河流中污染物衰减系数影响因素分析

污染物衰减系数是反映河流水质污染变化情况、建立水质模型、计算水环境容量的重要参数之一,其确定的合理性直接影响到水环境容量以及水质模型的可靠性。通过查阅有关文献,概述了国内外部分河流的COD和BOD以及氨氮的衰减系数,并分析了影响污染物衰减系数的主要因素,为研究河流水体自净规律、计算水环境容量、区域排污总量控制计划的制定提供科学依据。     

河流中污染物衰减系数影响因素分析

污染物衰减系数是反映河流水质污染变化情况、建立水质模型、计算水环境容量的重要参数之一,其确定的合理性直接影响到水环境容量以及水质模型的可靠性。通过查阅有关文献,概述了国内外部分河流的COD和BOD以及氨氮的衰减系数,并分析了影响污染物衰减系数的主要因素,为研究河流水体自净规律、计算水环境容量、区域排污总量控制计划的制定提供科学依据。     

基于水生态功能分区的寇河水系水环境容量研究

河流水环境容量是实行污染物排放总量控制的理论依据,也是河流水环境管理的科学基础。本文采用综合标识指数法识别河流水质污染状况及主要污染指标,对寇河水系水生态功能分区进行水质评价,水生态功能分区是基于对流域水生态系统的区域差异的研究而提出的一种分区方法;采用一维稳态水质模型模拟河流水质变化规律,并结合线性规划模型,计算寇河上游水生态较高功能区、寇河中游水生态较低功能区、南城子水生态较高功能区的COD_Cr和NH₄-N的水环境容量。结果表明：寇河上游水生态较高功能区COD_Cr和NH₄-N的水环境容量分别为852.22t·a^-1、47.96t·a^-1;寇河中游水生态较低功能区COD_Cr和NH₄-N的水环境容量分别为410.33t·a^-1、23.09t·a^-1;南城子水生态较高功能区CODCr和NH4-N的水环境容量分别为25.23t·a^-1、1.58t·a^-1。     

乌鲁木齐市环境污染现状分析及防御对策

对乌鲁木齐市环境污染现状作了分析，重点分析大气污染、水环境质量、污染物排放、噪声环境以及其它环境问题，较为综合地反应了乌鲁木齐市环境总体状况，并就污染问题提出防御对策。     

大气自净容量的算法及关键物理因子分析

为更科学地量化大气对污染物的清除能力,使用WRF-NAQPMS模式对2017年12月进行模拟,对比分析影响大气清除能力的主要关键物理因子,修正A值法和大气自净容量算法的差异,进一步计算大气自净容量余量及各关键物理化学过程的贡献量。结果表明,边界层高度、风廓线、湿清除系数等3个关键物理参数较混合层高度、10 m高度风速、雨洗强度等更适用于量化清除过程;修正A值法和大气自净容量算法虽均能表征大气清除能力的强弱,但前者受目标城市面积影响较大,结果远高于大气自净容量算法;大气自净容量余量与细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度变化趋势呈负相关,污染越重,大气自净容量亏空越多,其中平流扩散对大气自净容量贡献最大,化学转化过程次之,湿沉降等过程也不可忽视。     

影响浙江水资源和水环境的因素及对策

本文通过对浙江省水资源与水环境的现状和影响浙江水环境与水资源的主要因素分析,提出了保护水资源,治理水环境的对策措施。影响水资源和水环境最主要的因素是污染,改善水环境,保护水资源最根本的途径是控制“三废”排放。加强水资源的管理必须走法制化的道路。     

基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型及其应用

水环境质量评价是水环境保护和治理工作中的一项重要任务。应用熵权法来确定评价指标的权重,建立了基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型,对重庆市凤嘴江的水环境质量进行了评价,并与传统物元分析方法和BP网络法进行对比。结果表明,该方法的评价结论合理,用熵权法确定评价指标的权重客观、计算简便。     

中国城市机动车排放污染控制规划体系研究

建立城市机动车污染控制规划体系的目标在于揭示城市机动车排放特征以及由此形成的污染物的分布规律,并根据城市大气容量和环境质量的要求进行排放控制目标的选择和方案优化.该文吸收发达国家原有控制规划体系的主体思想,并对其进行了改造,使得新的规划控制体系能够更适合我国城市的特点.该体系结构的核心内容主要由机动车排放因子的确定、机动车污染物排放时空分布规律的确定、大气环境质量状况的模拟和分析、机动车排放优化模型的建立和综合控制实施影响评估四部分组成.通过建构上述四个核心模块的规划内容和方法,新的控制规划体系可以迅速、有效地为中国城市机动车污染控制管理和决策服务.     

基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型及其应用

水环境质量评价是水环境保护和治理工作中的一项重要任务。应用熵权法来确定评价指标的权重,建立了基于熵权的水环境质量评价物元分析模型,对重庆市凤嘴江的水环境质量进行了评价,并与传统物元分析方法和BP网络法进行对比。结果表明,该方法的评价结论合理,用熵权法确定评价指标的权重客观、计算简便。     

复杂地形区域之大气环境容量

复杂地形区域之风场及污染物的输送,受地形影响往往是非均匀的,这类地区大气环境容量的估算也有别于平坦地形区域。本文以粤东山区之梅州市工业居民混合区为例,介绍了复杂地形条件下大气环境容量的计算方法。主要包括:1.确定地形影响下近地面之主要流型.2.合理给出模式调整前容量的初估值,以尽量减少模式调整的工作量.3.建立非均匀风场条件下的环境容量调整模式.4.通过模式调整得出大气环境容量的准确值。     

Levels of persistent organic pollutants in the components of the Lake Baikal unique ecosystem

Experimental results are presented of the estimation of pollution levels of Lake Baikal unique ecosystem (air, surface and deep water, soil, bottom sediments, and aquatic biota) with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which were included to the list of Stockholm Convention (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers). The ranges of POPs concentration are determined and statistical characteristics (mean and median) over the period of observations are calculated. It is demonstrated that the wide variation range of POPs concentration depends on environmental factors and on the POPs source (local sources or global transport).     

四川盆地南部一次持续性雾霾过程的特征及成因分析

本文利用常规气象资料、NCEP (1°×1°)再分析资料和环监站实时监测数据,分析了2017年12月四川盆地南部一次持续性雾霾的气象特征和增强机制。结果表明:(1)中高纬平直纬向环流、低层弱偏南偏东气流、地面均压场组成的静稳天气长时间维持为雾霾天气的形成和维持提供了有利的环流背景条件。(2)上干下湿、逆温明显的大气稳定层结,连续无降水、近地层高湿和较弱的风场提供有利的气象要素条件。(3)低层弱冷平流、上层暖平流促进稳定层结长时间维持和近地层水汽凝结作用加强,为雾霾天气的增强和持续起到了重要作用。(4)冷空气、降水,水平和垂直扩散能力增强是空气污染物浓度降低的重要条件。      

Long-term Dynamics of Chemical Pollution of Coastal Waters in the Primorsky Krai,Sakhalin, and Kamchatka

The results of the comparative analysis of data of annual observations conducted in the framework of the program for the state monitoring of hydrochemical conditions and pollution of coastal sea waters in the Primorsky krai, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka are presented. Among the numerous pollutants coming to the marine environment, the priority ingredients for these water areas were selected. They characterize the marine environmental conditions in terms of the frequency of high concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and in terms of toxicity: oil hydrocarbons, phenols, synthetic surfactants, and heavy metals. Specific features of interannual dynamics of average annual and maximum concentrations of pollutants for the certain periods are considered as well as the main trends in the composition and quality of water resulting from the anthropogenic impact in 1975–2015.     

Historical Trends of Organochlorine Pesticides in an Alpine Glacier

The significance of persistent organic pollutants, such as organochlorine compounds, as global contaminants in cold regions has been recognised for a long time. In particular, there is a growing interest on the role of high mountains as `cold condensers' for these chemicals. In this paper, for the first time, organochlorine pesticides (DDTs, HCHs, HCB) are analysed in an ice core sampled on a `cold' glacier in the Alps. Several methods were applied to achieve accurate dating of the core layers. Historical trends of organochlorine pesticides from the 1950s up to the year 2000 are reconstructed, showing, for each individual chemical, the influence of long range transport, as well as of local transport patterns. The role of mountain glaciers as natural archives for studying the local and global transport of persistent organic pollutants is highlighted, though results can be biased by volatilisation losses.     

Attribution of Persistent Precipitation in the Yangtze–Huaihe River Basin during February 2019

In February 2019, a month-long persistent precipitation event occurred in the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The geopotential height field that affected the duration of this frontal rainfall was divided into a high-latitude part and a low-latitude part for analysis. In the high-latitude part, a two-wave structure led to quasi-stationary circulation, and the change of both the blocking high pressure and Arctic Oscillation phase caused cold air to invade South China continuously and changed the frontal position. In mid-to-low latitudes, the persistent precipitation showed quasi-biweekly oscillation characteristics. The so-called “subtropical high–precipitation–anticyclone” (SHPA) feedback mechanism blocked the circulation systems in the mid-to-low latitudes and provided a continuous supply of water vapor for precipitation. As for the effect of sea surface temperature, the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone stimulated by El Ni?o strengthened the intensity of the southerly wind and provided support for the redevelopment of the anticyclone system in the SHPA feedback mechanism. The sea surface temperature anomaly in the South China Sea provided sensible heating for precipitation, and convergent rising airflow was conducive to the occurrence of precipitation. Additionally, the SHPA mechanism provides a reliable basis for the prediction of persistent precipitation in winter in the mid-to-low latitudes.     

2009年南京冬季一次平流雾成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°的再分析资料,对2009年12月1—2日南京地区一次浓雾天气过程产生的大尺度天气背景、气象要素及各种物理量进行分析,结果表明:高空弱脊和地面弱高压的控制有效抑制对流的发展,为这次浓雾的形成提供有利的环流形势;地面弱冷空气的影响,低层弱的辐合上升及中高层下沉增温作用,促使多层逆温存在,为雾的形成提供有利的层结条件;前期降水条件、近地层偏东风场及暖干盖作用为雾的形成提供了丰富的水汽条件;另外污染物集聚,也为雾的形成提供了丰富的凝结核。     

工业区大气环境容量的分析探讨

工业区大气环境容量对于制定发展规划,合理布局和总量控制等都有重要意义,本文以茂名石油工业公司所在地区为例,介绍了工业区大气环境容量的分析计算方法。分析表明,计算结果基本上与实际相符,证实所提出的方法是合理的。     

川西高原一次持续性暖区强降水分析

利用MICAPS资料对2015年6月26~30日川西高原出现暖区持续性短时强降水天气过程的500h Pa平均高度、温度、湿度和风速等要素的环境场、探空气象要素时间序列进行了分析。结果发现:川西高原暖区强降水具有间歇性、突发性、局地性、强度剧烈等特点;高原暴雨区在暖区东北部、湿区中部、弱风速区内;干露锋、风速辐合、干冷空气下沉、非绝热加热可能成为高原短时强降水的触发条件;高原不稳定层结的维持和非绝热加热为局地强降水天气产生提供了有利的能量和动力环境条件,高空湿层的维持和低层水汽突增是局地短时强降水产生的水汽环境条件。这些可以作为预报高原暴雨的关注点。      

哈尔滨秋季一次持续性重污染过程分析

利用气象与环境监测数据,结合后向轨迹和秸秆焚烧火点监测资料,从环流形势、气象要素、污染源和污染传输特征等方面,对哈尔滨2017年10月18-20日持续性重污染天气过程进行分析。结果表明：这次重污染过程连续48 h为重度或严重污染,首要颗粒物为PM_2.5,PM_2.5平均浓度为438 μg·m^-3,局地PM_2.5浓度高达1487 μg·m^-3。重污染过程分为两个阶段,每个阶段主要污染物呈双峰分布。在重污染过程中,高空环流平直,浅槽前暖平流占主导地位,地面为弱低压均压场控制。地面风速小,平均风速仅为1.5 m·s^-1,风速≤ 1.5 m·s^-1静小风频率为71%,风场辐合,有利于污染物积聚。在重污染发展的过程中,地面相对湿度（RH）增大有利于颗粒物吸湿增长和污染加剧;在重污染减弱的过程中,PM_2.5浓度减少至每阶段谷值时间比RH减小至谷值时间滞后4-5 h。在边界层内有逆温层顶高为200 m左右、逆温强度>2.0℃·（100 m）^-1的贴地逆温层,层结稳定,垂直扩散条件差。污染物主要来源于秸秆焚烧,其次来源于取暖燃煤。静稳气象条件下本地污染物积累叠加远距离较高浓度的秸秆焚烧污染物输送导致哈尔滨这次重污染过程。     

Satellite monitoring of pollution in the Russian sector of the Azov and Black Seas in 2003–2007

The results of satellite monitoring of pollution in the Russian sector of the Azov-Black Sea basin in 2003–2007 are considered. Within the framework of this work, a technology of monitoring the state and pollution of the water environment from satellite information received during this period from Russian and foreign satellites has been developed. With this technology, the coastal pollution parameters and hydrometeorological characteristics of the water environment in the area of observation were mapped operationally; 14 types of different satellite information products were issued daily; and the results were generalized over 3 days, ten days, a month, and a period of observation. Long-term satellite monitoring makes it possible to determine and analyze typical situations of pollution distribution in the coastal waters and to detect new circulation elements that transport pollutants, thus purifying the water environment. For example, for the first time, it was found from satellite data that the contribution of a small-scale circulation of waters of the Russian sector of the Black Sea to the transport and distribution of pollutants is commensurable with the contribution of the Main Black Sea Current and coastal anticyclonic eddies. The regularities in the dynamics of pollution distribution promote the increased reliability of charting of the environmental situation, including the prediction of dynamics of pollution spreading.