凡纳滨对虾桃拉综合征病毒主要结构蛋白基因的克隆及原核表达

根据GenBank中桃拉病毒的全基因组序列,分别设计扩增该病毒主要结构蛋白基因vp1、vp2、vp3的相应引物,以发病的凡纳滨对虾中提取的总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术对目的基因进行了扩增,分别获得分子量为1 164、849、507bp的基因片段,与预期一致.再将目的基因与pET-28a载体连接,分别构建重组表达载体pET-VP1、pET-VP2和pET-VP3,重组子经酶切和测序鉴定后导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE检测.SDS-PAGE电泳的结果表明,在37℃下,0.5mmol/dm3的IPTG诱导表达的重组蛋白均以包涵体的形式存在,重组蛋白VP1、VP2、VP3的大小分别为48、36、24KDa.本研究的结果为制备桃拉病毒主要结构蛋白的特异性抗体,进而研制桃拉病毒快速检测试剂盒奠定了基础.     

草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)VP6相互作用蛋白的筛选

为筛选与草鱼呼肠孤病毒GCRV096 VP6发生相互作用的宿主蛋白,先将VP6基因的PCR扩增产物,克隆至酵母表达载体p GBKT7以构建其诱饵质粒(p GBKT7-VP6);再将酵母菌Y2HGold(含p GBKT7-VP6)与酵母菌Y187[含草鱼肾脏细胞(CIK)c DNA文库质粒]进行人工诱导融合,然后经选择培养筛选阳性克隆。结果共筛选到4株阳性克隆,经测序、生物信息学分析,分别属于两条不同的核苷酸序列,其中之一所编码的产物与GAPDH(3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶)同源性较高。可见,该酶极可能在GCRV096侵染宿主的初期发挥着重要作用。     

最小弧菌热不稳定型溶血素表达载体的构建和高效表达

根据已发表的最小弧菌热不稳定型溶血素（Vibrio mimicusheat-labile hemolysinVmhA）核苷酸序列,设计和合成一对特异性引物,以最小弧菌96-6-3的基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到热不稳定型溶血素基因片段,克隆于表达载体PQE-2/VmhA中,转化大肠杆菌M15,经IPTG诱导,表达出预期大小50.2KD的融合蛋白.Westernblot检测显示,该蛋白与抗最小弧菌热不稳定型溶血素兔血清呈阳性反应,表明该蛋白具有溶血素的免疫原性,可作为基因工程疫苗的候选抗原.     

对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒衣壳蛋白基因的克隆表达及抗体制备

本文根据GenBank登录的对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)的全基因组序列(NC-002190),设计出主要结构蛋白基因的相应引物,从厦门发病的对虾中,提取DNA,以此为模板,利用PCR扩增目的基因.再将目的基因分别与pGEX-6p1载体和pET-28a载体连接,构建重组表达载体pGEX-Ⅳ、pET-Ⅳ,重组子经酶切和测序鉴定后导入表达型大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测,大小约为62KDa和41KDa,与预测大小一致.将pET-Ⅳ表达重组蛋白经纯化,免疫小鼠,Western免疫印迹反应结果表明其抗体均可与pGEX-Ⅳ和pET-Ⅳ表达的蛋白发生特异性反应.本研究的结果为对虾IHHNV的快速检测及其免疫提供了研究基础.     

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)热激蛋白的基因克隆、原核表达及抗血清的制备

应用trizol裂解法提取象山港网箱养殖大黄鱼肝脏总RNA,采用RTPCR获得大黄鱼cDNA;通过设计特异引物进行PCR扩增,将PCR产物转化到质粒并直接测序,得到1.7kb的目的基因;同时将此目的基因连接到表达质粒pSBET中,在大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达以及表达产物的分析。克隆基因的表达产物经SDSPAGE分析表明,HSP基因的蛋白分子量为60kDa左右,与阅读框的编码大小一致;表达蛋白经纯化后免疫小鼠制备抗血清。Westernblotting检测结果表明,制备的抗血清与HSP蛋白起较强的特异性反应。HSP基因的系统进化分析表明,大黄鱼与非洲爪蟾最为接近,从侧面印证了脊椎动物中两栖纲动物与鱼纲动物的亲源关系。通过大黄鱼HSP基因的提取和分析,可为以后制备出核酸探针、筛选和克隆出一批具有优良性状的基因、构建基因文库等研究工作奠定基础。     

牙鲆多聚免疫球蛋白受体基因的克隆、表达及鉴定

采用PCR扩增、构建重组高效表达载体的方法,进行了牙鲆多聚免疫球蛋白受体(pIgR)基因的克隆、原核表达研究,并利用SDS-PAGE、western-blot及ELISA方法对纯化的重组蛋白特性进行了分析。结果表明,PCR扩增出pIgR开放阅读框(ORF)基因全长为1005 bp,所构建的pET-32(a)-pIgR重组质粒经PCR和双酶切鉴定含有ORF全长基因。SDS-PAGE结果表明,表达的目的蛋白相对分子质量为58 kDa,与理论预期值一致,IPTG诱导6h后表达量趋于稳定,经亲和层析纯化得到高纯度的重组蛋白。Western-blot结果表明,重组pIgR能够与鼠抗His-tag单克隆抗体发生特异性反应;ELISA结果表明重组pIgR能够与牙鲆IgM发生特异性结合。本研究获得了纯化的重组pIgR,证明其具有IgM结合活性,为下一步研究牙鲆pIgR的转运机制及在黏膜免疫防御中的作用机理提供了分子基础。     

三角褐指藻Δ5去饱和酶基因的原核表达

Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶(Δ5fatty acid desaturase)是合成花生四烯酸(AA)和EPA的关键酶。为了构建三角褐指藻Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(简称D5)的原核表达重组质粒,并实现在E.coli BL21(DE3)中的表达。本研究根据GenBank中三角褐指藻Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶基因序列,设计引物,扩增该基因并插入到pET28a中,测序鉴定后,转化E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE分析表达产物。结果表明pET28a-D5构建成功,IPTG能诱导D5特异性表达。     

团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)两种热休克蛋白 70(HSP70s)的原核表达、纯化及鉴定

采用PCR方法扩增团头鲂组成型HSC70和诱导型HSP70基因完整的编码区片段,并分别克隆到原核表达载体pET-22b(+)中,然后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用1mmol/L IPTG在不同温度及时间下进行诱导表达。采用Ni-NTA His Bind Resins亲和层析和DEAE-Sepharose FF阴离子交换柱层析对目的蛋白进行纯化,并进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析。结果表明,成功构建了团头鲂两种重组表达质粒pET-22b(+)/Ma-HSC70和pET-22b(+)/Ma-HSP70,表达融合蛋白的相对分子量均约为72kDa,并能与兔抗人HSP70多抗进行特异性结合,这两种HSP70s融合蛋白经纯化后的纯度均达到95%以上。本实验选择融合蛋白Ma-HSC70在25℃和Ma-HSP70在30℃下分别诱导7h作为可溶性表达的最佳条件。     

单环刺螠转录因子基因Sp8的克隆、原核表达和重组蛋白纯化

转录因子Sp是一类广泛存在的锌指蛋白超家族成员,可与某些基因的上游调控序列结合,参与基因的转录调控。本研究采用同源克隆和RACE技术,获得单环刺螠的Sp8的全长cDNA,该序列长1 913bp,开放阅读框1 521bp,编码506个氨基酸;将其开放阅读框cDNA克隆到原核表达载体pET28a中,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,在37℃条件下,经1mmol/L IPTG诱导表达4h,获得以包涵体形式存在的重组蛋白pET28a-SP,使用8mol/L尿素溶解包涵体,并通过镍离子金属螯合柱纯化获得重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析该蛋白的分子量约为50kD。Sp8蛋白体外表达的成功将为研究单环刺螠相关基因的转录调控打下基础。     

青岛文昌鱼肌球蛋白重链基因片段的重组表达

将青岛文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense)肌球蛋白重链基因片段亚克隆到pET-30a质粒,构建出重组表达载体并转化入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21中.经SDS-PAGE和Western杂交检测表明,在IPTG诱导下含有重组载体的菌株可表达分子质量约30 ku的融合蛋白.诱导条件优化实验结果显示,该菌株经0.2 mmol/L IPTG诱导1 h就可大量表达此蛋白.可溶性实验确认该重组蛋白是可溶性蛋白.本研究为文昌鱼肌球蛋白重链特异性抗体的制备奠定了基础.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.