况。并从各监测站位、监测层次分析了赤潮监控区水质的变化趋势,同时对水质污染与陆源排污、养殖业自身排污以及港内水动力条件进行了相关分析。综合分析结果表明:近4年来,象山港赤潮监控区水质的N、P污染比较严重,水质有机污染一直处于严重污染水平。整个港湾水质一直处于严重的富营养化状态,表层富营养化程度略大于底层,DIN是富营养化的主要贡献因子。整个象山港赤潮监控区水质机污染和富营养化程度均存在港顶最高,越往港湾的出口处污染越轻的趋势。4年来监控区水质污染主要与陆源排污、养殖业自身排污以及港内水动力交换能力较弱有关。     

五大淡水湖水质状况的初步分析

我国五大淡水湖——鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、洪泽湖、巢湖位于长江中下游沿岸地区,总面积达11,550平方公里,占全国湖泊总面积15.8％。湖泊有灌溉航运之利,也是工业及饮用水源,其中太湖是盛名中外的风景游览胜地。随着工农业生产的发展,引起湖泊污染的因素有所增多。为了研究湖泊污染现状和发展趋势,近年来有关部门先后开展了水质调查。本文收集了1980～1981年五湖的水质监测资料,在此基础上对其水质现状和今后发展趋势作了初步分析。     

南四湖典型河流入湖口区水质综合评价

为了解南四湖13条典型河流入湖口区的水质状况,本研究利用污染分担率值确定评价因子,并应用模糊数学改进层次分析法(IAHP)确定权重,同时求出各水质级别的模糊隶属函数并计算相应的隶属度,最后应用模糊综合评价法对其进行评价。结果表明:河流入湖口区的水质均较差,绝大多数属于Ⅳ类,TP和TN对水质的影响程度较大并远远超出发生富营养化的临界条件。梁济运河和城郭河入湖口区的水质甚至达到了Ⅴ类,泗河和韩庄运河入湖口区的水质较好,属于Ⅲ类,能够达到南水北调东线工程所规划的功能用水的水质要求。与2006至2011年的研究相比,TP、TN的平均含量总体上呈下降趋势,说明近年来南四湖流域环境监管力度成效显著。     

天津大沽沙航道水域浮游植物分布特征及富营养化评价

根据2007年8月大沽沙航道水域浮游植物的调查资料及水质监测数据,研究了该水域浮游植物的分布特征及富营养化状态.综合单因子生物法和营养指数法的评价结果表明,该水域污染较严重,尤其是靠近大沽排污口的水域已经严重富营养化,排污河向航道输入大量含有N、P营养盐的污染物,造成水质污染.今后应严格控制大沽排污河污染物排放总量,减少陆源污染,有效防治"赤潮"的发生.     

太湖水质污染状况的初步评价

太湖是我国五大淡水湖之一。湖面跨江、浙西省,辖无锡、苏州、湖州三市和无锡、吴县、吴江、长兴、吴兴、宜兴、武进等七县。湖泊资源丰富,是著名风景游览区,并兼有灌溉、水产、航运之利,也是工业及重要的饮用水源。鉴于太湖地位的重要性,已被国家列为一级自然保护区。随着沿湖地区工农业生产的蓬勃发展,湖泊污染因素不断增多,致使太湖遭到了一定程度的污染。为深入了解太湖水质情况,太湖协作组于1980年对太湖进行了全面水质调查,1981年又作了补点调查。在此基础上,我们对太湖的水质状况作了初步评价,为太湖水源保     

马踏湖水生生物初步调查与水质污染评价

作者自１９９３￣１９９７年对马踏湖水生生物进行了初步调查。内容包括鱼类,底栖动物,浮游生物等,并对马踏湖水质污染进行了生物学评价。调查结果表明湖区水质污染状况较八十年代有较大改善,同时显示有多种浮游生物可以作为本区水质污染指示种。     

珠江口海域污染的水质综合污染指数和生物多样性指数评价

利用水质综合污染指数和生物多样性指数分别对珠江口海域2006年7月和2007年3月调查的数据进行污染程度评价, 并讨论利用多样性指数评价的合理性。结果表明珠江口海域的污染等级处于中度污染至严重污染之间, 其中利用水质化学因子进行综合评价的结果为严重污染, 利用生物多样性指数进行评价的结果为轻中污染至重污染。本研究认为利用浮游动物多样性指数评价海域水质污染程度比利用浮游植物或底栖生物的多样性指数评价海域水质污染程度更加合理, 但其评价标准仍有待更多的调查来验证和修正。同时, 利用不同类群生物的多样性指数对海洋水质与生态环境质量进行评价有时会存在一定差异。因此在实际评价中不能单从一种指数结果就轻易下定论, 结合理化监测结果, 才能得到符合实际的结论。     

秦山核电站邻近水域水质评价

本文根据1989年4月至1990年1周秦山核电站邻近水域水质调查结果,经分析证实,近杭州湾顶的水体属河-海混合水体,未受溶解态重金属元素污染,而有机物质浓度较高,有一定的污染。     

三亚湾海域水质现状评价

利用1999年夏季三亚湾海域水质监测结果,在对各水质参数进行污染指数计算的基础上,应用水质综合评价模式,对该海域进行水质评价。结果表明：(1)受河口和港口高浓度测值的影响,三亚湾海域水质呈现轻度污染状态,河口水质已被严重污染;(2)除溶解氧和重金属Pb外,该海域其它水质参数均未超出一类海水水质标准。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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