贵州青龙矿瓦斯赋存与突出影响因素分析

本文在贵州青龙煤矿瓦斯地质条件综合分析的基础上,通过矿井瓦斯含量、瓦斯压力和煤与瓦斯突出等特征的深入分析,探讨了区域演化、煤层顶、底板岩性、煤层埋深和矿井构造对瓦斯赋存和突出的控制作用。结果表明:区域沉积演化的特殊性是造成整个贵州西部地区瓦斯含量较大的主要原因;矿区内瓦斯分布的整体趋势受煤层埋深的控制,而瓦斯含量分布不均匀性主要受矿井构造的影响。     

登封煤田二1煤层煤层气赋存规律及影响因素分析

通过对大量钻孔数据和生产矿井实测资料的综合分析,基本探明了登封煤田二1煤层煤层气(瓦斯)体积含量由南向北、由浅而深逐渐增大,按照煤层气体积含量的变化及其地质背景的差异分为两大类6个煤层气地质单元;认为煤层埋深、煤层厚度、地质构造、围岩和地下水是影响煤层气赋存的主要因素,其叠加效应增加了煤层气斌存的复杂性和不均衡性;在此基础上,确定了登封煤田煤层气的富集带和排泄区,对登封煤田二1煤层煤层气资源的开发选区提供了决策依据.     

安鹤煤田伦掌井田二_1煤层瓦斯赋存特征研究

河南省安鹤煤田伦掌井田二_1煤层瓦斯含量高,对其进行研究对下一步煤层气的开发和矿井生产具有重要意义。根据勘探阶段资料,对二_1煤层瓦斯成分及含量的控制因素和变化规律进行了系统研究,结果表明,二_1煤埋藏深,煤层厚,瓦斯含量高,为22 m~3/t左右,瓦斯成分甲烷(CH_4)在95%以上,具有较强的甲烷吸附和储集能力,压力在0.98~2.16 MPa。二_1煤层瓦斯赋存特征主要受煤层埋深、煤厚、地质构造、围岩、顶板岩性以及排放条件等因素的控制。结合邻近生产矿井二_1煤层瓦斯的资料,预测出本区二_1煤层瓦斯突出危险性。通过对二_1煤层瓦斯赋存特征的研究,为瓦斯地质灾害的防范治理、煤层气的有效利用提供依据,降低煤矿瓦斯事故的发生,做到安全文明生产。     

淮南煤田潘北煤矿4-1煤层瓦斯组分和碳同位素特征及其成因意义

煤层瓦斯组分和碳同位素等地球化学特征受瓦斯形成过程和后期改造作用影响,对判别煤层瓦斯的成因具有重要的意义。以淮南煤田潘北煤矿4-1煤层瓦斯样品为研究对象,分别对气体组分和碳同位素(CH4、CO2)值进行了测试,结果显示:4-1煤层瓦斯烃类气体中甲烷占绝对优势,贫重烃气体,非烃类气体中二氧化碳含量少于5%,呈明显的次生生物成因特征。氮气与甲烷含量之间呈负相关,说明瓦斯组分受大气影响较大。4-1煤层甲烷碳同位素值为-62.15‰~-51.57‰,结合煤层的变质阶段,属于次生生物成因气,二氧化碳碳同位素特征则表明其典型的生物成因。     

阳城煤矿瓦斯地质规律研究

运用沉积学、构造地质学、煤地质学、数学分析等相关学科和方法,综合分析瓦斯涌出量的地质构造、顶底板岩性、上覆基岩厚度等地质因素,对阳城地区瓦斯含量、涌出量进行量化预测,并作出其全井田瓦斯含量、涌出量的等值线图。研究表明,阳城井田属低瓦斯矿井,瓦斯含量的变化主要与煤层埋深有关,随着煤层上覆基岩厚度以及煤层埋深的增高,瓦斯含量与涌出量在区内由北向南有增高趋势。     

南太行山东麓煤田瓦斯突出主控地质因素分析

根据南太行东麓二1煤层煤与瓦斯突出特征,应用煤与瓦斯突出综合假说,从煤层瓦斯生成、运移、储存的角度,分析研究了岩浆热液作用、地质构造、煤层埋深等因素对煤层煤质、煤层生烃能力、瓦斯含量和压力等煤层瓦斯参数及瓦斯突出因素的影响,确定岩浆热作用对瓦斯突出具有严重影响作用,地质构造、煤层埋深等因素对瓦斯突出具有中等影响作用和一般影响作用,该结论为地质勘探、矿井设计与生产规划、矿井瓦斯防治提供了理论依据.     

线性回归分析在邯峰矿区2~#煤层瓦斯含量预测中的应用

以邯峰矿区53个钻孔中2#煤层资料为基础数据进行线性回归分析,首先初步确定原煤水分、挥发分、灰分、煤厚、煤层倾角、埋深、顶板(岩性、厚度)和底板(岩性、厚度)等因素与煤层瓦斯含量的相关程度,并将其定量化,经一元线性拟合筛选,删除对2#煤层瓦斯含量影响较小的灰分和底板因素,对余下因素再进行多元线性拟合,建立2#煤层瓦斯含量与2#煤的水分、挥发分、埋深、煤厚、煤层倾角和顶板(岩性、厚度)的多元线性回归方程。经检验该方程较好地表达了瓦斯含量与相关因素的定量关系,预测值与实测值接近,可作为邯峰矿区预测其它钻孔2#煤层瓦斯含量的数学模型。     

山西昊兴塬煤矿瓦斯赋存规律研究

研究区位于山西著名的霍西煤田中西部区域,区域含煤地层出露稳定,潜在资源量巨大。研究表明:井田含煤地层主要为上石炭统太原组(C_3t)和下石炭统山西组(P_1s),可采煤层主要为9、10和11号煤层;煤田地质构造复杂程度属于简单型,褶皱、断层和陷落柱等对煤层影响较小;研究区的矿井瓦斯主要受煤层埋深与上覆基岩厚度的影响,而受其他因素影响不明显。     

临界深度控制下的煤层瓦斯赋存规律差异性分析

多煤层开采,在增加矿区煤层资源量提高经济效益的同时,一定程度上也为研究区基础地质工作,特别是瓦斯赋存规律研究增加了难度。受多期地质构造影响,各煤层在空间展布规律、储层物性发育等存在明显差异,造成了瓦斯赋存规律的复杂性。为充分明确垂向煤层瓦斯赋存规律,以黑塘煤矿主采煤层为研究对象,以各主采煤储层物性特征为主要研究内容,基于等温吸附曲线、煤层瓦斯参数及地温测试资料分析,重点研究深度控制下各煤层瓦斯赋存规律并进行差异性分析,结果表明:在取样深度范围内,各煤层瓦斯含量随埋深变化趋势不同,浅部煤层与煤层埋深呈现递减趋势。相较于浅部煤层,深部煤层一定深度范围内,煤层瓦斯含量与埋深关系逐渐趋于正相关。当埋深达到800 m后,瓦斯含量和埋深关系进一步趋于复杂,表明该区域煤层大致以800 m为界存在"应力转折点"。同时,地质构造、水文地质条件及煤变质程度对煤层瓦斯垂向规律差异性的影响作用有限,地温局部异常引起垂向层段地温梯度差异性是研究区瓦斯含量存在"临界深度"的主控因素。     

河北武安云驾岭煤矿2~#煤层瓦斯赋存主控地质因素分析

基于云驾岭煤矿瓦斯涌出量异常变化的现象,收集地质勘查及煤矿生产期间揭露的地质构造及瓦斯信息,运用瓦斯地质理论,从煤层瓦斯生成、运移、储存的角度,研究岩浆岩侵入、煤层埋深和断层等地质因素对2号煤层煤质、生烃能力、煤层渗透性、瓦斯含量等参数以及煤层瓦斯赋存的影响。研究结果表明岩浆侵入提高了2号煤层的变质程度、瓦斯储集能力和渗透性,促进了煤层二次生烃,同时岩浆热液产生的高温高压作用使煤层瓦斯大量逸散;岩浆侵入对煤层瓦斯的生成、运移和储存均产生了影响,是煤层瓦斯赋存的主要控制因素,断层特征及分布影响了瓦斯的储存和运移,煤层埋深影响了瓦斯的储存,断层和煤层埋深是煤层瓦斯赋存的一般影响因素。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.