秦皇岛市海岸风成沙丘的研究

秦皇岛市北戴河向南直至滦河河口发育着我国最长的沙丘海岸，沙丘高约20～30m，最高42m。在沙丘发育最充分的地区自岸向陆，沙丘按形态可分成岸前沙丘，沿岸主沙丘链，斜向沙丘链和平坦沙席等4种类型。沙丘由分选极好的中细砂组成，具有微弱的负偏态和双跃移特征。沙丘内部发育有高角度板状交错层理、低角度楔状交错层理等层理构造。滦河新三角洲和沿岸海滩的丰富沙源、向岸和离岸两盛行风的频繁交替以及适宜的空旷地形空间是塑造沙丘的主要条件。加强管理，保护沙丘的自然面貌是当务之急。     

海坛岛风沙表层沉积物的粒度分布特征

本文对海坛岛风沙表层沉积物的粒度分布特征进行研究。结果表明：海坛岛风沙沉积物主要是由海岸带基岩和第四纪松散堆积物及闽江南下沿岸流所携带的泥沙，在海洋动力作用下堆积于海滩上，而后在强劲的ＮＮＥ向向岸盛行风作用下，海滩沙向陆搬运堆积而成的。风成沙的主要粒级为中沙，平均粒径为１．７３Ф；分选较好，标准差的平均值为０．６８，偏差多近于对称，偏态平均值为－０．０２；峰态窄，峰态平均值为１．２１。其搬运方式单     

潮滩悬沙粒度参数的动力沉积学意义

根据１９８３年１０月和１９８４年５月两次大潮期悬沙粒度和流速的同步观测资料及细颗粒泥沙动水絮凝沉积试验成果，分析悬沙粒度参数的动力沉积学意义。结果表明，在以细颗粒泥沙絮凝临界流速（２１ｃｍ／ｓ）为界的两组悬沙样中，悬沙偏态系数和大于４．０μｍ粒级悬沙的百分含量在散点图中有显著分离；中值粒径和峰态系数有一定的分离；分选系数和大于１６μｍ粒级悬沙的百分含量几乎无分离；但中值粒径、分选系数，偏态系数和大     

近300年来福建长乐海岸沙丘记录的风沙环境演变

对福建长乐东海(DH)海岸沙丘剖面加密采样,通过光释光(OSL)测年分析确定了DH海岸沙丘的发育年代。在统一的时间标尺上,以粒度参数作为主要代用指标,综合对比东亚和北半球其他地区小冰期(LIA)风沙沉积记录,以及东亚冬季风变化序列、北半球温度变化序列、北大西洋涛动指数(NAO)、福建海岸线历史变迁等记录,探讨长乐海岸沙丘发育过程及其环境意义。结果表明:(1)DH沙丘砂以中砂和细砂为主,总体分选极好,负偏至近对称和中等峰态,基本符合现代典型海岸风成砂的特征;(2)OSL年代学分析表明,DH沙丘是近300年来的小冰期中后期发育的,这一时期总体气候特征是冬季风偏弱条件下的干冷多风,叠加频繁的人类耕作活动,海岸沙丘广泛发育;(3)LIA晚期以来,DH沙丘平均粒径代表的风沙活动强度与东亚冬季风和北半球温度变化序列对应较好,但是与欧亚大陆西海岸的NAO位相变化晚期序列的相关性不明显。区域台风、风暴潮可能在短时间内在海岸带产生快速的风沙侵蚀和堆积,造成粒度记录信号的局部缺失或突变;(4)以DH沙丘为代表的海岸沙丘演变过程与区域海平面变动密切相关,可能记录了晚全新世海平面总体下降背景下的次级波动信息。自汉代以来,长乐海岸线逐渐后退,至今向东推进约5—10km,海退过程有效的促进了海岸沙丘向海进积发育。     

福建闽江口和九龙江口外线状沉积沙体特征

福建沿海强潮河口闽江口和九龙江口外均发育有一定规模的线状沉积沙体,通过多波束调查采集数据和浅剖、沉积物资料的分析,对此类沙体特征进行研究,初步认为其为潮流沙脊。结果表明:在平面分布上,闽江口外潮流沙脊走向近SW-NE向,沙脊局部连片;九龙江口外沙脊走向近ENEWSW向,沙脊末端有分叉现象。分析现代海洋环境作用并结合沙脊规模、水深和河口相对关系的研究显示,沙脊主体规模基本稳定,现代水动力仅对沙脊表面有改造作用。在潮流、波浪和近岸余流的共同作用下沙脊脊顶部略显平滑,两翼坡度较缓,其沉积物组成以粒度较粗的古河口砂质浅滩砂为主,沉积主体为全新世海平面上升时期,近岸河口环境的古水下三角洲遭受潮流侵蚀而成。     

基于国产高分辨率影像的图们江口中、朝、俄三国湿地景观格局对比分析

图们江是我国重要的国际性河流之一,受中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯三国政策、经济、文化等因素影响,三国的湿地景观截然不同。本文以我国国产高分辨率卫星GF-1和GF-2影像为数据源,通过对图们江口湿地的实地踏勘,建立了图们江口湿地遥感分类体系,包括湖泊、河流、沼泽、滩涂、坑塘、水田和水库共7类。采用目视解译方法,提取了图们江口湿地信息,对图们江口湿地现状和中、朝、俄湿地差异进行了分析。利用Fragstats景观分析软件,选取了斑块数(NP)、最大斑块指数(LPI)、斑块平均面积(MPS)、加权平均形状指数(SHAPE)、加权平均分形维数(FRAC)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)和香农均匀性指数(SHEI)等几个景观格局指数分析了图们江口湿地景观格局特征。结果表明:(1)研究区湿地总面积为39 503.38 hm²,以沼泽和湖泊为主,呈现近日本海聚集分布格局。(2)俄罗斯湿地面积占各国研究区湿地总面积比例最大,朝鲜次之,中国最小;朝鲜湿地开发程度最高,湿地破坏较严重。(3)朝鲜湿地破碎程度在三国中最重,中国次之;朝鲜因水田开发较严重,景观规则度最高;中国湿地多样性较其他两国丰富。     

南海北部陆架区表层沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境

对南海北部陆架沉积区244个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度组分、多元统计及输运趋势分析,结果表明:南海北部陆架区共分布9种沉积物类型,粒度组成以砂和粉砂为主,砂含量占绝对优势,沉积物主要粒级为0~8Φ,优势粒级为0~4Φ。研究区东北部粒径较粗,以中砂为主,分选中等-好,负偏,峰态中等-平坦,西南部粒径较细,以粉砂为主,分选较差,正偏,峰态平坦,中间过渡及陆架外缘粒径中等,以细砂为主,分选中等,正偏,峰态尖锐。基于粒度多元统计及输运趋势分析,南海北部陆架划分为3个沉积区:珠江口及粤东近岸沉积区(I区):主要受控于沿岸流,水动力条件较弱,物质来源以珠江、韩江等河流输运物质及近岸基岩风化、岛屿剥蚀作用产物为主,少量东沙群岛海底冲刷剥蚀产物;混合过渡沉积区(II区):受黑潮南海分支、南海暖流及沿岸流共同作用,水动力条件中等,物源复杂多样,为珠江携带陆源物质、台湾浅滩物质以及东沙群岛附近海底剥蚀产物的混合沉积区域;台湾浅滩及珠江古三角洲残留沉积区(III区):受黑潮南海分支、南海暖流、北部九龙江、沿岸流等影响,海洋水动力条件较强,以晚更新世的残留沉积为主,同时可能接受了少量现代沉积物质。     

长江口悬浮体粒度特征及其季节性差异

1998年11月和1999年5月长江口悬浮体样品的激光粒度仪分析结果表明，长江口悬浮体粒度较细，分选较差，偏态和峰态偏小，粒度组成以粉砂为主；粘土含量次之，基本不含砂或砂含量很小，由陆向海平均粒径有由粗到细的变化趋势。粒度分布呈典型的非正态分布，存在“双峰”和“三峰”两种形式，表层样品以“双峰”分布为主，底层“三峰”或“双峰”并存。标准偏差-粒度曲线上多峰出现，反映了长江口悬浮体组成的复杂性。长江口悬浮体粒度特征有较大的季节变化。悬浮体粒度变化的影响因素包括泥沙来源、底质再悬浮、生物作用和絮凝作用，粒度特征的季节差异是这些因素综合作用的结果。     

闽江口近百年来海底地貌演变与成因

运用GIS工具研究了闽江口近百年来地貌演变的特征。20世纪上半叶,闽江口表现为较强的淤积,此后淤积速率逐渐降低,1980年代后期到20世纪末河口区以侵蚀为主,河口浅滩主要发育在河口区南部。闽江口南、北支河道具有不同的泥沙输送特征,基本可概括为"北出南积",既北支河道向海输送大部分径流和泥沙,泥沙沉积在河口及三角洲前缘地区,河口区泥沙可再悬浮,通过涨潮流向南支输送,与南支水道带出的泥沙一道促使了南支口外浅滩的发育。1975年以后入海泥沙呈减少的趋势,其主要与水库建设和下游河道采沙等活动密切相关,泥沙供应的变化进一步引起了河口海底的侵蚀。     

图们江口水中Zn,Cd,Pb,Cu的形式分析

本文用防吸附物理涂汞电极反问极谱对图们江口、东海及日本海水中Zn,Cd,Pb,Cu进行了形式分析,其不稳定态的平均浓度分别为5.9,0.071,0.039,0.69ug/L(占总量的15～27％),分布较为均匀,证实了痕量金属离子(自由离子及不稳定络离子的均匀分布规律。有机结合态Zn,Cd及Pb(10～30％)和颗粒态Zn,Cu和Cu(15～40％)的较高含量位于长江口、东海及图们江口。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...