峨眉山大火成岩省与玄武岩铜矿--以贵州二叠纪玄武岩分布区为例

贵州晚二叠世玄武岩是峨眉山大火成岩省的组成部分，并位于其东区。全属高钛玄武岩。它是地幔柱边部或消亡期局部熔融产物。产物我省玄武岩中的铜矿床（点），与北美大陆同类铜矿有相似之处，可统称为玄武岩铜矿，属于“与陆相镁铁质喷发岩有关的铜矿床成矿系列”。     

皖东上第三系玄武岩的地球化学特征和成因

郯庐断裂带东侧的皖东地区上第三系花果山组和桂五组玄武岩，是我国东部大陆大陆新生代玄武岩带中，尚未作详细地球化学研究的少数岩区之一。本文报道了该岩区２２个样品的常量元素和稀土等２０多种微量元素的丰度，以及其中１１个样品的Ｎｄ，Ｓｒ，Ｐｂ同位素组成，比较系统地提示了该大陆玄武岩套的地球化学特征。依据同位素和元素地球化学的制约，讨论了该岩套的成因及其地幔源区的性质和过程。该岩套来源于具ＥＭＩ型大洋玄武岩     

西藏日喀则白马让蛇绿岩:亚洲大陆边缘的小洋盆

藏南雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩被认为是新特提斯大洋岩石圈的残留。该带中段的日喀则白马让蛇绿岩是保存较完整的蛇绿岩岩块之一。该蛇绿岩主要由橄榄岩、蛇纹岩、镁铁质侵入岩和玄武岩组成,缺堆晶岩系。镁铁质侵入岩主要呈辉绿岩脉、岩床和少量的岩墙产出。辉绿岩脉在整个蛇绿岩层序中均有分布,侵入橄榄岩的部分岩脉已经变为变辉绿岩和异剥钙榴岩。辉绿岩床(墙)向上逐渐过渡为玄武岩。局部可见日喀则群整合覆盖在玄武岩之上。地球化学分析显示不同产状的镁铁质岩均属于低钾或中钾的拉斑玄武岩,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和LREE,具有弧前玄武岩(FAB)或弧后盆地玄武岩(BABB)的特征,它们的Ti/V和Yb/V的比值与BABB或正常大洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)相似,Sr-Nd-Pb同位素数据指示了亏损地幔(DM)与富集地幔(EM)过渡的源区。镁铁质岩野外产出关系和地球化学特征表明,白马让蛇绿岩的镁铁质岩组合可能形成于SSZ环境。考虑到超镁铁质岩、镁铁质岩和日喀则群在空间上的连续性,认为白马让蛇绿岩可能是起源于亚洲大陆边缘俯冲带上的洋盆,属于原地系统,而非外来的构造岩片。     

海南岛蓬莱地区超镁铁岩包体及其寄主玄武岩的研究

蓬莱地区寄主玄武岩为晚第三纪火山喷发的产物,主要岩石为碧玄岩,碱性橄榄玄武岩和橄榄玄武岩,其中含有超镁铁岩包体。寄主玄武岩属碱性系列,是地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融的产物。超镁铁岩包体具有局部熔融的迹象和弱亏损型地幔岩的特征,推测为上地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融后的难熔残余。     

中朝断块区新生代玄武岩与该区上地幔成分特征

中生代时期,西太平洋强烈地喷发了安第斯型钙碱性火山岩,新生代时期,东亚大陆火山岩浆活动转为以玄武岩浆喷发为主,中朝断块区的新生代玄武岩是其中具有代表性的一部分。六十年代至七十年代初,对玄武岩、金伯利岩及其中深源超镁铁质包体所进行的世界规模的研究,扩展了人们对上地幔的认识。     

西藏永珠—纳木湖蛇绿岩地球化学特征及其构造环境初探

西藏永珠—纳木湖蛇绿岩中的变质橄榄岩从超镁铁质岩到镁铁质岩均表现出高镁,其玄武岩、辉长岩的TiO2含量较低,表现出非大洋中脊玄武岩和洋岛玄武岩的特征。微量元素、大离子亲石元素相对富集,玄武岩的Nb、Ta亏损,显示其在产出时受到俯冲作用的影响,具有岛弧玄武岩的特点,但Th的高度富集和无Zr、Hf负异常说明它又不同于岛弧玄武岩。稀土元素含量较低,在球粒陨石标准化稀土分布模式图上玄武岩为平坦型,无Eu异常,显示其具有原生岩浆成分的特点;辉长岩的稀土配分模式也为平坦型,但有Eu正异常。通过与典型地区作对比和应用构造环境判别图解,判定出该区蛇绿岩的形成环境为弧后盆地。     

我国首例与俄罗斯Noril'sk-Talnakh类似的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床——四川丹巴杨柳坪矿床

与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的Cu-Ni-(PGE)硫化物矿床,是指形成于与大陆溢流玄武岩同源的镁铁-超镁铁侵入体中的岩浆硫化物矿床,是目前镍和铂族元素最重要的来源之一.典型代表是与俄罗斯西伯利亚暗色岩有关的Noril'sk-Talnakh矿床,其镍储量世界第一,铂族元素储量仅次于南非Bushveld[1].研究表明底部成矿的Noril'sk和Talnakh岩席是岩浆通道,大量硫不饱合的玄武岩浆随着玄武岩浆分离结晶,尤其是围岩硫的混入而逐渐达到硫饱和,从而使Cu、Ni和PGE这些具有很高硫化物熔体/硅酸盐熔体分配系数的元素进入硫化物熔体,并从玄武岩质岩浆中分离出来形成巨大的矿体,残余岩浆喷出形成玄武岩或形成新的不含矿岩体[2].     

西藏松西地区辉绿玢岩岩石化学、地球化学特征及构造环境

青藏高原南羌塘石炭纪-二叠世地层中侵入大量的辉绿玢岩岩墙群，其侵位时代为晚古生代。区域资料显示，这一时期该地区处于冈瓦纳大陆北部边缘。岩石化学、地球化学特征表明，辉绿玢岩与洋脊型、洋岛型及典型的大陆裂谷玄武岩都有明显区别，显示出大陆拉张带（或初始裂谷）的拉斑玄武岩特征。辉绿玢岩是冈瓦纳被动陆缘在晚古生代裂解的产物。     

大别山北部斜长角闪岩类的地球化学特征及形成构造背影

大别山北部变质镁铁－超镁铁质岩带中斜长角闪岩类的常量,微量稀土元素地球化学特征均表明,它们可划分为二类：Ⅰ类为洋岛型拉斑玄武岩;Ⅱ类为岛弧型玄武岩且其中大多数属钙碱性玄武质安山岩和少数属拉斑玄武岩。     

天山石炭纪火山岩系中含有富Nb岛弧玄武岩吗?

中国西北部天山石炭纪—早二叠世裂谷火山作用代表了一个新近被认可的大火成岩省。有人认为,在天山石炭纪火山岩系中发育有富Nb岛弧玄武岩、埃达克岩和高镁安山岩组合。然而,该岩石组合具有与典型富Nb岛弧玄武岩、埃达克岩和高镁安山岩不同的化学和同位素特点,表明其并非是岛弧岩石组合。这一推断的岛弧岩石组合实际上是大陆板内火山岩组合,由未遭受地壳混染、受到地壳轻微混染和遭受地壳强烈混染的大陆火山岩组成。     

Distribution of Cd,Pb, Zn and Cu and their chemical speciations in soils from a peri-smelter area in northeast China

An exploratory study on soil contamination of heavy metals was carried out surrounding Huludao zinc smelter in Liaoning province, China. The distribution of total heavy metals and their chemical speciations were investigated. The correlations between heavy metal speciations and soil pH values in corresponding sites were also analyzed. In general, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and As presented a significant contamination in the area near the smelter, comparied with Environmental Quality Standards for Soils in China. The geoaccumulation index showed the degree of contamination: Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > As. There was no obvious pollution of Cr and Ni in the studied area. The speciation analysis showed that the dominant fraction of Cd and Zn was the acid soluble fraction, and the second was the residual fraction. Pb was mostly associated with the residual fraction, which constituted more than 50% of total concentration in all samples. Cu in residual fraction accounted for a high percentage (40–80%) of total concentration, and the proportion of Cu in the oxidizable fraction is higher than that of other metals. The distribution pattern of Pb and Zn was obviously affected by soil pH. It seemed that Pb and Zn content in acid solution fraction increased with increasing soil pH values, while Cd content in acid soluble fraction accounted for more proportion in neutral and alkaline groups than acidic one. The fraction distribution patterns of Cu in three pH groups were very similar and independent of soil pH values. And the residual fraction of Cu took a predominant part (50%) of the total content.     

Chemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of mountainous region, Alvand, Hamadan, Iran

Eighty-seven groundwater samples have been collected from a mountainous region (Alvand, Iran) for hydrochemical investigations to understand the sources of dissolved ions and assess the chemical quality of the groundwater. Most water quality parameters are within World Health Organization acceptable limits set for drinking water. The least mineralized water is found closest to the main recharge zones and the salinity of water increased towards the north of the basin. The most prevalent water type is Ca–HCO₃ followed by water types Ca–NO₃, Ca–Cl, Ca–SO₄ and Mg–HCO₃. The Ca–NO₃ water type is associated with high nitrate pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities were associated with elevated level of NO₃⁻. Mineral dissolution/weathering of evaporites dominates the major element hydrochemistry of the area. Chemical properties of groundwater in Alvand region are controlled both by natural geochemical processes and anthropogenic activities.     

Timing and origin of orogenic remagnetizations in Mississippian carbonates, Sawtooth Range, Montana

Paleomagnetic data and rock magnetic results suggest that a widespread orogenic remagnetization caused a pervasive chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) that resides in magnetite in the Mississippian Madison Group in the Sawtooth Range, Montana, during the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. The CRM is similar to a CRM reported by workers from equivalent units in the southern Canadian Cordillera. The CRM is interpreted to be related to alteration by fluids, and there are two likely fluids: hydrocarbons which migrated into the unit and externally derived radiogenic fluids.     

巴里坤下涝坝一带超基性岩特征及地质意义

新疆巴里坤县下涝坝一带新发现的辉橄岩为铁质超基性岩,里特曼指数小于1,属极强太平洋型钙碱性岩系,非蛇绿岩组分.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定表明,其形成年龄为(359±4.7) Ma.结合区域地质成果分析,超基性岩体形成时代为晚泥盆世.据近年邻区发现的超基性岩研究成果,认为该超基性岩对寻找与之有关的硫化物铜镍矿具重要意义.     

Effects of pH, alkalinity and bedrock chemistry on metal concentrations of springs in an acidified catchment (Ecker Dam, Harz Mountains, FRG)

Thirty-four springs were sampled on five different source rocks in the upper Ecker watershed of the Northern Harz Mountains (Germany) four times during the course of 1995. The analyses included 41 cations and the major anions. Approximately 90% of the rocks in the upper Ecker watershed are low in basic cations, which inhibit the neutralisation of hydrogen-ion loading. As a consequence, the concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Y, Ce, As, La, Nd, Cd, Be, Co, Sb, Pr, Gd, Dy, Yb, Er, Sm, U, Tl, Ho and Tb of the Ecker dam water (pH=5.1) exceed those of the nearby Söse Dam water (pH=6.5) by almost one order of magnitude or more. With the exception of the spring waters on gabbro (pH up to 7.7) all waters on the highly siliceous rocks (quartzite, granite and gneiss) are dominated by sulfate anions with a pH range of 4–6. The concentrations of major conservative ions show a progressive increase with decreasing catchment elevation and decreasing average precipitation. Trace elements such as Sr, Be, Zn, Cd, Ba, Y, La, lanthanides, U, Li, Ni, Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, As, Sb and Tl are increased in the low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC_(aq)) spring waters. The behaviours of Sr, Be, Zn, Cd, Ba, Y, La, lanthanides and U resemble that of the major cations. The highest concentrations of Li and Ni are found on quartzite. Al, Mn, Co and Cu exhibit no clear correlation with catchment elevation and one particular bedrock. The concentrations of V and Cr show a distinct increase in high ANC_(aq) spring waters on gabbro. Pb, As, Sb and Tl are characterized by being found in relatively high concentrations on granite at higher altitudes. Pb, As and Sb are affected by contaminated soils. The extreme variability of trace element concentrations of low ANC_(aq) spring waters cannot be explained by the rock data. It is mainly controlled by the topography-dependent weathering rates of the different rock-types and the decreasing dilution with decreasing catchment elevation.     

云南小湾断层泥矿物特征及其构造意义

通过显微镜观察、X射线衍射、红外光谱和化学分析等方法研究云南小湾断层泥中伊利石矿物特征,结果显示:(1)断层泥中的伊利石发育定向排列,其集合体呈扭折褶皱变形,有时呈流状构造充填在碎屑之间;(2)伊利石的X射线衍射特征为△[(002)-(001)]>8°,Ir>1,BB₁<4°,属ISII有序混层,膨胀层约占15%,晶胞参数b₀=8.993Å,1M多型结构;(3)层间阳离子2Ca+Na+K≈1,MgO含量变化1.05%-2.89%,结晶水(H₂O⁺)含量变化4.43%-5.23%。综合上述特征认为,断层泥伊利石不同于其它成因的伊利石,它是断层活动的直接产物,因此,根据它的特征可以推测断层活动机制。     

Limitations of chemical dating of monazite

Instrumental and spectral characteristics germane to chemical dating of monazite have been tested using the Cameca SX-100 at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Statistical analysis demonstrates that, for trace element analysis, equal counting time on peak and background is required for optimal statistical precision, thus rendering impractical the procedure of fitting the entire spectrum to obtain background values. Energy shifts require shifting the detector voltage window between peak and background positions, and it is concluded that the differential auto PHA mode works optimally for this.Analyses of Pb-free phosphates, silicates, and oxides are used to measure spectral interferences with the PbM_α peak and background positions. Backgrounds were modeled using both linear and exponential fits. It was found that the difference in background counts using the two fits varies with each of the five spectrometers examined, and that the high-pressure (3 bar) detectors show larger differences in exponential vs. linear peak-minus-background (P-B) values than the low-pressure (1 bar) detectors. In addition, every spectrometer requires a unique correction for every major element in monazite. An analytical protocol is presented that incorporates these results. This protocol was applied to several monazite standards to determine inter-spectrometer variability, and spectrometer reproducibility from session to session. It was found that the difference in composition (and age) between spectrometers on identical spots exceeds the 2 sigma standard error of the mean of composition (or age) on either spectrometer. This means that (a) additional sources of error beyond the counting statistics exist between spectrometers; (b) the precision of microprobe ages cannot be continuously improved by additional counting; and (c) the minimum realistic precision is on the order of ± 2–3% for monazites with around 1500–2000 ppm total Pb, or an additional absolute uncertainty of 20–50 ppm Pb.     

四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义

四海龙湾玛珥湖位于东北新生代龙岗火山区内,在玛珥湖沉积物距湖底69-70cm处分离出新鲜的火山灰。根据火山灰产出的层位、原生沉积特征、形貌和碱流质化学成分特征,属于长白山天池火山公元1199-1200年大喷发的产物。这一结果不仅表明天池火山历史时期大喷发的规模比原来估计的还要大,并且为建立千年以来四海龙湾沉积物及古气候演化的时间标尺提供了依据。     

陕西省潼关县碾头岔含金石墨矿工艺矿物学研究

工艺矿物学系统研究表明：碾头岔含金石墨矿床的矿石中除石墨外,可综合利用的有用元素还有金、铜等。金矿物颗粒较细,主要以独立矿物形式赋存于载体矿物黄铜矿、黄铁矿及石墨中。黄铜矿是主要的铜矿物,其次有蓝辉铜矿。石墨呈独立矿物存在,片大且较平直,属于大鳞片石墨,矿石中总碳仅有６５％左右以石墨碳形态存在。上述３种有用元素均可通过合理磨矿,选择适宜的选矿条件得到金精矿、铜精矿和石墨精矿。然而由于石墨精矿中杂质较多且颗粒细小,主要为极细的片状硅酸盐,要得到高品级石墨,用机械选矿办法是无能为力的,需要对精矿进一步加工处理方可奏效。     

Forests, climate, and silicate rock weathering

Over time periods of 10⁶ years and longer, atmospheric carbon dioxide content is largely controlled by a balance between silicate rock weathering and CO₂ sources (degassing from the Earth plus net organic carbon oxidation). Vegetation cover can affect silicate rock weathering rates by increasing soil CO₂ content, stabilizing soil cover, and producing organic acids. Forests absorb more solar radiation than most other ecosystems; this tends to warm Earth's climate, especially outside of the tropics; this warmth would tend to increase silicate rock weathering rates. Here, we develop preliminary parameterizations of this effect that could be incorporated into carbonate–silicate cycle models, based on the results of general circulation model simulations.